Lab Manual

for

Power System Laboratory – I

(EE – 312)

[Link] – 5th Semester

Electrical Engineering Department

National Institute of Technology Silchar

 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Sl. No. Experiments

1 Determination of ABCD constants of power transmission lines using SCADA based
hardware Power TLS Simulator.
2 Study of Ferranti Effect, voltage regulation using SCADA based Power TLS Simulator.
3 a) Solution of nonlinear algebraic equations using Gauss Seidel (GS) Method.
b) Solution of nonlinear algebraic equations using Gauss Seidel (GS) Method with an
acceleration factor.
c) Formation of Y – Bus Matrix.
d) Load flow solution using Gauss Seidel (GS) Method.
4 a) Solution of Economic Load Dispatch problem neglecting both transmission losses
and generating limits.
b) Solution of Economic Load Dispatch problem considering generating limits and
neglecting transmission losses.
c) Solution of Economic Load Dispatch problem considering both generating limits
and transmission losses.
5 Study of voltage regulation, efficiency of transmission systems using MI-Power
Software.

Course Outcomes (Cos):

At the end of the course the students will be able to
1) Determine various performance indices of power transmission systems using modern hardware
and software tools.
2) Solve various linear and nonlinear equations using MATLAB software.
3) Apply MATLAB software to conduct experiments on economic operation of thermal plants.
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

Experiment No: 01
TITLE: Determination of ABCD parameters of power transmission lines using SCADA based
hardware power TLS Simulator

OBJECTIVE: To calculate and verify the ABCD parameters of a pi-configured medium

transmission line.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Name of the Equipment’s Quantity

Input control panel (Source Panel TLS - 200) 1
Pi-Section panels 8
Load control panel (Load Panel TLS-200) 1
SCADA system 1
Digital Multi-meter 1
Patch Chords As per requirement

THEORY:
Transmission lines are used to transfer bulk amount of power from one place to other in power
system. The availability of well-developed high-capacity system of transmission line makes it
technically and economically feasible to transmit bulk amount of power over large distance. The
performance characteristic of transmission line is important from the point of view of making
analytical studies of the system, such as power flow, voltage regulation, steady state and transient
stability ABCD parameters are widely used in analysis of power transmission engineering where
they are termed as "Line Parameters". ABCD parameters are also known as "Transmission
Parameters". The transmission lines transmit electrical power with a balanced three phase load.
The analysis can conveniently be made on per phase basis and the line on per phase basis can be
regarded as a two-port network, wherein the sending end voltage and current are related to the
receiving end voltage and current through ABCD parameters. In these parameters, the voltage and
current at the sending end terminals can be expressed in terms of voltage and current at the
receiving end. Thus,

V = AV + BI [1]
𝐼 = CV + DI [2]
Open circuiting the output port, we get 𝐼 = 0,
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

V
A= , reverse voltage gain [3]
V
𝐼
C = , forward transfer admittance [4]
V
Short circuiting the output port, we get V = 0,
V
B = , reverse transfer impedance [5]
I
I
D = , reverse current gain [6]
I
If AD − BC = 1, the network is said to be a reciprocal or bilateral network.
If A = D, the network is said to be a symmetrical network.

Medium transmission line- The transmission lines with lengths between 80 km and 160 km are
categorized as medium length lines where the parameters are assumed to be lumped. The shunt
capacitance is either assumed to be concentrated at the middle of the line or half of the total
capacitance is concentrated at each end of the line.

Nominal- 𝜋 network

Fig. Nominal- 𝜋 network

𝑌
𝐼 =𝑉 [7]
2
𝑌
𝐼 =𝐼 +𝐼 =𝐼 +𝑉 [8]
2
𝑌 𝑌𝑍
𝑉 =𝑉 +𝐼 𝑍 =𝑉 + 𝐼 +𝑉 𝑍 = 1+ 𝑉 + 𝑍𝐼 [9]
2 2
𝑌 𝑌 𝑌 𝑍 𝑌𝑍
𝐼 =𝐼 +𝐼 =𝐼 +𝑉 =𝐼 +𝑉 =𝑉 𝑌+ + 1+ 𝐼 [10]
2 2 4 2
Therefore, we can write,
YZ
A=1+ [11]
2
Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

