Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
Class: 3rd Year – 5th Semester
Engineering Analysis
Newtons law of cooling /warmin
Supervisor: Prepared By :
Miss. Zina Abduljalel Yunis Hallo
Taha Rasul
Aland Muhamad
Abdulrahman Khalid
Hassan Kawa
Table of contents:
Title Page
[Link]…...…………………….……………………………...… 2
2. Content Of the Subject:………………………………………... ….3-6
2.1 Explaining by Figure ..........................................................................................7
3. Examples ………………………………………………………..8-13
References:
1
1-Introduction:
Newton's law of cooling (or heating) states that the temperature of a body changes
at a rate proportional to the difference in temperature between the body and its
surroundings.
In the 18th century Isaac Newton studied cooling of different kinds of solids.
Independently from him a Russian scientist of German origin, Georg Wilhelm
Richmann conducted numerous experiments on cooling of spherical glass vessels,
filled with water of different temperatures. Although Richmann’s experiments
were conducted almost 50 years later than Newton’s, he learnt about Newton’s
studies only after he finished his own. Because his experiments were as much
varied and informative as Newton’s, Richmann contributed greatly to the modern
definition of law of cooling. That is why in Russia Newton’s law of cooling is
called Newton–Richmann law of cooling.
2
2-Content Of the Subject:
Newton's law of cooling applies to convective heat transfer; it does not apply to
thermal radiation. Newton's law of cooling states that the rate of heat exchange
between an object and its surroundings is proportional to the difference in
temperature between the object and the surroundings.
3
Newton’s law of cooling states that the rate of heat exchange between an object
and its surroundings is proportional to the difference in temperature between the
object and the surroundings. Mathematically that is represented as:
This can also be expressed as the following equation:
There are 2 general solutions to this equation. If the temperature of the object, T,
is greater than the temperature of the surroundings, Ta, then:
Begin solving the differential equation by rearranging the equation:
Integrate both sides:
4
By definition, this means:
Using the laws of exponents, this equation can be written as:
The quantity eC1 is a constant that can be expressed as C2.
5
There are 2 general solutions for this equation. One solution is if the matter at
temperature T is hotter than the ambient temperature Ta. Since the expression on
the left side of the equation is between absolute value bars, (T – Ta) can either be
positive or negative.
The solutions, as stated earlier, are given by:
Equation 1:
Note: Equation 1 applies if the temperature of the object or substance, T, is greater
than the ambient temperature Ta
Equation 2:
Note: Equation 2 applies if the ambient temperature is greater than the object or
substance.
6
2.1-Explaining by Figure:
*Note: To = T and Ts = Ta
7
3. Examples
Example 1:
8
9
Example 2
A dead body is found at 12 pm in a room that is maintained at 72◦F. If the body is
82◦F when it is found, and has cooled to 80◦F at 1 pm, estimate the time of death.
(Assume a living body maintains a temperature of 98.6 ◦F.) To solve this problem,
we first use our notations, to identify
T(0) = T0 = 82, T(1) = 80, Tout = 72.
This is enough to find that
5
80 = 72 + 10e −k =⇒ k = log 4
Now we need to find the time such that
98.6 = 72 + 10e−kt ,
where k we already know. After some rearrangement, we have t = −4.38,
which means that the death occurred around 7:37am.
10
Example 3:
The temperature of a glass of iced tea is initially .5∘. After 5 minutes, the tea has
heated to 10∘10∘ in a room where the air temperature is 30∘.30∘.
a. Determine the temperature as a function of time.
b. What is the temperature after 10 minutes?
c. Determine when the tea will reach a temperature of 20∘.20∘.
Solution Part (A)
Denote by T(t)the temperature of the tea t minutes after it was removed from
the fridge, and let A=30 be the ambient temperature.
By Newton's law of cooling,
dT
dt
= K(T−A)=K(T−30)
for some, as yet unknown, constant of proportionality K.
By Corollary 3.3.8
T(t)=[T(0)−30]e kt +30=30−25e kt
since the initial temperature T(0)=5.
This solution is not complete because it still contains an unknown constant,
namely K. We have not yet used the given data that T(5)=10.. We can use it
to determine K. At t=5,
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T(5)=30−25e kt =10 rearrange
20
e =
kt
25
20
5K=log 25 and so
1 4
K= 5 log 5 =−0.044629
Part(B)
To find the temperature at 10 minutes we can just use the solution we have
determined above.
12
Part(C)
We can find when the temperature is 20∘20∘ by solving T(t)=20:
13
14
References
1-[Link]
cooling#:~:text=Integrating%20both%20sides%2C-,Limitations%20of
%20Newton's%20law%20of%20cooling,should%20happen%20via%20radiation
%20only
2- [Link]
%20to%20Newton's%20law%20of,the%20body%20and%20the%20surroundings
3- [Link]
4- [Link]
%20According%20to%20Newton's%20law,the%20body%20and%20its
%20surroundings
5- [Link]
law-of-cooling/#:~:text=Newton's%20law%20of%20cooling%20states,than%20in
%20a%20hot%20room
15
