Pangasinan State University CE 323

Urdaneta City Campus

College of Engineering and Architecture Principles and Design
Civil Engineering Department of Concrete Structures
STUDY GUIDE 1:
INTRODUCTION

CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE MATERIALS

CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPONENTS:

CONCRETE: An artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate and water. The aggregates are held together like a rocklike mass with a paste
of cement and water. The rocklike mass is called PLAIN CONCRETE. In structural Concrete,
the aggregates occupy approximately 70% of the hardened mass.
REINFORCED CONCRETE: Concrete in which reinforcement is embedded in a manner that
the two materials act together in resisting forces. Concrete has a very high compressive
strength but has a very low tensile strength. It is necessary to provide steel bars to provide
tensile strength lacking in the concrete.
AGGREGATES:
Fine Aggregates: Those that pass through a # 4 sieve (about 6 mm in size).
Coarse Aggregates: Those portion of aggregates retained on the # 4 sieve which
usually come from the natural gravel deposits which are formed by water, wind or glacial
action or those manufactured by crushing rocks.

Nominal Maximum Sizes of Coarse Aggregates:

1. One-fifth (1/5) the narrowest dimension between side of forms.
2. One-third (1/3) the depth of slabs.
3. Three-fourths (3/4) the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing
bars or wires, bundles of bars or prestressing tendons or ducts.
These limitations maybe applied if, in the judgement of the Engineer, workability
and methods of consolidation are such that concrete can be placed without
honeycomb or voids.
WATER: Water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from injurious amount of
oils, acids, alkalis, salts, organic materials, or other substances that may be deleterious to
concrete or reinforcement. Non-potable (non –drinkable) water shall not be used in
concrete unless selection of concrete proportions shall be based on concrete mixes using
water from the same sources and mortar test cubes made with non-potable mixing water
shall have 7-day and 28-day strength equal to at least 90% of strength of similar
specimens made with potable water.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE:

Workability of concrete means the ability of fresh concrete to flow freely around the
reinforcements and fill all the voids inside the form. Concrete is said to be workable under
the following conditions:

1. Properly proportioned for transport and placed without segregation. The aggregate
particles must be properly distributed.

2. Easily molded into desired shapes and completely fill the space it is to occupy.

3. Easily finished.

Workability is also described as:

1. Consistency: the degree of wetness or slump of the concrete mixture. It varies directly
with the amount of water in the mixture.

2. Plasticity: the case with which fresh concrete can be molded or deformed w/o
segregation.

3. Mobility: the capacity of concrete to move particularly during vibration.

1|P a g e

Engr. Ronnel L. Moreno

Pangasinan State University CE 323
Urdaneta City Campus
College of Engineering and Architecture Principles and Design
Civil Engineering Department of Concrete Structures

CONCRETE PROPORTIONS:

Proportions of materials for concrete shall be established to provide:

1. Workability and consistency to permit concrete to be worked readily into forms and
around reinforcement under conditions of placement to be employed without
segregation or excessive bleeding. (Bleeding- the rise of water to the surface)

2. Resistance to excessive exposure.

3. Conformance with strength test requirements.

Concrete proportions, including water cement ratio, shall be established based on field
experience and/or trial mixtures with materials to be employed.

Table of Concrete Proportions According to Class of Concrete

Class of Mixture Cement (40 Kg) Sand (Cu. Ft.) Gravel (Cu. Ft.)
AA 1 1.5 3
A 1 2.0 4
B 1 2.5 5
C 1 3.0 6

Table for Maximum Permissible Water-Cement Ration for Concrete

Specified Compressive Maximum Permissible Water-Cement Ratio

Strength
Non-air Entrained Concrete Air Entrained Concrete
PSI MPa Absolute Ratio Liters per Absolute Ratio Liters per
by Weight Bag by Weight Bag
2500 17.5 0.65 27.6 0.54 23.1
3000 21.0 0.58 25.0 0.46 19.7
3500 24.5 0.51 22.0 0.40 17.0
4000 28.0 0.44 19.0 0.35 15.1
4500 31.5 0.30 16.3 0.30 12.0

LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE: These are concrete lighter in weight than ordinary sand and
gravel concrete and is used principally to reduce dead load or for thermal insulation,
nailability or fill. Disadvantages of lightweight structural concrete include higher cost,
need for more care in placing, greater porosity and more drying shrinkage.

STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE: Concrete that have 28-day strength equal to or

greater than 17 MPa and air dry weight equal to or less than 18 KN/m3.

ALL LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE: The result when lightweight aggregates are used for both
fine and coarse aggregates.

SAND LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE: The result if sand is used for fine aggregate and if the
coarse aggregate is replaced with lightweight aggregate.

HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE: Concrete with compressive strength exceeding 42 MPa.

HEAVYWEIGHT CONCRETE: These are used as radiation shield and counterweight of lift
bridges. These maybe made of cement. Heavy iron ores, crushed rocks, steel scraps, and
steel punching as course aggregates and steel shot as fine aggregate. Up to a weight of
about 60.5 KN/m3 heavyweight concrete can be produced.

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Engr. Ronnel L. Moreno

Pangasinan State University CE 323
Urdaneta City Campus
College of Engineering and Architecture Principles and Design
Civil Engineering Department of Concrete Structures
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH: Compressive strength of concrete shall not be less than 17 MPa.
This is determined by testing to failure 28-day old 150mm x 300mm concrete cylinder at
a specified rate of loading. Samples of strength test of each class of concrete placed
each day shall be taken not less than once a day or not less than once for each 120 m 3
of concrete or not less than once for each 500 m2 of surface area for slabs and walls.
When total quantity of a given class of concrete is less than 40 m3, strength tests are not
required when evidence of satisfactory strength is submitted to and approved by the
engineer. Strength test shall be the average of the strengths of two cylinders made from
the same sample of concrete and tested at 28 days or at test age designated for the
termination of fc’.

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY: ratio of the normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or
compressive stresses below the proportional limit of the material.

Concrete has a modulus of elasticity which varies with the different concrete strength,
concrete age, type of loading and the proportions of cement and aggregates.

Modulus of elasticity of concrete shall be permitted to be taken as:

a. For values of weight of concrete, wc, between 1500 and 2500 kg/m3,
Ec = wc1.5 0.043√fc′ in MPa

b. For normal weight concrete shall be permitted to be taken as Ec = 4700 √fc′ in

MPa
c. For normal weight concrete with fc′ > 42 MPa up to 84 MPa and for lightweight
concrete with fc′ > 42 MPa up to 62 MPa, Ec = ( 13.32 √fc′ + 6895 )( wc/2320 )1.5 in
MPa
Modulus of elasticity for non-prestressed reinforcement may be taken as 200,000 MPa.

REINFORCING STEEL BARS

Reinforcement used for concrete structures maybe in the form of bars or welded wire
fabric. Reinforcing bars are referred to as plane or deformed bars. The deformed bars
ribbed projections rolled into their surfaces to provide better bonding between the
concrete and steel. Plane bars are not used very often except for wrapping around
longitudinal bars primarily in columns.
Reinforcing steel bars are commercially available in lengths of 6m, 7.5m, 9m, 10.5
m and even longer lengths. 6m bars are always available, 7.5m bars are sometimes
readily available, but longer lengths, when needed may be ordered.

