Bituminous Materials
1
Bituminous Materials
Bitumen
A class of dark or dark-colored (solid, semi-
solid, gaseous or viscous) cementitious
substances, natural or manufactured,
obtained as residue after heat-refining
Soluble in carbon disulfide
Composed primarily of hydrocarbons
2
Bituminous Materials
Asphalt
Dark brown to black cementitious material
Solid or semi-solid in consistency
Constituents are bitumen which occur in
nature as such or as residue in refining
petroleum
3
Bituminous Materials
Tar
Brown or black cementitious material
Liquid or semi-solid in consistency
Constituents are bitumen obtained as a
condensate of coal or other organic material
which yields substantial quantities of pitch
when distilled
4
Bituminous Materials
Asphalt Tar
Refining petroleum Refining coal
Readily soluble in Resistant to
most petroleum petroleum-based
products solvents
Composed almost Has low bitumen
entirely of bitumens content
5
Bituminous Materials
Bitumen
Hydrocarbons in bitumens:
Asphaltenes
Constitute the body of bitumen
Petrolenes
Resins
Affect adhesiveness and ductility properties
Oils
Influence viscosity and flow
6
Bituminous Materials
Bitumen
Adhesiveness & ductility attractive highway material
Oxidation
cause of loss of adhesiveness & ductility of asphalts
results to asphalts that are harder, less ductile, and
less adhesive
results to creation of more asphaltenes at the
expense of resins
7
Natural Asphalt
- Formed when crude petroleum oil rose to the earth’s
surface and formed pools
- Heat from the sun and wind vaporize lighter oils and
gases leaving a heavy residue
Largest existing natural asphalt pools:
Bermudez Deposits, Venezuela
Lake Trinidad, Venezuela
La Brea Pits, Los Angeles
8
Natural Asphalt
9
10
Natural Asphalt
Lake Asphalt
Lake deposits resulting from surface seepage in the
bed of lake
Excavated from lake bed
Refinement is done by heating it to 160 C and
vaporizing the water then sieved to remove large
particles and organic matter
11
Excavation from lake bed
Example of Lake Asphalt
12
Natural Asphalt
Rock Asphalt
Natural asphalt impregnated in porous rock
such as limestone or sandstone
Has limited commercial value
Due to its low asphalt content (7-13%)
13
Natural Asphalt
Gilsonite
Hard, brittle, and relatively pure rock asphalt
found in vertical rock seams
Since natural asphalt does not usually occur in
vast quantities, the majority of asphalt used is
obtained from petroleum crude.
14
Asphalt Manufacturing
Fractionation
Also known as Fractional Distillation
Process of manufacturing of asphalt
This process separates different hydrocarbons, with
different boiling points, that make up crude oil
15
16
Asphalt Manufacturing
Fraction of petroleum
Light distillate
Gasoline - 100 to 400°F
Medium distillate
Kerosene - 375 to 575°F
Heavy distillate
Diesel Oil - 425 to 700°F
Very heavy distillate
Lubricating Oil - over 650°F
Residue: Asphalt Cement
17
Asphalt Cement Modifications
- Asphalt cement is generally solid and hard (difficult to
handle, distribute, & use)
- Can be made into liquid @ lower temperature by:
> mixing it with volatile oils
> emulsifying it with water
Modified asphalt cements:
1. Cutbacks (liquid asphalts)
2. Blown asphalt
3. Emulsified asphalt
18
Asphalt Cement Modifications
Liquid Asphalt or Cutbacks
Asphalt mixed with the volatile oils or solvents
The volatile oils or solvents will evaporate
after the completion of construction
Purpose: to allow easy placement of the
asphalt product without the use of high
temperatures
19
Asphalt Cement Modifications
Liquid Asphalt or Cutbacks
Slow Curing (SC)
Asphalt cement diluted with non volatile oils
or oils with very low volatility
Main application is for dust binding or
palliative
20
Asphalt Cement Modifications
Liquid Asphalt or Cutbacks
Medium Curing (MC)
Asphalt cement diluted with kerosene at boiling
point range
Rapid Curing (RC)
Asphalt cement diluted with gasoline or naphtha at
boiling point range
21
Asphalt Cement Modifications
Blown Asphalt
Manufactured by blowing air through an asphalt
stock
Less ductile
Less prone to temperature changes
For roofing materials, automobile undercoatings, pipe
coatings, crack and joint sealers, and as undersealing
asphalts to fill cavities
22
Asphalt Cement Modifications
Emulsified Asphalt
Produced by dispersing asphalt in water treated
with an emulsifying agent or soap
Separating asphalt cement into minute
globules
Commonly used as patching material and on
less-trafficked service roads
23
Asphalt Cement Modifications
Emulsified Asphalt
Less viscous, more workable, easier to work
with
24
Uses of Asphalt
Why use them???
