Math Assignment
University of The People
MATH 1281-01 Statistical Inference - AY2025-T1
Pallavi Khanna
October 3, 2024
Part 1
a. Hypotheses
- Null Hypothesis (H₀): There is no difference in the average scores of students in the
reading and writing exams.
𝐻0: μ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 = μ𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒
- Alternative Hypothesis (Hₐ): There is a difference in the average scores of students in the
reading and writing exams.
𝐻𝑎: μ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑≠μ𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒
b. Conditions for the Test
1. Random Sampling: The students were randomly selected, which ensures that the sample
is representative of the population.
2. Normality of Differences: From the histogram, the differences in scores are roughly
normally distributed, satisfying this condition.
3. Paired Data: The same students took both the reading and writing exams, making the data
paired.
c. T-Test for Paired Data
- The average observed difference between reading and writing scores is
𝑥 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑−𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒
=− 0. 545, with a standard deviation of 8.887.
- T-Statistic:
𝑥 −0.545
𝑡= 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑−𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑠𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 8.887 =− 1. 09 (Diez et al., 2019)
𝑛 250
- Degrees of Freedom:
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1 = 250 − 1 = 249 (Diez et al., 2019)
- Given a p-value of 0.39, which is greater than the 0.05 significance level, we fail to reject
the null hypothesis.
d. Type of Error
Since we failed to reject the null hypothesis, there is a possibility that we made a Type II error.
This means that even if there is a difference between the average reading and writing scores, we
did not detect it in this sample.
e. Confidence Interval and Zero
Based on the hypothesis test results, we would expect the confidence interval for the average
difference between reading and writing scores to include 0. This is because we failed to find
evidence of a significant difference between the means.
Part 2
a. Hypotheses
- Null Hypothesis (H₀): There is no difference in the average city mileage between cars
with manual and automatic transmissions.
𝐻0: μ𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 = μ𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙
- Alternative Hypothesis (Hₐ): There is a difference in the average city mileage between
cars with manual and automatic transmissions.
𝐻𝑎: μ𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐≠μ𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙
b. T-Statistic for Two Independent Samples
𝑥 −𝑥 19.85−16.12
𝑡= 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐
= 2 2
= 3. 24 (Diez et al., 2019)
2 2
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 4.51 3.58
𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙
+ 𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 26
+ 26
c. Degrees of Freedom
Using the formula for degrees of freedom:
2 2
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 4.51
2
3.58
2
2 2
( 𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙
+ 𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐
) ( + )
26 26
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑠
2
𝑠
2 = 4.51
2
3.58
2 = 45 (Diez et al., 2019)
𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 2 𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 2 2 2
( 𝑛
) ( 𝑛
) ( 26
) ( 26
)
𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙
+ 𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐
25
+ 25
𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙−1 𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐−1
d. Conclusion
Given the p-value of 0.0029, which is less than 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis. This indicates
that there is strong evidence of a difference in the average fuel efficiency between cars with
manual and automatic transmissions.
References:
Diez, D. M., Barr, C. D., & Çetinkaya-Rundel, M. (2019). Openintro statistics - Fourth edition.
Open Textbook Library.
https://www.biostat.jhsph.edu/~iruczins/teaching/books/2019.openintro.statistics.pdf