Table 407-2 Steel Reinforcement Information (2010 NSCP)

Information on Sizes, Areas and Weights of Various Steel Reinforcements

ASTM STANDARD PHILIPPINE STANDARD (SI)

Nominal Nominal Nominal Bar Size Nominal Nominal
Diameter, Area, mm 2 Mass, Kg/m Designation Area, mm 2 Mass, Kg/m
mm
9.5 71 0.560 10 79 0.618
12.7 129 0.994 12 113 0.890
15.9 199 1.552 16 201 1.580
19.1 284 2.235 20 314 2.465
22.2 387 3.042 n.a. n.a. n.a.
25.4 510 3.973 25 491 3.851
28.7 645 5.060 28 616 4.831
32.3 819 6.404 32 804 6.310
35.8 1006 7.907 36 1019 7.986

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Engr. Ronnel L. Moreno

Pangasinan State University CE 323
Urdaneta City Campus
College of Engineering and Architecture Principles and Design
Civil Engineering Department of Concrete Structures
43.0 1452 11.380 42 1385 10.870
57.3 2581 20.240 58 2642 20.729

CODE PROVISIONS FOR SPACING LIMITS AND CONCRETE PROTECTION OF

REINFORCEMENTS, STANDARD HOOKS AND MINIMUM BEND DIAMETER

MINIMUM SPACING OF REINFORCEMENTS (NSCP 2015, 425.2)

425.2.1. For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal layer, clear
spacing shall be at least the greatest of 25 mm, nominal diameter of bar or (4/3)
times the maximum diameter of coarse aggregates.
425.2.2, For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement placed in two or more
horizontal layers, reinforcement in the upper layers shall be placed directly above
reinforcement in the bottom layer with a clear spacing between layers of at least
25 mm
425.2.3. For longitudinal reinforcements in columns, pedestals, struts, and
boundary elements in walls, clear spacing between bars shall be at least the
greatest of 40mm, 1.5 times the diameter of main bars, and (4/3) times the
diameter of the coarse aggregates.

BUNDLED BARS: NSCP 2015, 425.6

425.6.1.1 Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit
shall be limited to 4 (four) in any one bundle.
425.6.1.2. Bundled bars shall be enclosed within transverse reinforcement. Bundled
bars in compression members shall be enclosed by transverse reinforcement at
least 12mm Φ in size. 3.
425.6.1.3. Bars larger than 36 mm Φ shall not be bundled in beams.
425.6.1.4. Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural
members shall terminate at different points with at least 40db stagger (db =
diameter of bar).
425.6.1.5. Development length for individual bars within a bundle, in tension or
compression, shall be that of the individual bar, increased 20 percent for a three-
bar bundle, and 33 percent for a four-bar bundle.
425.6.1.6. A unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar with an area equivalent
to that of the bundle and a centroid coinciding with that of the bundle. The diameter of
the equivalent bar shall be used for 𝒅𝒃 such as spacing limitation based on 𝒅𝒃 , cover
requirements based on 𝒅𝒃 etc.

CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENTS (NSCP 2015)

For Cast-in-Place Concrete (Non-prestressed)
Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth……….……….. 75 mm

Concrete exposed to earth or weather:

20 mm through 36 mm bars …………….………………………….…….. 50 mm
16 mm bars, MW200 or MD200 wire, and small………………….….… 40 mm
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with the ground
Slabs, walls, joists:
Dia 42 mm and dia 58 mm bars ……………………………..…..40 mm
Dia 36 mm bars and smaller……………………………………… 20 mm
Beams, columns:
Primary reinforcements, ties, stirrups, spirals ….…………….…. 40 mm
Shells, folded plate members:
Dia 20 mm bar and larger..…………………………………...….. 20 mm
Dia 16 mm bar, MW200 or MD200 wire, and smaller...…….... 12 mm
For Precast Concrete (Manufactured Under Plant Control Conditions)
Concrete exposed to earth or weather
Wall panels:
Dia 42 mm and dia 58 mm bars……..…………..………..…... 40 mm