YZ
C=Z 1+ [12]
4
B=Y [13]
YZ
D= 1+ [14]
2
YZ YZ
Also, AD − BC = 1 + − YZ 1 + [15]
2 4
Y Z Y Z
=1+ − YZ − YZ −
4 4
=1

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

 Switch on the MCB of the source panel. - Switch on the MCB of the load panel.
 Switch on the transformer of the source panel.
 Note down the readings from the meters of the source panel.
 Through SCADA system, select the transmission conductor and voltage level.
 Vary the voltage of the source panel through variac and fixed it to 110 V.
 Calculation of B and D line parameters
 Short the load terminal through an ammeter
 Measure source voltage and current from source panel, measure receiving end current
from load panel.
 Calculate B = and D = .
 Calculation of A and C line parameters
 Open the load terminal
 Measure source voltage and current from source panel, measure receiving end voltage
from load panel.
 Calculate A = and C = .

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Measured quantities Practical value Theoretical value Error (%)

When V = 0 When I = 0 A B C D A B C D

V I I V I V

CALCULATIONS:
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

RESULT ANALYSIS:

CONCLUSION:

QUESTIONS:

Q1. Why ABCD parameters are called as transmission line parameters?

Q2. How nominal- 𝜋 networkcan be converted into nominal-T network?
Q3. Why transmission lines are transposed?
Q4. What is the effect of earth on the capacitance of the transmission line?
Q5. What are the physical factors that affect the line parameters?
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

Experiment No: 02
TITLE: Study of Ferranti effect, voltage regulation using SCADA based Power TLS Simulator
OBJECTIVE: To calculate and verify the Ferranti effect of a pi-configured medium transmission
line.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Name of the Equipments Quantity
Input control panel (Source 1
Panel TLS - 200)
Pi-Section panels 8
Load control panel (Load Panel 1
TLS-200)
SCADA system 1
Digital Multi-meter 1

THEORY:
The effect in which the voltage at the receiving end of the transmission line is more than the
sending voltage is known as the Ferranti effect. Such type of effect mainly occurs because of light
load or open circuit at the receiving end.

Ferranti effect is due to the charging current of the line. When an alternating voltage is applied,
the current that flows into the capacitor is called charging current. A charging current is also known
as capacitive current. The charging current increases in the line when the receiving end voltage of
the line is larger than the sending end.

𝑉𝑠
𝐼𝑠 = [1]
1
+ 𝑗𝜔𝐿𝑙
𝑗𝜔𝐶𝑙
Since, C is small compared to L, 𝜔Ll can be neglected compared to 1/𝜔Cl.
Thus,

𝐼𝑠 ≈ 𝑗𝑉 𝜔𝐶𝑙 [2]
Now,

VR = VS - IS(j𝜔Ll) = VS+VS𝜔2CLl2

=Vs(1+𝜔2CLl2) [3]

∴ Magnitude of voltage rise = Vs(1+𝜔2CLl2)

 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

Amount of inductive VAr to be injected to compensate Ferranti effect =|V s|2/𝜔Lr [4]

Where, Lr=1/𝜔2C

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R L II Cc
IC X

CC Ic Vs IC R
Vs Vr

Vr
(a) Line representation under no
(b) Phasor diagram
load condition

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

 Switch on the MCB of input panel.

 Switch on the MCB of load panel.
 Press the push button of primary winding of the input transformer of input panel.
 Press the push button of secondary winding of the input transformer of input panel.
 Note down the required parameters from the meters of input panel.
 In SCADA system configure the amount of voltage and type of conductor required
 As per the requirement of voltage rating of the conductor find the actual value of R,L,C of
the desired transmission line.
 As per the suitable combination match the R, L, C actual values with the selected values
and switch on the same in each PI section transmission line panels.
 Vary the variac of input panel and fixed to 110V.
 Keep load to be zero.
 Note down the value of sending end and receiving end voltage.
 Calculate the voltage regulation.
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sl Measured quantities Theoretical value Error (%) % V.R.

