LESSON 1
The word “history” is derived from the Greek word istoria which means learning
As defined by Aristotle, it was a systematic account of a set of natural phenomena whether
non-chronological (not in order) or not
Eventually, the Latin equivalent scientia was used more regularly to designate non-
chronological systematic accounts of natural phenomena
On the other hand, the word history itself was now used exclusively to refer to accounts of
phenomena, especially of human affairs, in a chronological order.
History, which deals with the past, is primarily concerned with the reconstruction of it. The
complication here is that most events from the past are beyond recall, thus, historical
knowledge is limited due to incomplete records since humans do not always record what is
happening around them. There is no complete history or history-as-actuality
Historical Method, the process of critically examining and analyzing the records of the past
Historiography, on the other hand, is imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data
derived from the historical method.
SOURCES OF HISTORY - Sources are items that provide information or proof
Primary - are simply sources that are created during the time period in study. Creators of
primary sources are basically those who existed during the moment of writing or creating.
Secondary - are sources that are already interpreted and analyzed data from primary sources.
This means, unlike primary sources, they are not created during the time period in question.
They are created after the time period under study.
Tertiary - are publications that summarize and digest the information in primary and
secondary sources to provide background on a topic, idea, or event.
As mentioned earlier, not all sources are credible hence, the need for
Historical criticism
TWO KINDS OF HISTORICAL CRITICISM
1. External criticism – these deal with the form and ask “Is this authentic?”
Is the document forged? Fake? Fabricated?
2. Internal criticism - these deals with the content and asks “Is this credible? “Is
what’s written credible? Truthful?
LESSON 2: Antonio Pigafetta. First Voyage Around the World
Antonio Pigafetta - an Italian nobleman who accompanied Ferdinand Magellan on the first
circumnavigation of the world.
Ladrones Islands - presently known as the Marianas Islands.
- referred to as "Islands of Thieves" by Pigafetta due to the locals' habit of taking things
from the fleet
- located in south-southeast of Japan, west-southwest of Hawaii, north of New Guinea,
and east of Philippines
After 10 days, they reached the isle of Zamal ( Samar).
Magellan chose to land on an uninhabited island nearby for security reasons.
March 18th, nine men came to them and showed joy and eagerness in seeing them. Magellan
realized that the men were reasonable and welcomed them with food, drinks, and gifts. In
turn, the natives gave them:
- Fish
- Palm wine (uraca)
- Figs
- Two coconuts (cochos)
- Rice (umai)
- Other food supplies like cocos
Pigafetta's Description of the Palm Tree
- The palm produces a fruit named cosho (coconut)
- Large, about the size of a head
- First husk: green, two fingers thick, containing threads used for making boat cords
- Second husk: hard and thicker than a walnut shell; burned to make useful powder
- Inside: white marrow, one finger thick, eaten fresh with meat and fish, tastes like almonds
- Marrow can be dried and made into bread
Humunu (Homonhon Island) - Known as the "Watering Place of Good Signs" where the fleet
found gold.
- It’s where the frst signs of gold were found
Magellan named the island and nearby islands the Archipelago of St. Lazarus.
March 25th (at Mazzava/Mazaua)
- They saw two ballanghai (balangay), long boats filled with people.
The leader of the balangay (referred to as the king) sent men to Magellan’s ship.
- Magellan’s crew entertained the men and gave them gifts.
- The king offered Magellan a bar of gold and a chest of ginger, but Magellan declined.
- Magellan sent his interpreter to ask for money and supplies for the fleet.
- Magellan expressed that he came as a friend, not an enemy.
- The king provided food in chinaware to Magellan.
- Magellan exchanged gifts of robes in Turkish fashion, red cap, and gave the people
knives and mirrors.
Raia Calambu
- king of Zuluan and Calagan (Butuan and Caragua), the most handsome man Pigaffeta
had seen in the region
- The brother of Raia Siagu, the first king they met
- He was with silk and gold accessories, including a golden dagger in a polished
wooden sheath.
- The brother of Raia Siagu, the first king they met.
March 31st (The first Mass in the Philippines)
Mazaua (Limasawa) - The site of the first Mass in the Philippines.
- Magellan ordered a Mass to be celebrated on the shore.
- The king sent and attended the Mass with the other king.
- Both kings participated in the Mass.
- During the offertory, they kissed the cross and knelt during the elevation of the body
of the Lord, imitating the Europeans.
- Magellan and his men decided to move after seven days in search of more provisions.
- They learned of the islands of Ceylon (Leyte), Bohol, and Zubu (Cebu).
- Raia Calambu offered to pilot them to Cebu, the largest and richest island.
