Reviewer in JAVA by GRAPE

“INTRO TO JAVA”

JAVA – high level, modern programming language

- Designed by Sun Microsystems in early 1990s

- Currently owned by Oracle
- Originally designed for Cable TV Switchboxes
- Founded by James Gosling
- Project was code-named Green by Nikalus Wirth (Inventor of Pascal)
- Initiated by James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, Patrick Naughton in June 1991 called the Green Team
- Called Greentalk by James Gosling with the file extension .gt
- Called Oak after
- Named Java by Chris Warth after naming constraints.

JAVA Technology can:

 Be a Programming Language – designed to operate at high levels

 Be a Development Environment – provides a large collection of tools
 Use Technology Applications – general-purpose programs that can run on any machine

Advantages of using Java

 Object-oriented – to function in complex environments

 Portable and Platform Independent – Can run on any system using a special file called bytecodes
 Dynamically Linked – Codes are linked at a runtime
 Multithreaded – can contain multiple threads of execution
 Garbage-Collected – Contains its own garbage-collection feature
 Interpreted – Supports cross-platform code through use of Java bytecode

Characteristics of Java

 Java is Simple
 Java is Secure
 Java is Robust
 Java is Case-Sensitive

Components of Java

 Java Virtual Machine (JVM) – refers to the virtual machine that serves as the base for the Java platform
 Java Application Program Interface (API) – refers to the collection of readymade software components

What can you do with Java

 Applets – are programs that adhere to certain conventions

 Applications – are stand-alone programs that run directly on the Java platform

“BASIC CONCEPTS OF JAVA”

Syntax

- Basic of the language, all the main rules, commands, construction to write programs
- Rules for combining words into statements

Grammar

- Rules for interpreting the meaning of statements

- Allows program to properly execute

Classes

- Considered as the blueprint

Statements

- Specify actions performed during a program’s execution

- Contains the parts necessary for a class

Identifiers

- Used to label variables, statements, classes, and other parts of a program

- Serves as the way for a program to identify its task
Keywords

- Also called reserved words

- Represent components for a Java program for it to execute properly
- Boolean, byte, short, char, double, int, long, float, void

Variables

- Also called fields in Java

- Stores data for processing
- Items of data used to store the state of objects
 Int, double, String, char, boolean

Literals

- Denotes a constant value in a program

- Can be used across different methods and classes
- Useful for values used in mathematical expressions

Types of Literals

 Integer Literals – denotes digits that are whole numbers

 Floating-point Literals – denotes digits that contain a fractional or decimal point
 Character Literals – denotes single characters
 Boolean Literals – can only be denoted by true or false
 String Literals – denotes sentences or phrase

Primitive Operators

Operand - value used on either side of an operator

 Addition – the plus sign operator, adds together two values

 Subtraction – the dash sign operator, subtracts one value from another
 Multiplication – the asterisk operator, multiplies two values
 Division – the forward slash operator, divides one value by another
 Modulo – the percentage operator, just like division but only gets the remainder

Data Types

- Used to determine the values a variable may contain

- Determines the operation that can be performed on the variable
 Primitive Data Types – are basic, built-in data types on most programming language
o Byte, short, int, long, float, double, Boolean, char
 Constructed Data Types – created by a programmer using primitive data types
 Numeric Data Types – are used for numbers or digits
o Byte – 8-bit
o Short – 16-bit
o Int – 32-bit non decimal
o Long – 64-bit non decimal
o Float – 32-bit decimal
o Double – 64-bit decimal
 Character Data Types – are used for characters. marks, and symbols
 The Boolean Data Type – 1-bit data type used for conditional statements

Types of Variables

 Primitive Variables – are composed of primitive data types

 Reference Variables – are variables that store an address

Constants – used to represent values that never changes

Increment or Decrement – operator that provides a more convenient way to increase or decrease value

 Increment – increases value of a variable by one

 Decrement – decreases value of a variable by one

Prefix – Increments the variable’s values and uses the new value in the expression

Postfix – the variable’s value is first used in the expression and is then increased

Strings

- an object that represents a sequence of characters

 - used for storing text

String Concatenation – forms a new String that is the combination of multiple strings

Java Comments

- are the statements in a program that are not executed by the compiler but the interpreter
 Single Line Comment – starts with two forward slashes
 Multi-Line Comment – used to comment multiple lines of codes
 Documentation Comment – just like multi-line but they generate external documentation of your code

Java Control Structure

- Decide which task-based statement, block, or code is executed based on a given criteria
- Structured Statements that allows to change the way statements in a program is executed
 Decision Control Structure – allow control over specific sections of code
 Repetition Control Structure – allow repeated execution of specific sections of code

If Statement Structure

- One of the most frequently used conditional statements

 Left Bracket | < – less than
 Right Bracket | > – greater than
 Exclamation Mark and Equal Sign | != – not equal to
 Double Equal Sign | == – equal to
 Left Bracket and Equal Sign | <= – less than or equal to
 Right Bracket and Equal Sign | >= – greater than or equal to

If-else Statement Structure

- Used to execute a statement for a corresponding Boolean Value

- Useful for parts of a program where it needs to execute two separate tasks

Nested If Statements Structure

- Used when more than two conditional statements are involved

Else if Statements Structure

- Used to check multiple conditions

Logical Statements

- Can be used to combine multiple conditions

“And” Operator

- Denoted by two ampersands (&&)

- Checks if both conditions is true

“Or” Operator

- Denoted by two vertical bars (||)

- Checks if any of the conditions Is true

Switch Statements Structure

- Tests a variable for equality against a list of values called Case

- Can evaluate more than two different conditional statements

Default Statements – can be used for performing a task when none of the case is matched

While Loops Structure – basic repetition control structure that repeats statements as a conditional statement

For Loops Structure – provides a compact way to iterate over a range of values used in loops

Do-While Loops Structure – evaluates the statement’s condition at the end of the structure instead of the beginning

Branching Statements – statements that specifically dictate the flow of control within a program

Break Statement – causes the termination of a loop or initiates an exit from a decision control structure

Continue Statement – forces the next iteration of a loop to take place using a set of condition

Return Statement – exits the current method

Java Arrays

- A data structure that can be used in Java that is composed of a sequence of memory locations for storing data
- Composed of elements that contains values of a common data type, such as integers, characters, and strings
- Any collection of items

Arrays

- is a collection of variable of the same type

- the elements are ordered and each has a specific constant position, called an Index

Enhanced For Loop

- used to traverse elements in arrays

- declares a variable of a type compatible with the elements of the array being accessed

Declaring Arrays

 ARRAY NAME – will be used to call the entire group of elements

 DATA TYPE – will ensure that the collection of elements are of a single data type
 PAIR OF BRACKETS ({}) – lets Java identify that the declared object in the program is an array

Instantiating Arrays

- Creates an instance of a declared array in Java

Accessing Array Elements

Subscript – number used to access the elements within the array

- Can be accessed via its Subscript

Multidimensional Arrays

- Arrays that contain other arrays

- Two-dimensional array known as Data Table

The Backlash (\) Symbol

- Used to insert special characters in Java

- Used to execute certain commands in strings values

Statements used to display Strings in Java

 System.out.print() – used to print strings in a single line without line breaks for each consecutive statement
 System.out.println() – used to print strings with a line break at the end

Printing

- Method or task of displaying text in a Java program