No.
Vs Vr Vs Vr
1

CALCULATIONS:
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

RESULT ANALYSIS:
CONCLUSION:
QUESTIONS:
Q1: What is Ferranti effect?
Q2: Write the advantage and disadvantage of Ferranti effect.
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

Experiment No: 03 (a)

TITLE: Solution of nonlinear algebraic equation using Gauss Seidel (GS) Method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: < Give System Specifications, software used >
THEORY:
Power system performance analysis can be expressed in nonlinear equations and can be evaluated
by numerical analysis. Among the important and most frequently encountered problem in
numerical analysis is the solution of set of algebraic equations. Generally, there are two types of
method to solve the set of equations, direct and iterative. The direct method is an exact method
which provides a solution in a definite number of arithmetic operations. On the other hand, the
iterative techniques provide successive approximate solutions which may converge to the results
with acceptable accuracy. The rate convergence depends on coefficient matrix defines the physical
systems. Depending on the characteristic of this matrix the successive approximate solution may
converge rapidly or slowly or even diverge.
Gauss Seidel Method
The Gauss-Seidel method is also known as the method of successive displacements. To illustrate
the technique, consider the solution of the nonlinear equation given by
𝑓(𝑥) = 0 [1]
The above function is rearranged and written as
𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥) [2]
If 𝑥 ( ) is an initial estimate of the variable 𝑥, the following iterative sequence is formed.
𝑥( ) = 𝑔 𝑥( ) [3]
A solution is obtained when the difference between the absolute value of the successive iteration
is less than a specified accuracy, i.e.,
𝑥( ) − 𝑥( ) ≤ 𝜖 [4]
where 𝜖 is the desired accuracy.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Assume some initial assumption for 𝑥 (=𝑥 ) and find 𝑔(𝑥) say 𝑔(𝑥)( ) for this assumption.
Step 2: In the second iteration use this value of 𝑔(𝑥)( ) for 𝑥 and find the 𝑔(𝑥)( )
Step 3: Find 𝛥𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥)( ) − 𝑔(𝑥)( )
Step 4: If 𝛥𝑥 is within tolerance say 𝛥𝑥 =0; stop and result is 𝑔(𝑥)( ) ; if 𝛥𝑥 is not within
tolerance go to the next step.
Step 5: In third iteration using 𝑔(𝑥)( ) for 𝑥 and find 𝑔(𝑥)( ) and use this value for next steps.
In this way in each iteration check for 𝛥𝑥; If 𝛥𝑥 is within tolerance say 𝛥𝑥 = 0.001; stop.
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

PROBLEM:

𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥 = 10
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 6
with the following initial estimates
( ) ( )
a) 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 =1
( ) ( )
b) 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 =2
( ) ( )
Continue until ∆𝑥 and ∆𝑥 are less than 0.001.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Iteration 𝑥 𝑥 Error 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑥)

1
2
3
4
5

PLOT:
a) Draw the plot between iteration and variables.
b) Draw the plot between iteration and error.
CALCULATIONS:
RESULT ANALYSIS:
CONCLUSION:
QUESTIONS:
Q1: What is meant by Gauss Seidel Method?
Q2: Write the advantages and disadvantages of Gauss Seidel method?
Q3: Write the applications of Gauss Seidel method?
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

Experiment No: 03 (b)

TITLE: Solution of nonlinear algebraic equation using Gauss Seidel (GS) Method with an
acceleration factor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: < Give System Specifications, software used >
THEORY:
The convergence in Gauss-Seidel is very slow so, in order to increase the convergence speed,
acceleration factor is used. The too low value of alpha (acceleration factor) will delay convergence,
but very high value may skip desired solution/sometimes divergence. alpha should be chosen based
on trial-and-error method. Generally alpha will be in range of 1.2 to 1.6. To illustrate the technique,
consider the solution of the nonlinear equation given by

𝑓(𝑥) = 0 [1]
The above function is rearranged and written as
𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥) [2]
( )
If 𝑥 is an initial estimate of the variable 𝑥, the following iterative sequence is formed.
𝑥( ) = 𝑔 𝑥( ) [3]
A solution is obtained when the difference between the absolute value of the successive iteration
is less than a specified accuracy, i.e.,
𝑥( ) − 𝑥( ) ≤ 𝜖 [4]
where 𝜖 is the desired accuracy.
𝑥 ( ) = 𝑥 ( ) + 𝛼[𝑔 𝑥)( ) − 𝑥 ( ) [5]