April 7th
- Magellan and his men reached Cebu's port.
- The king of Cebu demanded tribute, but Magellan refused, explaining he was a
captain of a king himself.
- Magellan’s interpreter explained the benefits of friendship with their great empire.
Blood Compact
- The king offered a bit of his blood and asked Magellan to do the same, symbolizing
trust and alliance.
- Magellan’s men agreed to exchange gifts.
April 14th
- Magellan encouraged the king to be a Christian by burning idols and worshipping the
cross.
- The king was baptized as Don Carlos, his son as Don Fernando, and other island
leaders were given Christian names.
- All the island's inhabitants were baptized within eight days.
- They burned a village for disobeying both Magellan and the king.
- Magellan gifted the queen an image of the Infant Jesus.
April 26th
- Zula, a principal man of Mactan, requested Magellan’s help against the chief
Silapulapu (Lapulapu).
- Magellan agreed and went to Mactan with three boats and 49 men, where they faced
1,500 islanders.
The Battle of Mactan
- Magellan was wounded by a poison arrow and then hit with a lance in the face.
- A native struck Magellan with a greatsword in the leg, bringing him down.
- Magellan was overwhelmed by attacks and killed while ensuring the safety of his
men.
- The king of Cebu, despite being baptized, did not send aid during the battle as per
Magellan’s instructions.
- The people of Mactan refused to give up Magellan’s body, keeping it as a symbol of
their victory.
- Magellan’s slave Henry conspired with the king of Cebu to betray the remaining
crew.
- The king invited 24 men to a gathering and then had them killed, leaving only Juan
Serrano alive.
- Serrano asked for ransom, but the fleet left Cebu and abandoned him.
Duarte Barbosa was elected as the new captain after Magellan’s death.
LESSON 3
Customs of the Tagalog
Author: Juan de Plasencia, a Spanish priest from the Franciscan order.
Written during the first century of Spanish rule in the Philippines.
The colonial government faced challenges managing areas outside of Manila due to a
limited number of Spaniards.
Filipinos were allowed to hold the position of gobernadorcillos to help manage local
governance.
Friars’ Responsibilities:
- To ensure the loyalty of gobernadorcillos to Spanish authority, friars were ordered to
observe, supervise, and monitor their activities.
- Friars performed administrative duties as part of their role.
Fray Juan de Plasencia
- His real name is Joan de Portocarrero
- One of the seven children of Pedro Portocarrero, who was a captain of a Spanish
Schooner.
- He grew up in the period known as the Siglo de Oro.
- A member of Franciscan Order in 1578.
- Arrived at a port in Cavite, few kilometers south of Manila, July 2nd of 1578.
- He was assigned to do missionary work in Southern Tagalog Area.
- His book "Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Espanola y Tagala" became the first printed
book in the Philippines.
- Died in Liliw, Laguna in 1590.
- The original copy of Customs of the Tagalogs is currently kept in Archivo General de
Indias located in Seville, Spain.
- A duplicate copy is kept in Franciscano Ibero-Oriental in Madrid,
Pandot: A festival celebrated in the house of a chief, serving as a place of worship.
Simbahan: A term for the temporary temple where festivals and worship took place.
Nagaanitos: The act of worship performed during the festival.
Bathala: The supreme deity, considered the "all-powerful" or the "maker of all things."
Lacapati and Idianale: Deities associated with agriculture and husbandry.
Tala: The morning star, revered in their worship.
Pleiades (Seven Little Goats): A star cluster that was recognized, and associated with
the change of seasons (referred to as Mapolon).
Balatic: Corresponds to the constellation known as the Great Bear.
Lic-ha: Various idols or images, often worshipped for protection in times of need.
Dian Masalanta: A deity associated with love and generation.
Buaya: Crocodiles, which were revered and offered food to, for fear of being harmed by
them.
Catolonan: A priest or priestess who led rituals, offering sacrifices to idols and invoking
the spirits.
Sibi: Temporary sheds built to accommodate people during festivals.
Sorihile: Small lamps placed in the worship area to light the space.
Vibit: Ghosts that were feared in their belief system.
Tigbalaang: Phantoms or supernatural beings.
Patianc: Spirits of women who died in childbirth, believed to lament at night.
Maca: A concept similar to paradise, a place of rest for the just and virtuous after death.
Casanaan: A place of punishment, akin to hell, where wrongdoers and the wicked
suffered.
Sitan: The demons who resided in Casanaan.
Anito: Spirits or deities that were worshipped during the pandot, especially for guidance
or assistance in life.