4|P a g e

Engr. Ronnel L. Moreno

Pangasinan State University CE 323
Urdaneta City Campus
College of Engineering and Architecture Principles and Design
Civil Engineering Department of Concrete Structures
Dia 36 mm and smaller, prestressing tendons larger than 40 mm
and Smaller, MW200 or MD200 wire and smaller………………….… 20 mm
Other members:
Dia 42 and dia 58 bars, prestressing tendons larger than 40 m
………………………………………………………………....……...50 mm
Dia 20 through dia 36 bars, prestressing tendons larger than 16 mm
Through 40 mm……..……..…………..……………….….40 mm
Dia 16 mm bar and smaller, prestressing tendons 16 mm diameter
and smaller, MW200 or MD200 wire, and
smaller………..……..….. 30 mm
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with the ground:
Slabs, walls, joists:
Dia 42 mm and dia 58 mm bars, prestressing tendons larger
than 40 mm.................................................................. 30 mm
Prestressing tendons 40 mm and smaller………..……….……. 20 mm
Dia 36 mm bar and smaller, MW200 or MD200 wire and
smaller…….…. 15 mm
Beams and Columns:
Primary reinforcements db but not less than 15 mm and need
not exceed………………………..…………….…...40 mm
Ties, stirrups and spirals…………………..……….………….….….10 mm
Shells, folded plate members:
Prestressing tendons….……….…………………….………….…..20 mm
Dia 20 mm bar and larger………………………………………...15 mm
Dia 16 mm bar, MW200 or MD200 wire, and smaller..…..….. 10 mm

Cast-in-place Concrete (Prestressed)

Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth………………. 75 mm

Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
Wall panels, slabs, joists……………..…………....………………………. 25 mm
Other members…………………….………………..………..……..…….. 40 mm
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with the ground:
Slabs, walls, joists…………………………………………..….………...…. 20 mm
Beams, columns:
Primary reinforcement…………….………..…………….……... 40 mm
Ties, stirrups, spirals………………………………....….…….……. 25 mm

Shells, folded plate members:

Dia 16 mm bars, MW200 or MD200 wire and smaller……… 10 mm
Other reinforcement ……………………………...………..db> 20 mm

For bundled bars, minimum concrete cover shall not be less than the equivalent
diameter of the bundle, but need not be greater than 50 mm, except for concrete cast
against and permanently exposed to earth, the minimum cover shall not be less than 75
mm.

STANDARD HOOKS: NSCP 2015

1. 1800 bend plus 4 times bar diameter extension but not less than 60 mm at free end.
2. 900 bend plus 12 times bar diameter extension at free end of the bar.
3. for stirrups and tie hooks:
16 mm bar and smaller: 900 bend plus 6 times bar diameter at free end of bar.
20 mm and 25 mm bars: 900 bend plus 12 times bar diameter extension at free end
of the bar.
25 mm bar and smaller: 1350 bend plus 6 times bar diameter extension at free end
of the bar.

5|P a g e

Engr. Ronnel L. Moreno

Pangasinan State University CE 323
Urdaneta City Campus
College of Engineering and Architecture Principles and Design
Civil Engineering Department of Concrete Structures
MINIMUM BEND DIAMETER: NSCP 2015

Diameter of bend measured on the inside of the bar, other than for stirrups and
ties in sizes dia 10mm through dia 16 mm, shall not be less than the values in Table 407-1.
Inside diameter of bends for stirrups and ties shall not be less than 4db for dia 16mm
bar and smaller. For bars larger than dia 16mm, diameter of bend shall be in accordance
with Table 407-1.
Inside diameter of bends in welded wire fabric ( plain or deformed) for stirrups and
ties shall not be less than 4db for dia 16mm bar and smaller. For bars larger than dia 16
mm, diameter of bend shall be in accordance with Table 407-1.

Table 407-1:
Bar Size Minimum Diameter
Dia 10 mm through dia 25 mm 6db
Dia 28 mm, dia 32 mm and dia 36 mm 8db
Dia 42 mm and dia 58 mm 10db
Where db = diameter of bar