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Assume some initial assumption for 𝑥 (=𝑥 ( ) ) and find 𝑔(𝑥) say 𝑔(𝑥)( ) for this
assumption.
Step 2: Find the difference between initial assumption (=𝑥 ( ) ) and 𝑔(𝑥)( ). Say 𝛥𝑥
Step 3: Find the 𝑥 for the next iteration. 𝑥 ( ) = 𝑥 ( ) + 𝛼 x Δ𝑥
Step 4: In the second iteration use this value of 𝑥 ( ) for 𝑥 and find the 𝑔(𝑥)( )
Step 5: Find 𝛥𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥)( ) − 𝑥 ( ) .
Step 6: For next iteration use 𝑥 ( ) = 𝑥 ( ) + 𝛼 x Δ𝑥 and find 𝑔(𝑥)( )
Step 7: If 𝛥𝑥 is within tolerance say 𝛥𝑥 =0; stop and result is 𝑔(𝑥)( ) ; if 𝛥𝑥 is not within
tolerance go to the next step.
PROBLEM:

𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥 = 10
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 6
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

with the following initial estimates

( ) ( )
a) 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 =1
( ) ( )
b) 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 =2
( ) ( )
Continue until ∆𝑥 and ∆𝑥 are less than 0.001 and take acceleration factor, 𝛼 = 1.25.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Iteration 𝑥 𝑥 Error 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑥)

1
2
3
4
5

PLOT:
a) Draw the plot between iteration and variables.
b) Draw the plot between iteration and error.
CALCULATIONS:
RESULT ANALYSIS:
CONCLUSION:
QUESTIONS:
Q1: Does Gauss Seidel method always converge?
Q2: What is Gauss elimination method in matrix?
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

Experiment No: 03 (c)

TITLE: Formation of Y – Bus Matrix
OBJECTIVE: Obtain the bus admittance matrix using MATLAB
APPARATUS /SYSTEM SPECIFICATION: < Give System Specifications >
THEORY: In order to obtain the node-voltage equations, consider the simple power system where
impedances are expressed in per unit on a common MVA base and for simplicity resistances are
neglected. Since the nodal solution is based upon Kirchhoff's current law, impedances are
converted to admittance, i.e.,

1 1
𝑦 = =
𝑧 𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥

Fig. The admittance diagram of a simple system

Applying KCL to the independent nodes 1 through 4 results in

𝐼 = 𝑦 𝑉 + 𝑦 (𝑉 − 𝑉 ) + 𝑦 (𝑉 − 𝑉 )
𝐼 = 𝑦 𝑉 + 𝑦 (𝑉 − 𝑉 ) + 𝑦 (𝑉 − 𝑉 )
0 = 𝑦 (𝑉 − 𝑉 ) + 𝑦 (𝑉 − 𝑉 ) + 𝑦 (𝑉 − 𝑉 )
0 = 𝑦 (𝑉 − 𝑉 )
Rearranging these equations yields

𝐼 = (𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 )𝑉 − 𝑦 𝑉 − 𝑦 𝑉
𝐼 = −𝑦 𝑉 + (𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 )𝑉 − 𝑦 𝑉
0 = −𝑦 𝑉 − 𝑦 𝑉 + (𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 )𝑉 − 𝑦 𝑉
0 = −𝑦 𝑉 + 𝑦 𝑉
Introduce the following admittances
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

𝑌 =𝑦 +𝑦 +𝑦
𝑌 =𝑦 +𝑦 +𝑦
𝑌 =𝑦 +𝑦 +𝑦
𝑌 =𝑦
𝑌 = 𝑌 = −𝑦
𝑌 = 𝑌 = −𝑦
𝑌 = 𝑌 = −𝑦
𝑌 = 𝑌 = −𝑦
The node equation reduces to

𝐼 =𝑌 𝑉 +𝑌 𝑉 +𝑌 𝑉 +𝑌 𝑉
𝐼 =𝑌 𝑉 +𝑌 𝑉 +𝑌 𝑉 +𝑌 𝑉
𝐼 =𝑌 𝑉 +𝑌 𝑉 +𝑌 𝑉 +𝑌 𝑉
𝐼 =𝑌 𝑉 +𝑌 𝑉 +𝑌 𝑉 +𝑌 𝑉
In the above network, since there is no connection between bus 1 and 4, 𝑌 = 𝑌 = 0; similarly
𝑌 = 𝑌 = 0.
Extending the above relation to an 𝑛 bus system, the node-voltage equation in matrix form is

