OVERALL REVIEW OF NANOPARTICLES

SUBMITTED BY
S.PRIYA
Reg.No:560020504060

Under the guidance of

Dr.Mrs.S.TAMIZHARASI
Head of the department of pharmaceutics
NANOPARTICLES

Nanoparticle is the fascinating branch of Science which encompasses study of systems having nano
scale size. The prefix ‘nano’ comes from Greek word ‘nanus’ meaning dwarf or tiny.
Nanoparticles are subionized colloidal structure composed of synthetic (or) semisynthetic ploymers.
Size range:10-1000nm
The drug is dissolved,entrapped,encapsulated (or)attached to a nanoparticle matric.
The materials which are used for the preparation of nanoparticles should be non-
toxic,biodegradable,sterlizable etc.,
They can be made up of carbon, metal, metal oxides or organic matter.
STRUCTURE OF NANOPARTICLES

They are comprised of two or three layers

• Surface layer: functionalized by a variety of small
molecules, metal ions, surfactants or polymers
• The shell layer: can be purposely added and is
chemically different from the core, and
• The core material: the central portion of NPs[2].
The characteristic properties of NPs are generally due to the
core material. Hence, NPs are often referred to by their core
material only.
 ADVANTAGES OF NANOPARTICLES
• Site specific drug delivery.
• Nanoparticles helps to achieve maximum therapeutic response with minimum adverse effects.
• Particle size and surface characteristics of nanoparticles can be easily manipulated to achieve both
passive and active drug targeting after parenteral administration.
• The system can be used for various routes of administration including oral, nasal, parenteral, intra-
ocular .
DISADVANTAGES OF NANOPARTICLES
• Small size and large surface area can lead to particle aggregation, making physical handling of
nanoparticles difficult in liquid and dry forms.
• In addition, small particles size and large surface area readily result in limited drug loading and
burst release.
CLASSCIFICATION OF
NANOPARTICLES
The nanoparticles are generally classified
into

• ORGANIC

• INORGANIC

• CARBON BASSED
ORGANIC NANOPARTICLES

• Micelles, Dendrimers, ferritin and liposomes etc. are commonly known polymers or organic
nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are non-toxic, biodegradable, and some particles such as
liposomes and micelles have a hollow core also known as nano capsules and are sensitive to
thermal and electromagnetic radiation such as heat and light. [4] The organic nanoparticles are
most widely used in the biomedical field for example drug delivery system as they are efficient and
also can be injected on specific parts of the body which is also known as targeted drug delivery
INORGANIC NANOPARTICLES
• Inorganic nanoparticles are particles which are not made up of carbon. Metal and metal oxide-
based nanoparticles are generally categorized as inorganic nanoparticles.
 INORGANIC NANOPARTICLES

They are further divided into

• Metal NPs
• Ceramic NPs
• Semiconductor NPs
• Ploymeric NPs
• Lipid-based NPs
CARBON BASSED NANOPARTICLES

The nanoparticles made completely of carbon are knows as carbon based . They can be classified into
fullerenes, graphene, carbon nano tubes (CNT), carbon nanofibers and carbon black and sometimes
activated carbon in nano size and are presented in Figure
SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES

Various methods have been employed to synthesize nanoparticles (NPs) with controlled shape, size,
dimensions and structure.

These methods are further divided into different categories based on the operations and reaction
conditions.

➢ Top-Down Approach

➢ Bottom- Up Approach
SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES
PREPARATION OF NANOPARTICLES

• It is highly advantageous to have preparation techniques at hand to obtain PNPs with the desired
properties for a particular application. Different techniques like polymerization, preformed
polymers or ionic gelation etc are used. The primary manufacturing methods of nanoparticles from
preformed polymer includes
• Emulsion-Solvent Evaporation Method
 EMULSION-SOLVENT EVAPORATION METHOD

• In the conventional methods, two main strategies are being used for the formation of emulsions, the
preparation of single emulsions, e.g., oil-in-water (o/w) or double-emulsions, e.g., (water-in-oil)-in-
water, (w/o)/w. These methods utilize high-speed homogenization or ultrasonication, followed by
evaporation of the solvent, either by continuous magnetic stirring at room temperature or under
reduced pressure. Afterwards, the solidified nanoparticles can be collected by ultracentrifugation
and washed with distilled water to remove additives such as surfactants. Finally, the product is
lyophilized.
• SALTING OUT METHOD
SALTING OUT METHOD

• Salting-out is based on the separation of a water miscible solvent from aqueous solution via a
salting-out effect. Polymer and drug are initially dissolved in a solvent which is subsequently
emulsified into an aqueous gel containing the salting- out agent (electrolytes, such as magnesium
chloride and calcium chloride, or nonelectrolytes such as sucrose) and a colloidal stabilizer such as
polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxyethyl cellulose. This oil/water emulsion is diluted with a sufficient
volume of water or aqueous solution to enhance the diffusion of solvent into the aqueous phase,
thus inducing the formation of nanospheres.
• Emulsions- Diffusion Method
EMULSION DIFFUSION METHOD
• This is another widely used method to prepare nanoparticles. The encapsulating polymer is
dissolved in a partially water-miscible solvent (such as propylene carbonate, benzyl alcohol), and
saturated with water to ensure the initial thermodynamic equilibrium of both liquids. Subsequently,
the polymer-water saturated solvent phase is emulsified in an aqueous solution containing
stabilizer, leading to solvent diffusion to the external phase and the formation of nanospheres or
nanocapsules, according to the oil-to-polymer ratio. Finally, the solvent is eliminated by
evaporation or filtration, according to its boiling point.
• SOLVENT DISPLACEMENT[OR]
\PRECIPITATION METHOD
SOLVENT DISPLACEMENT METHOD

• Polymers, drug, and or lipophilic surfactant are dissolved in a semipolar water miscible solvent such as
acetone or ethanol. The solution is then poured or injected into an aqueous solution containing stabilizer under
magnetic stirring. Nano particles are formed instantaneously by the rapid solvent diffusion. The solvent is
then removed from the suspensions under reduced pressure. Nano precipitation method is well suited for most
of the poorly soluble drugs. . Adjusting polymer concentration in the organic phase was found to be useful in
the production of smaller sized nanospheres through restricted to a limited range of the polymer to drug ratio.
REFERENCE

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2. Mishra B., Bhavesh B., Patel B. B., TI Wari Nanomedicine;Nanotechnology,Biology, and Medicine 2010, 6: 9 -24.

3. Salavati-niasari M, Davar F, Mir N. Synthesis and characterization of metallic copper nanoparticles via
thermal decomposition. Polyhedron, 2008; 27(17): 3514-3518

4. Jung T., Kamm W., Breitenbach A., Kaiserling E., Xiao JK., Kissel T. Biodegradable nano particles for oral
delivery of peptides: is there a role for polymer to affect mucosal uptake? Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2000; 50:147-60.

5. Chorney M., DAneuberg H., Golomb G. Lipophilic drug loaded nanospheres by nano precipitation: effect of the
formulation variables on size, drug recovery and release kinetics. J Control releas.e 2002; 83: 389- 400.
THANK YOU