Relatively cheap and available in large
quantities
Durable and adhesive
Highly workable at elevated temperature but
resistant to deformation at normal temperature
Prevents water penetration
Prevents erosion by water and wave action
25
Uses of Asphalt
Paving Material
Supply the desired riding and nonskid
properties to the road
Protect the less durable base materials from
damage
Prevents water penetration
26
Uses of Asphalt
Waterproofing Coating
Paint treatment of materials
Seals capillaries so water and water vapor are
prevented from moving through the material
Painted on to parts liable to corrosion from
weather and other sources
27
Uses of Asphalt
Tanking
Describes the provision of an impervious layer
in the floors and walls of basements
Generally consists of 3 layers up to 30mm for
floors and 20 mm for walls
Flat Roof Lining
Waterproofing in the form of
continuous membranes
28
29
Uses of Asphalt
Canal and Reservoir Lining
Waterproofing and erosion-resisting
Has to be durable, tough, and capable of
following of any movements in the supporting
soil without tearing
Upstream Carpet on Rockfill Dams
For watertight embankments
30
31
Uses of Asphalt
Expansion and Contraction Joints
Adhesive and flexibility properties allows for
expansion and contraction without moisture
penetration
Roof Shingles
To increase weathering
resistance
32
Laboratory Tests on Bitumen
1. Bitumen Content (ASTM D2172)
2. Ductility of Bitumen (ASTM D113)
3. Penetration of Bitumen (ASTM D5)
4. Specific Gravity of Bitumen (ASTM D70)
5. Softening Point of Bitumen (ASTM D36)
6. Flash and Fire Point of Bitumen (ASTM D92)
7. Marshall Stability of Bituminous Mixture
(ASTM D1559)
33
Bitumen Content (Using Centrifuge Extractor)
34
Ductility of Bitumen (Bitumen Ductility Apparatus)
35
Penetration of Bitumen (Standard Penetrometer)
36
Specific Gravity of Bitumen (Using Pycnometer)
37
Softening Point (Softening Point Apparatus)
38
Flash Point – The flash
point of a material is the
lowest temperature at
which the application of
test flame causes the
vapours from the material
to momentarily catch fire
in the form of a flash
under specified
conditions of the test.
Flash Point & Fire Point Apparatus
39
Fire Point – The fire
point is the lowest
temperature at which the
application of test flame
causes the material to
ignite and burn at least
for 5 seconds under
specified conditions of
the test.
Flash Point & Fire Point Apparatus
40
SPECIFICATION OF GRADE BITUMEN
PROPERTY RANGE
BITUMEN BITUMEN BITUMEN
ASTM
80-100 60-70 40-50
Penetration @ 25°C 80-100 60-70 40-50 D-5
Softening Point °C 45-52 49-56 52-60 D-36
Ductility @25°C (cm) 100 Min. 100 Min. 100 Min. D-113
Flash Point °C 225 Min. 250 Min. 250 Min. D-92
Density @25°C 1.01/1.06 1.00/1.05 1.00/1.05 D70
41
Marshall
Stability
Apparatus
42
43
44