𝐼 𝑌 𝑌 ⋯ 𝑌 ⋯ 𝑌 𝑉
⎡ 𝐼 ⎤ ⎡𝑌 𝑌 ⋯ 𝑌 ⋯ 𝑌 ⎤⎡ ⎤
𝑉
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢⋮⎥=⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎢𝐼 ⎥ ⎢𝑌 𝑌 ⋯ 𝑌 ⋯ 𝑌 ⎥ ⎢𝑉 ⎥
⎢⋮⎥ ⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥⎢ ⋮ ⎥
⎣ 𝐼 ⎦ ⎣𝑌 𝑌 ⋯ 𝑌 ⋯ 𝑌 ⎦ ⎣𝑉 ⎦
or
𝐈 =𝐘 𝐕

where 𝐈 is the vector of the injected bus currents (i.e., external current sources). The current is
positive when flowing towards the bus, and it is negative if flowing away from the bus. 𝐕 is the
vector of bus voltages measured from the reference node (i.e., node voltages). 𝐘 is known as
the bus admittance matrix.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Develop primitive admittance matrix using 𝑦 = 𝑧

Step 2: Determine off-diagonal element, 𝑌 = 𝑌 = −𝑦
Step 3: Determine diagonal element, 𝑌 = 𝑦 + ∑ , 𝑦 , where, 'n' is the no. of bus

𝑌 𝑌 ....... 𝑌
𝑌 𝑌 ....... 𝑌
Step 4: Form bus admittance matrix as, 𝑌 =
.... .... ....... ....
𝑌 𝑌 ....... 𝑌
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

PROBLEM:
Form the Y – bus matrix for a given power system.

RESULT:
CONCLUSION:
QUESTIONS:

Q1: What are the elements of Y bus matrix?

Q2: What is the need of Y bus in power system?
Q3: What is a primitive network?
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

Experiment No: 03 (d)

TITLE: Load flow solution using Gauss Seidel (GS) Method

OBJECTIVE:
i) To determine the phasor values of voltage for different buses.
ii) To determine the line flows & line losses.
APPARATUS /SYSTEM SPECIFICATION: < Give System Specifications, software used >
THEORY: Consider a typical bus of a power system network. Transmission lines are represented
by their equivalent 𝜋 models where impedances have been converted to per unit admittances on a
common MVA base. Application of KCL to this bus results in

𝐼 = 𝑦 𝑉 + 𝑦 (𝑉 − 𝑉 ) + 𝑦 (𝑉 − 𝑉 ) + ⋯ + 𝑦 (𝑉 − 𝑉 )
= (𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + ⋯ + 𝑦 )𝑉 − 𝑦 𝑉 − 𝑦 𝑉 − ⋯ − 𝑦 𝑉
or

𝐼 =𝑉 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑉 𝑗≠𝑖

Fig.: A typical bus of the power system

The real and reactive power at bus 𝑖 is

𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄 = 𝑉 𝐼 ∗
or
𝑃 − 𝑗𝑄
𝐼 =
𝑉∗
Substituting for 𝐼 yields
𝑃 − 𝑗𝑄
=𝑉 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑉 𝑗≠𝑖
𝑉∗
From the above relation, the mathematical formulation of the power flow problem results in a
system of algebraic non-linear equations which must be solved by iterative techniques.
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Initialize 𝑉 = 𝑉 ∠0∘ for i = 2,3, … m and V = 1∠0∘ for i = (m + 1), (m + 2), … n.
Set iteration count t = 1.
Step 2: For i = 2,3, … m, carry out the following equations
Calculate Q = −∑ |Y ||V ||V k|sin (𝛿 −𝛿 +𝜃 )
i) If 𝑄 ≤𝑄 ≤𝑄 , then assign |𝑉 | = 𝑉 and phase angle is obtained as ∠𝑉
1 (P − jQ )
V = −∑ Y V −∑ Y V
Y {V }⋆
ii) If Q > Q , then calculate
1 (P − jQ )
V = −∑ Y V −∑ Y V
Y {V }⋆
iii) If Q < Q , the calculate
1 P − jQ
V = −∑ Y V −∑ Y V
Y {V }⋆
Step 3: For i = (m + 1), (m + 2), … n, calculate
( )
V = ⋆ −∑ Y V −∑ Y V

Step 4: Compute ΔV , and ΔV = max{ΔV , ΔV … ΔV }. If ΔV < 𝜀 stop, else repeat

PROBLEMS:
To find out the states of the buses i.e., voltage magnitude and phase angle first; and then other
unknown parameters of the buses.

Fig.: A two bus power system network

Fig.: A typical three – bus power system network

 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

OBSERVATIONS:

 Report the voltage solution.