Word Meaning Word Meaning
Dato Chief Dian Patron of
Masalanta lovers/gener
ation
Maharlica Noble Lacapati Patron of
Cultivated
lands
Aliping Commoners Idianale Patron of
namamahay Husbandry
Aliping Slave Catolonan Officiating
Saguiguilid Priest
Simbahan Place of Mara Paradise
Adoration
Pandot Worship Casanaan A place of
Anguish
Sibi Roof Sitan Demons
Sorihile Small lamps Vibit Ghost
Tigbalaang Phantoms
Nagaanitos Joint
worship
Bathala Maker of all Pleiades Seven little
things goats
Tala Morning Tingues Mountain
Star Ridges
Mapolon Change of
Season
Balantic Greated Bear
Lic-ha Idols/Mages
LESSON 4: Emilio Jacinto, “Kartilla ng Katipunan”Learning
Objectives
One of the most important Katipunan documents was the Kartilya ng Katipunan. The
original title of the document was “Manga Aral Nang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan” or
Lessons of the Organization of the Sons of the Country.
as Bonifacio was drafting the Decalogue of the Duties of the Sons of the People, he
recognized the value and intellect of Jacinto, Jacinto’s Kartilya was much better than the
Decalogue Bonifacio wrote, as the guidebook for the rules and regulations of the Katipunan.
The document was written by Emilio Jacinto in 1896.
Kartilya
- can be treated as the Katipunan’s code of conduct, It contains fourteen rules and
values that instruct the way a Katipunero should behave.
- Reading the Kartilya will reveal a thorough understanding of the Katipunan and the
significant role it played in the revolution and in the unfolding of Philippine history.
- Generally speaking, the rules in the Kartilya can be classified as either directed to
how one should treat his neighbour or how one should develop and conduct one’s
self.
Emilio Jacinto
- He joined the Katipunan in 1894 and was the youngest member at 19 years old
- “Brains of the Katipunan.”
- “Soul of the Revolution”
- “Eyes of the Katipunan.”
- he died of malaria on April 16, 1899 at 23 years old in the town of Magdalena,
Laguna
LESSON 5: Document of the 1898 Declaration of Philippine
Independence
In the town of Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite, this 12th day of June 1898
The 1898 Philippine Declaration of Independence was a significantly momentous event
in Philippine history.
The declaration of independence was written in order to encourage and motivate more
Filipinos to fight against the Spaniards.
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
- Created the Declaration of Independence
- he was the first adviser of Emilio Aguinaldo
- was the one who waved the Philippine flag during the declaration of independence
- was a member of La Liga Filipina and studied law in the University of Santo Tomas
and he earned his degree at the age of 35
- Bautista solicited funds to finance the campaign for reforms in the Philippines during
his days in La Liga Filipina.
Before George Dewey went to the Philippines, Emilio Aguinaldo was in exile in Hong Kong
due to the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, the agreement signed by Aguinaldo and the Spanish
Governor-General Primo de Rivera which temporarily ceased hostilities. Certain reforms and
financial payment were promised in exchange for the exile of Aguinaldo.
Aguinaldo was transported back to the Philippines by George Dewey/US Navy
War Counsellor and Special Delegate designated to proclaim and solemnize this Declaration
of Independence by the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines, pursuant to, and by virtue
of, a Decree issued by the Egregious Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy,
Had resolved to start a revolution in August 1896 in order to regain the independence and
sovereignty of which the people had been deprived by Spain
The reasons why revolution started is to take into account the fact that the people of this
country are already tired of bearing the ominous yoke of Spanish domination, Because of
arbitrary arrests and abuses of the Civil Guards who cause deaths in connivance with and
even under the express orders of their superior officers
The legitimacy of such a revolution cannot be put in doubt which was calmed but not
completely stifled by the pacification proposed by Don Pedro A. Paterno
Don Emilio Aguinaldo as President of the Republic established in Biak-na-Bato and
accepted by Governor-General Don Fernando Primo de Rivera under terms, both written and
oral
The United States of America was considered to be a Powerful and Humanitarian nation
The two injustices were the unjust execution of rizal and of Gomburza
The uprising of Cavite happened at the fort of San Felipe in Cavite on the night of January
21, 1872
THE PHILIPPINE FLAG
White triangle - signifying the distinctive emblem of the famous Society of the "Katipunan"
which by means of its blood compact inspired the masses to rise in revolution
Sun - representing the gigantic steps made by the sons of the country along the path of
Progress and Civilization
Stars - signifying the three principal Islands of this Archipelago-Luzon, Mindanao, and
Panay
Colors - Blue, Red, and White, commemorating the flag of the United States of North
America, as a manifestation of our profound gratitude towards this Great Nation for its
disinterested protection which it lent us and continues lending us.