Standard Hook Geometry for Development of Deformed Bars in Tension (table 425.3.1
NSCP 2015)
Type of Standard Bar Size Minimum Inside Straight
Hook Bend Diameter ( Extension, 𝒍𝒆𝒙𝒕
mm) (mm)
10 mm Φ through 25 mm Φ 6 𝑑𝑏
90-degree hook 28 mm Φ through 36 mm Φ 8 𝑑𝑏 12 𝑑𝑏
40 mm Φ through 58 mm Φ 10 𝑑𝑏
10 mm Φ through 25 mm Φ 6 𝑑𝑏 Greater of
180-degree hook 28 mm Φ through 36 mm Φ 8 𝑑𝑏 4 𝑑𝑏 and 65
40 mm Φ through 58 mm Φ 10 𝑑𝑏 mm

Minimum Inside Bend Diameter and Standard Hook for Geometry for Stirrups, Ties and
(Table 425.3.2 NSCP 2015)
Type of Standard Bar Size Minimum Inside Straight
Hook Bend Diameter ( Extension, 𝒍𝒆𝒙𝒕
mm) (mm)
90-degree hook 10 mm Φ through 16 mm Φ 4 𝑑𝑏 Greater of
6 𝑑𝑏 and 75
mm
20 mm Φ through 25 mm Φ 6 𝑑𝑏 12 𝑑𝑏
135-degree hook 10 mm Φ through 16 mm Φ 4 𝑑𝑏 Greater of
20 mm Φ through 25 mm Φ 6 𝑑𝑏 6 𝑑𝑏 and 75
mm
180-degree hook 10 mm Φ through 16 mm Φ 4 𝑑𝑏 Greater of
20 mm Φ through 25 mm Φ 6 𝑑𝑏 6 𝑑𝑏 and 65
mm

ARRANGEMENT OF REINFOCING BARS FOR THE MOST EFFICIENT RECTANGULAR BEAM

SECTIONS

For rectangular beams to be the most efficient, reinforcing bars should be arranged in
such a way that the effective depth of the reinforcement is the maximum. Minimum
cover, which for beams not exposed to weather or in contact with the ground is 40 mm
, and minimum spacing between parallel bars which is the greatest of 25 mm, nominal
diameter of bar or (4/3) times the maximum diameter of coarse aggregates.

The minimum width of a rectangular beam, bmin is derived by using the formula:
bmin = 2 (steel covering) + 2 ds + n (db ) + (n-1) sc

6|P a g e

Engr. Ronnel L. Moreno

Pangasinan State University CE 323
Urdaneta City Campus
College of Engineering and Architecture Principles and Design
Civil Engineering Department of Concrete Structures
where: ds = diameter of stirrups
n = the number of longitudinal bars
db = diameter of longitudinal bars
sc = clear spacing between the longitudinal bars
Example 1.1 to 1.4. Draw the details of the most efficient beam in terms of flexure if the
beams are cast-in-place, non-prestressed and not exposed to weather or in contact with
the ground.

Example 1.1 Beam section: 250mm x 360 mm reinforced with 10mm diameter stirrups and
6pcs-16mm diameter longitudinal bottom bars.

Solution: The bars could not be arranged in one layer because the minimum width
required (bmin ) for such arrangement equals:

bmin = 2 (40mm) + 2(10mm) + 6(16mm) + (6-1) (25mm)

bmin = 321mm > 250mm. (Not OK)

Try 2 layers with 4pcs in the lower layer and 2 pcs in the upper layer.

bmin = 2 ( 40 ) + 2 ( 10 ) + 4 (16 ) + ( 4 – 1 )( 25)

bmin = 239 mm < 250 mm (OK)

Therefore arrange the reinforcing bars in two layers, with 4 pcs - 16 mm diameter bottom
bars in the lower layer and 2 pcs -16 mm bottom bars in the upper layer with the upper
bars directly above the 2 outermost lower bars respectively. Vertical spacing between
the layers of bars should be 25 mm minimum.

Example 1.2. Beam section: 300mm x 450mm reinforced with 12mm diameter stirrups and
6 pcs- 32mm diameter longitudinal top bars.