 Obtain the convergence curve.
 Report the power flow solutions.

CALCULATIONS:
RESULT ANALYSIS:
CONCLUSION:
QUESTIONS:
Q1: What are the three types of buses in power system?
Q2: How load flow study is performed?
Q3: What is bus architecture?
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

Experiment No: 04 (a)

TITLE: Solution of Economic Load Dispatch problem neglecting both transmission losses and
generating limits.

OBJECTIVE: To solve the economic load dispatch problem neglecting transmission losses and
generating limits using MATLAB.

APPARATUS /SYSTEM SPECIFICATION: < Give System Specifications, software used >
THEORY: Economic Load Distribution in power system is conventionally done using Economic
Load Dispatch Solution. The Economic Load Dispatch problem is more important for thermal
generating units. The Economic Load Distribution is done by measuring the incremental cost of
each generator. To solve Economic Load Dispatch problem by neglecting transmission losses,
the load distribution among the generators become optimum when they are loaded with equal
incremental cost.

Let there are ' 𝑛 ' number of generators present in the system. Each generator is having a different
cost function defined as,
𝐹 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 𝑃 + 𝛾 𝑃 [For all n = 1,2,3 … … , n]
The Economic Dispatch problem is defined as,

Min 𝐹 = 𝐹

Subject to, 𝑃 = 𝑃

Where 𝐹 = Total Fuel cost of all the generating units of the system.
𝐹 = Fuel cost of the 𝑛th generating units.
𝑃 = Total demand of the System load.
𝑃 = Real power generating of the 𝑛th generating unit.
Therefore, the condition for optimum operating is,
(IC) = (IC) = ⋯ … … … … … … … … = (IC) = Incremental Fuel Cost

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Read the generating limits, Real power demand i.e. 𝑃 cost coefficients of all the generating
units present in the power system.
Step 2: The value of the incremental fuel cost (𝜆)& the change in the value of the incremental fuel
cost i.e., Δ𝜆 is assumed in the range of 0.01.
Step 3: Read the Convergence criterion i.e., 𝜀
Step 4: Calculate the real power generation of the generators for the system.
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

Step 5: Check inequalities and take corrective actions.

Step 6: Calculate ∑ P = P and ∑ P − P = ΔP.
Step 7: Check ΔP < 𝜀 (Convergence Criterion) and if satisfies then 'stop else' change the value of
𝜆 i.e., increase or decrease the incremental fuel cost by Δ𝜆.
Step 8: Go to Step 4.
SYSTEM INFORMATION:

Generator Data:

P = 800MW
Generator No 𝛼 𝛽 𝛾
1 510 7.2 0.00142
2 310 7.85 0.00194
3 18 7.97 0.0082

RESULT:

Iteration 𝜆 P (MW) P (MW) P (MW) Total Cost ($/Hr)

1
2
3
4
5

CONCLUSION:

QUESTIONS:
Q1: Find the final value of 𝜆.
Q2: Determine the total fuel cost.
Q3: Draw the convergence plot between total fuel cost and iterations.
Q4: What is the coordination equations required in economic load dispatch?
Q5: What is the difference between simple load dispatch and economic load dispatch?
Q6: What is meant by incremental cost curve?
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

Experiment No: 04 (b)

TITLE: Solution of Economic Load Dispatch problem considering generating limits and
neglecting transmission losses.

OBJECTIVE: To solve the economic load dispatch problem considering generating limits and
neglecting transmission losses using MATLAB.

APPARATUS /SYSTEM SPECIFICATION: < Give System Specifications, software used >
THEORY: Economic Load Distribution in power system is conventionally done using Economic
Load Dispatch Solution. The Economic Load Dispatch problem is more important for thermal
generating units. The Economic Load Distribution is done by measuring the incremental cost of
each generator. To solve Economic Load Dispatch problem by neglecting transmission losses, the
load distribution among the generators become optimum when they are loaded with equal
incremental cost.

