1, INTRODUCTIO! ————— ae All living organism needs @ Water is one of the essential requirements for life. spate for their survival. Water is considered absolutely essential to sustain life since the protoplasm of many living cells contains 80% water and any substantial reduction in this over is disastrous. Such as water is referred as universal solvent. 0. Water is a liquid th with its solid Water is chemical compound with the chemical formula of H2\ at standard ambient temperature and pressure, but it often co-exists on ea state, ice and gases state, water vapour, All biological reactions occur in water and it tions in an aqueous solution that is the integrated system of biological metabolic rea essential for maintenance of life. there has been a tremendous increase in the demand for In the last few decades, and accelerated pace of industrialization. fresh water due to rapid growth of population most of the agricultural development activities particularly sn relation to excessive application of fertilizer and unsanitary con‘ ‘urbanization, especially in developing countries like India, has affected the availability and quality of groundwater due to its overexploitation and improper waste disposal especially in urban areas. According (0 WHO organization, about 80% are caused by water. Once the groundwater is, contaminated, its quality ‘Human health js threatened by dition. Rapid of all diseases in ‘yuman beings cannot be restored by stopping pollutants from the source. It required for the satisfactory performance of physiological organism, as @ circulatory fluid as @ carrier of nourishing food and for the removal of product of waste. Water is used for variety of purpose including drinking, food preparation and ‘manufactures. Water covers more than 70% of the earth surface, ess than 1% ofthat resource is available as fresh water and this is not evenly distributed throughout the world. More than 1 billion people worldwide, mostly in developer counties, lack safe, drinking water, apart from the scarcity of water. There are many other challengers in providing a safe, adequate and reliable water supply in many parts of world. Page 1water resuuse ; uurces of water that are potentially useful. 97% of reso 9% is fresh water, It is having largest area and volume of _ es are natural slightly over 2-3" of this Water resourc' ; 5 salt water and only the water on the earth i and pola au : se : * 1 icecaps.« OC frozen in glaciers ; ‘aan average & : re than 97% of the earth’s water and contain ai ge of 35g salt jains Mo! water. It cont per liter. most 90% of fresh water. It as much as 2km thick. It It contain al : ,) and other snow mountain (5%). * Ice and Snow: situate mostly in Antaretica (8: ater: Ground water in the rock and 5%), Green land (10%; soil layer beneath earth’s surface. © Ground wi ; readily available for use of Absorb excess runoff rain and snow on ground and is drink. 1.1.1 Objective of water supply system ie «The broad objectives underlying any water supply system are = To supply safe and wholesome water to consumers. © To supply safe water in adequate quantity. © To make water easily available to consumers so as to encourage personal and household cleanliness. ‘A wholesome water is usually one which is unplotted, free from toxic substance as well as excessive amount of mineral and organic matter that may impair the quality of water. Pe Properties of water: There are 5 main properties of water: * Its attraction to polar molecules * High-specific heat * High heat of vaporization © The lower density of ice © High polarity1.1.3 Water’s attraction to other polar molecules: Cohesion: Cohesion otherwise known as wat attraction to other water molecules, is one of the major properties of water. Water's polarity lends it to be attracted to other water molecules. The hydrogen bonds in water hold other water molecules together. Due to water’s cohesiveness: Liquid water has surface tension. allows for insects, such as water striders, to walk on water. Water is a liquid at moderate temperatures, and not a gas. Adhesion: water’s attraction between molecules of a different substance is called adhesion. Water is adhesive to any molecule it can form hydrogen bonds with. Due to water’s adhesiveness: Capillary action occurs. For example, when you have a narrow tube in water will rise up the tube because of water’s adhesiveness to the glass “climbing” up the tube. 1.1.4 High specific heat When the temperature of water decreases, the hydrogen bonds are formed, and release a considerable amount of energy. Water has the highest specific heat capacity of any liquid. Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat 1gm of substance must absorb or loss to change its temperature by Idegree Celsius. 1.1.5 Water’s high heat of evaporation ‘Water's high heat of vaporization is the other property responsible for its ability to moderate temperature, ‘Water's high heat of evaporation is basically the amount of heat energy needed to change a gram of liquid into gas. Water also needs a lot of energy in order to break down the hydrogen bonds. The evaporation of water off a surface causes a cooling effect. Much Jike among humans-when we get hot, or energy inside our body is breaking chemical bonds, we sweat as a cooling effect.tn this case, the same process occurs: as the water evaporates off the surface of skin, it cools down the surface. Page 36 The lower density of ice: At cooler temperature, the hydrogen bonds of water molecules form ice crystals. The hydrogen bonds are more stable and will maintain its crystal-like shape. Ice-the solid form of water-is less dense than water because of hydrogen bonds being spaced out and being relatively apart. The low density is what allows icebergs to float and are the reason that only the top part of lake is frozen. 1.1.7 Water’s high polarity: Water is a polar molecule that has a high level of polarity and attraction to ions and other polar molecules. Water can form hydrogen bonds, which make it a powerful solvent. Water molecules are attracted to other molecules that contain a full charge, like an ion, a partial charge, or polar. Salt (Na*CI’) dissolves in water. Water molecules surround the salt molecules and separate the Na* from the CI’ by forming hydrogen shells around those two individual ions.4.4 bonding and structure of water Water (H:0) is a polar inorganic corfpound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart from an inherent hint of blue. It is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the “universal solvent” and “ rif mn the “solvent of lifeIt is the most abundant substance on earth and the only commor je third most substance to exist as a oe . . 4 is al solid, liquid, and gas on earth's surface. It is @ abundant molecule in the univer: Structure: Water Molecule Hydrogen ‘bonds ¢ ¢ mS 95.84 pm OM. 445° HHH H20 Molecular Geometry, Lewis Structure, Shape and Bond Angles Fig No: 1.2 Structure of Water Molecule