Solution:

Try 2 layers with 4 pcs in the upper layer and 2 pcs in the lower layer .

bmin = 2 ( 40 ) + 2 ( 12 ) + 4 ( 32 ) + ( 4-1 )( 32 )

bmin = 328 mm (OK)

try 2 layers with 3 pcs in the upper layer and 3pcs in the lower layer.

bmin = 2 ( 40 ) + 2 ( 12 ) + 3 ( 32 ) + ( 3-1 )( 32 ) = 260 mm < 300 mm (OK)

Therefore arrange the reinforcing bars in two layers with 3 pcs- 32 mm diameter
top bars in the upper layer and 3 pcs- 32 mm top bars in the lower layer with the lower
bars directly below the upper bars respectively.

Example 1.3. Beam section: 340mm x 480 mm reinforced with 10 mm diameter stirrups,
area of required steel reinforcement, As = 3122 mm2. Bending moment is negative. Use
20mm diameter longitudinal bars. Vertical spacing between the layers of bars should be
25 mm minimum.
As
Solution: Find the number of 25mm longitudinal bars, N = Ab
where Ab = area of one
π 3122
longitudinal/main bar and is equal to (𝑑𝑏 2). N = π = 9.94 say 10 pcs. Since the
4 202
4
bending moment is negative, the reinforcing bars should be placed as top bars.

Try 2 layers with 5 pcs in each layer.

bmin = 2 ( 40 ) + 2 ( 10 ) + 5 ( 20 ) + ( 5-1)( 25 ) = 300 mm < 340 mm ( OK ).

7|P a g e

Engr. Ronnel L. Moreno

Pangasinan State University CE 323
Urdaneta City Campus
College of Engineering and Architecture Principles and Design
Civil Engineering Department of Concrete Structures
Therefore arrange the reinforcing bars in two layers with 5pcs- 20 mm diameter top
bars in both layers with the lower bars directly below the upper bars. Vertical spacing
between the layers of bars should be 25 mm minimum.

Example 1.4. Width b = 400 mm, effective depth d = 500 mm, + As = 6100 mm2, −As =
2300mm2, diameter of main bottom bars, db BOTTOM = 28 mm, diameter of main top bars,
db TOP = 25 mm, ds = 12 mm

Solution:
6100 2300
For bottom bars, N = π = 9.91 say 10 pcs and for top bars, N = π = 4.69 say 5 bars
282 252
4 4

For bottom bars, trying 2 layers with both the layers comprising 5 pieces 28 mm diameter
bars,

bmin = 2 ( 40 ) + 2 ( 12 ) + 5 ( 28 ) + ( 5-1)( 28 ) = 356 mm < 400 mm ( OK ).

For top bars, minimum width for one layer of 5 pieces 25 mm bars < 400 (OK)

For the height of the beam, the distance of the centroid of the bottom reinforcements
from the adjacent outermost concrete fiber, d′ = 40 + 12 + 28 + 12.5 = 92.5mm. Therefore,
height h = d +d′ = 500 + 92.5 = 592.5 mm say 600 mm.

Therefore arrange the bottom reinforcing bars with two layers of 5 pcs- 28 mm diameter
bars for each layer , and top reinforcing bars with one layer of 5 pcs- 25 mm diameter
bars.

Problem 1.1: Draw the details of the most efficient section (in terms of flexure) with the
following properties:
a. Width b= 275mm, height h = 360mm, N = 5pcs − 16mm diameter top bars,
diameter of stirrups, ds = 10mm.
b. b = 340mm, h = 460mm, N = 12 pcs − 20 mm diameter bottom bars, ds = 12 mm
diameter bars.
c. b = 340mm, h = 500mm, As = 5100 mm2, diameter of bars, db = 32mm, ds = 12
mm diameter
d. b = 400 mm, d = 520mm, +As = 6200 mm2, −As = 2240 mm2, ds = 10 mm, db for
bottom bars = 32 mm, db for top bars = 20 mm
e. b = 360mm, h = 460mm, +As = 5800 mm2, ds = 12mm diameter bars, use 3pcs
32 mm bundled bars.

8|P a g e

Engr. Ronnel L. Moreno