Let there are ' 𝑛 ' number of generators present in the system. Each generator is having a different
cost function defined as,
𝐹 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 𝑃 + 𝛾 𝑃 [For all n = 1,2,3 … … , n]
The Economic Dispatch problem is defined as,

Min 𝐹 = 𝐹

Subject to, 𝑃 = 𝑃

𝑃 ≤𝑃 ≤𝑃
Where 𝐹 = Total Fuel cost of all the generating units of the system.
𝐹 = Fuel cost of the 𝑛th generating units.
𝑃 = Total demand of the System load.
𝑃 = Real power generating of the 𝑛th generating unit.
𝑃 = Minimum real power generating limit of the 𝑛th generating unit.
𝑃 = Maximum real power generating limit of the 𝑛th generating unit.
Therefore, the condition for optimum operating is,
(IC) = (IC) = ⋯ … … … … … … … … = (IC) = Incremental Fuel Cost

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Read the generating limits, Real power demand i.e. 𝑃 cost coefficients of all the generating
units present in the power system.
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

Step 2: The value of the incremental fuel cost (𝜆)& the change in the value of the incremental fuel
cost i.e., Δ𝜆 is assumed in the range of 0.01.
Step 3: Read the Convergence criterion i.e., 𝜀
Step 4: Calculate the real power generation of the generators for the system.
Step 5: Check inequalities and take corrective actions.
Step 6: Calculate ∑ P = P and ∑ P − P = ΔP.
Step 7: Check ΔP < 𝜀 (Convergence Criterion) and if satisfies then 'stop else' change the value of
𝜆 i.e., increase or decrease the incremental fuel cost by Δ𝜆.
Step 8: Go to Step 4.
SYSTEM INFORMATION:

Generator Data:

P = 800MW
Generator No 𝑃 𝑃 𝛼 𝛽 𝛾
1 600 150 510 7.2 0.00142
2 400 100 310 7.85 0.00194
3 200 50 18 7.97 0.00482

RESULT:

Iteration 𝜆 P (MW) P (MW) P (MW) Total Cost ($/Hr)

1
2
3
4
5

CONCLUSION:

QUESTIONS:
Q1: Find the final value of 𝜆.
Q2: Determine the total fuel cost.
Q3: Draw the convergence plot between total fuel cost and iterations.
Q4: What are the different constraints in ELD?
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

Experiment No: 04 (c)

TITLE: Solution of Economic Load Dispatch problem considering both generating limits and
transmission losses.

OBJECTIVE: To solve the economic load dispatch problem considering both generating limits
and transmission losses using MATLAB.

APPARATUS /SYSTEM SPECIFICATION: < Give System Specifications, software used >
THEORY: Economic Load Distribution in power system is conventionally done using Economic
Load Dispatch Solution. The Economic Load Dispatch problem is more important for thermal
generating units. The Economic Load Distribution is done by measuring the incremental cost of
each generator. Economic Load Dispatch for a practical power system attains economy when the
products of incremental cost and penalty factor of each generator are equal.

Let there are ' 𝑛 ' number of generators present in the system. Each generator is having a different
cost function defined as,
𝐹 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 𝑃 + 𝛾 𝑃 [For all n = 1,2,3 … … , n]
The Economic Dispatch problem is defined as,

Min 𝐹 = 𝐹

Subject to, 𝑃 = 𝑃

𝑃 ≤𝑃 ≤𝑃

𝑃 = 𝐵 𝑃 𝑃 + 𝐵 𝑃 +𝐵

Where 𝐹 = Total Fuel cost of all the generating units of the system.
𝐹 = Fuel cost of the 𝑛th generating units.
𝑃 = Total demand of the System load.
𝑃 = Real power generating of the 𝑛th generating unit.
𝑃 = Minimum real power generating limit of the 𝑛th generating unit.
𝑃 = Maximum real power generating limit of the 𝑛th generating unit.
𝑃 = Real power loss due to transmission
Therefore, the condition for optimum operating is,
(IC*Penalty Factor) = (IC*Penalty Factor) = ⋯ = (IC*Penalty Factor) = Incremental Fuel Cost

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

Step 1: Read the generating limits, Real power demand i.e. 𝑃 cost coefficients of all the generating
units present in the power system.
Step 2: The value of the incremental fuel cost (𝜆)& the change in the value of the incremental fuel
cost i.e., Δ𝜆 is assumed in the range of 0.01.
Step 3: Read the Convergence criterion i.e., 𝜀
Step 4: Calculate the real power generation of the generators for the system.
Step 5: Check inequalities and take corrective actions.
Step 6: Calculate ∑ P = P − P and ∑ P − P − P = ΔP.
Step 7: Check ΔP < 𝜀 (Convergence Criterion) and if satisfies then 'stop else' change the value of
𝜆 i.e., increase or decrease the incremental fuel cost by Δ𝜆.
Step 8: Go to Step 4.
SYSTEM INFORMATION:
Generator Data:
P = 800MW
Generator No 𝑃 𝑃 𝛼 𝛽 𝛾
1 600 150 510 7.2 0.00142
2 400 100 310 7.85 0.00194
3 200 50 18 7.97 0.00482

