APPROACHES TO HUMAN RIGHTS:

INTRODUCTION:
Sociological and Western approaches to human rights represent distinct but interconnected
perspectives that reflect the diverse cultural, historical, and philosophical traditions from which they
emerge. These approaches offer different lenses through which to understand, advocate for, and
protect human rights, and they are shaped by a range of factors including societal structures, historical
experiences, and philosophical traditions.

The sociological approach to human rights places a strong emphasis on the social, cultural, and
structural factors that influence the realization and protection of human rights. Sociologists who study
human rights often focus on the ways in which societal institutions, power dynamics, and social norms
impact individuals' abilities to enjoy their rights. This perspective takes into account the complex
interplay of factors such as economic inequality, discrimination, and the influence of social and political
institutions on the protection of human rights. Sociologists also explore the role of collective action,
social movements, and community mobilization in advancing human rights causes. By examining the
broader social context in which human rights are situated, this approach seeks to understand the
underlying root causes of rights violations and to identify strategies for promoting social justice and
equality.

In contrast, the Western approach to human rights is deeply rooted in the liberal tradition and is heavily
influenced by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted by the United Nations in
1948. This approach is particularly associated with the legal and political traditions of Western
democracies and is characterized by a strong focus on individual liberties, such as freedom of speech,
religion, and assembly, as well as rights to life, liberty, and security. The Western perspective often
emphasizes the idea of natural rights that are inherent to all human beings, regardless of cultural or
social context. This approach has been instrumental in shaping international human rights law and has
provided a foundational framework for the protection of human rights around the world.

While these approaches may appear distinct, it is important to recognize that they are not mutually
exclusive. In reality, there is significant overlap and interplay between them. Both perspectives
ultimately seek to protect and promote the dignity and well-being of individuals and communities, albeit
with different emphases and theoretical underpinnings. In practice, efforts to advance human rights
often draw upon a combination of sociological and Western perspectives, recognizing the importance of
both structural and cultural factors as well as individual liberties and freedoms.

By understanding and integrating these diverse perspectives, it becomes possible to develop a more
comprehensive and inclusive framework for advancing human rights globally. This entails recognizing
the complex interplay of social, political, and cultural dynamics that shape human rights realities, while
also upholding the fundamental principles of individual dignity, equality, and justice that underpin the
Western human rights tradition. Therefore, a holistic approach to human rights that incorporates
insights from both sociological and Western perspectives can contribute to more effective and
sustainable efforts to promote and protect human rights for all.

WESTERN APPROACHES:
Western approaches to human rights have been shaped by diverse historical, philosophical, and legal
traditions. While there are commonalities in the recognition and protection of human rights across
Western countries, there are also nuanced differences in how these rights are conceptualized and
implemented. Here are some key Western approaches to human rights:

1. Anglo-American Tradition:
- Common Law Tradition: Countries with a common law legal system, such as the United Kingdom, the
United States, Canada, Australia, and others, have developed human rights protections through judicial
decisions and legal precedents. The emphasis is often on individual civil and political rights, including
freedoms of expression, assembly, and religion, as well as protections against arbitrary detention and
discrimination.

- Emphasis on Negative Rights: The Anglo-American tradition has historically focused on negative
rights, which are rights that protect individuals from interference by the state or others, such as the
right to be free from government censorship or unwarranted search and seizure.

2. Continental European Tradition:

- Civil Law Tradition: Countries in continental Europe, such as France, Germany, and Italy, have often
codified human rights protections in written constitutions and legal statutes. The legal framework places
a strong emphasis on both civil and political rights and economic, social, and cultural rights, such as the
right to education, healthcare, and social security.
 - Emphasis on Positive Rights: The continental European tradition has often emphasized positive rights,
which are rights that require the state to take active measures to ensure the well-being of individuals,
such as the right to housing or employment.

3. Nordic Model:
- The Nordic countries, including Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, have a distinctive
approach to human rights that combines elements of the Anglo-American and continental European
traditions. The Nordic model emphasizes a comprehensive welfare state that seeks to guarantee a broad
range of economic, social, and cultural rights, while also upholding civil and political liberties.

4. International Human Rights Framework:

- Western countries have played a significant role in the development of international human rights
law and institutions. They have been instrumental in drafting and ratifying key human rights treaties and
have supported the work of international bodies such as the United Nations and the European Court of
Human Rights to adjudicate human rights issues.

While these approaches to human rights in the Western context share common principles, such as the
recognition of inherent human dignity and the importance of individual freedoms, they also reflect
historical, cultural, and legal differences. These diverse approaches contribute to a rich tapestry of
human rights protections and interpretations within the Western world.

SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES:
Sociological approaches to human rights examine the social, cultural, political, and economic factors that
shape the understanding, implementation, and protection of human rights within societies. Sociologists
analyze human rights within the broader context of social structures, power dynamics, and collective
action, shedding light on the ways in which human rights are perceived, contested, and realized within
different social settings. Several key sociological perspectives and themes are relevant to the study of
human rights:

1. Power and Inequality: Sociological analyses of human rights often focus on power dynamics
and social inequalities that shape the enjoyment of rights. Scholars examine how social structures, such
as class, race, gender, and ethnicity, influence individuals' access to rights and their vulnerability to
rights violations. This perspective highlights the importance of addressing systemic inequalities as a
fundamental aspect of human rights advocacy and practice.

2. Social Construction of Rights: Sociologists explore how human rights are socially
constructed and contested within specific historical, cultural, and political contexts. They study how
social movements, legal institutions, and public discourse shape the definition and recognition of rights,
as well as the ways in which human rights norms evolve over time in response to changing social
conditions.

3. Globalization and Transnational Advocacy: Sociological approaches to human rights

address the impact of globalization on the transnational diffusion of human rights norms and the
emergence of global human rights movements. Sociologists examine how international organizations,
NGOs, and advocacy networks mobilize to address human rights violations across borders and influence
domestic policies and practices.

4. Social Movements and Activism: Sociologists study the role of social movements and
collective action in advancing human rights agendas. They analyze how grassroots movements, protests,
and advocacy campaigns contribute to the promotion of rights, challenge oppressive regimes, and foster
social change. This perspective emphasizes the agency of individuals and communities in asserting their
rights and challenging human rights abuses.

5. Cultural Relativism and Universalism: Sociological perspectives on human rights engage

with debates surrounding cultural relativism and universalism. Scholars explore how cultural, religious,
and ethical diversity influences conceptions of rights and the tensions between universal human rights
standards and culturally specific norms and practices. This perspective underscores the importance of
understanding the cultural contexts in which human rights are situated while upholding universal
human rights principles.

6. State, Law, and Governance: Sociological analyses of human rights examine the role of
states, legal systems, and governance structures in promoting and/or violating human rights.
Sociologists study the ways in which laws, policies, and institutions shape individuals' experiences of
rights and examine the impact of state actions on human rights protection and enforcement.
Overall, sociological approaches to human rights provide critical insights into the complex social
dynamics that underpin the promotion, protection, and realization of human rights in diverse societies.
These perspectives contribute to a deeper understanding of the challenges and opportunities associated
with advancing human rights within complex social contexts.

ISLAMIC APPROACHES:
Islamic approaches to human rights are deeply rooted in the teachings of Islam, which emphasize the
dignity, equality, and rights of every individual. These approaches are informed by the Quran, the
Hadith, and centuries of Islamic jurisprudence. While interpretations and applications of Islamic
teachings vary across different cultures and historical contexts, several key principles and concepts can
be identified as foundational to Islamic perspectives on human rights.

1. Human Dignity and Equality: Islam teaches that all human beings are inherently valuable
and worthy of respect by virtue of their creation by God. The Quran affirms the dignity of humanity,
stating, "We have certainly honored the children of Adam" (Quran 17:70). This emphasis on human
dignity forms the basis for the recognition of universal human rights within an Islamic framework.

2. Justice and Fair Treatment: Islam places a strong emphasis on justice and fair treatment for
all individuals. The Quran instructs believers to "stand firmly for justice, as witnesses to God, even if it be
against yourselves, your parents, or your relatives" (Quran 4:135). This principle underscores the
importance of upholding the rights of others, regardless of one's personal interests or relationships.

3. Freedom of Belief: Islamic teachings uphold the principle of freedom of belief, emphasizing that
individuals should not be coerced in matters of faith. The Quran states, "There shall be no compulsion in
[acceptance of] the religion" (Quran 2:256), affirming the right of individuals to hold and practice their
religious beliefs without fear of persecution or coercion.

4. Protection of Life and Property: Islam places a high value on the sanctity of human life and
the protection of property. The Quran unequivocally prohibits the taking of innocent life, stating,
"Whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain
mankind entirely" (Quran 5:32). Additionally, Islamic teachings emphasize the protection of property
rights and condemn theft and unjust expropriation.
5. Social Responsibility and Solidarity: Islamic principles emphasize the importance of caring for the less
fortunate and vulnerable members of society. The concept of zakat, which is an obligatory form of
almsgiving, and sadaqah, voluntary charity, reflect the obligation to support those in need and promote
social justice within the community.

While Islamic teachings align with many universal human rights principles, there are also areas where
differences arise, particularly in matters such as freedom of expression, gender equality, and the rights
of non-Muslims. Contemporary discussions within the Islamic world often center on reconciling
traditional Islamic teachings with modern human rights norms in order to ensure the protection of
human rights while respecting religious and cultural diversity. These discussions involve engaging with
diverse interpretations of Islamic sources and promoting a dynamic dialogue on the compatibility of
Islamic principles with international human rights standards