Loss Coefficient Data:

0.0218 0.0093 0.0028
𝐵 = 0.0093 0.0228 0.0017
0.0028 0.0031 0.0015
𝐵 = [0.0003 0.0031 0.0015]
𝐵 = 0.00030523
RESULT:
Iteration 𝜆 P (MW) P (MW) P (MW) Total Cost ($/Hr)

CONCLUSION:
QUESTIONS:
Q1: Find the final value of 𝜆.
Q2: Determine the total fuel cost.
Q3: Draw the convergence plot between total fuel cost and iterations.
Q4: What do you understand by Loss Coefficient?
Q5: Write transmission line loss equation using Kron’s formula.
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

Experiment No: 05
TITLE: Study of voltage regulation and efficiency of Transmission line using MI POWER
software.
OBJECTIVES: -

1) To determine the sensitivity of generator's excitation on receiving end voltage (V ) and voltage
regulation (V.R.).
2) To determine the effect of load change on Vr and V.R.
3) To determine the effect of line parameters on 𝑉𝑟 and V.R.

APPARATUS /SYSTEM SPECIFICATION: < Give System Specifications, software used >
THEORY: The Voltage Regulation (VR) is one of the important factors that determine the power
handling capability of a power transmission system. A proper knowledge on VR helps to
maintain the voltage at the load terminals within prescribed limits by employing suitable voltage
control devices.
Voltage regulation of a transmission line is the rise in voltage at the receiving end, expressed in
percent of full-load voltage; when, the full load at a specified power factor is removed while the
sending-end voltage is held constant.
Mathematical formulation,
|𝑉𝑛𝑙| − |𝑉𝑓𝑙|
% Voltage Regulation = × 100
|𝑉𝑓𝑙|
where, |𝑉𝑛𝑙| = no load voltage magnitude
|𝑉𝑓𝑙| = full load voltage magnitude
There is an inherent maximum limit of power that can be transmitted at any load power factor. For
a fixed sending end voltage, the only way to increase power is by lowering the load impedance.
This will result an increase in current; but, decrease in Vr and large line losses. Upto a certain
point, the increase of current dominates the decrease of Vr, thereby resulting an increase in
receiving end power. Finally, the decrease in Vr is such that the trend reverses.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Connect to the existing (or new) database of the Power System Network Editor window
in Mi POWER software.
Step 2: Create a single line diagram of the given power system network and simultaneously enter
the required data of the respective elements.
Step 3: Save the file and solve the network using load flow study.
Step 4: Save the report file for each case.
Objective-1:
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

 For a fixed loading condition, vary the excitation voltages of generators (within permissible
range).
 Execute Load flow and monitor the changes in Vr & losses for each change.
 Calculate the VR and Efficiency of the given power network.
Objective-2:
 Set Vs (sending end voltage) at 1.0 p.u. and vary receiving end load by maintaining
constant p.f.
 Execute Load flow and monitor the changes in Vr & losses for each change.
 Calculate the VR and Efficiency of the given power network.
Objective-3:
 Set Vs (sending end voltage) at 1.0 p.u. and vary line resistance and reactance.
 Execute Load flow and monitor the changes in Vr & losses for each change.
 Calculate the VR and Efficiency of the given power network.
RESULTS:
Table 1. (Objective-1)
[Link]. |Vs| |Vr| % V.R. % Efficiency
1
2
3
4

Table 2. (Objective-2)

[Link]. |Vs| % Load |Vr| %V.R. % Efficiency

1
2
3
4

Table 3. (Objective-3)

[Link]. |Vs| Line parameters |Vr| %V.R. % Efficiency

Actual % Per Unit
1
2
3
4
 Electrical Engineering Department, NIT Silchar Power System Lab I Manual

PLOTS:

1) |Vs| Vs % V.R.
2) |Vr| Vs % V.R.
3) |Vs| Vs % 𝜂.
4) |Vr| Vs % 𝜂.

CONCLUSION:

QUESTIONS:

Q1: What is voltage regulation?

Q2: What do you mean by slack generator and state its importance?