GRAAD 12

NATIONAL
SENIOR CERTIFICATE

GRADE 12

LIFE SCIENCES P2

NOVEMBER 2021

MARKS: 150

TIME: 2½ hours

This question paper consists of 17 pages.

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INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

Read the following instructions carefully before answering the questions.

1. Answer ALL the questions.

2. Write ALL the answers in the ANSWER BOOK.

3. Start the answers to EACH question at the top of a NEW page.

4. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
question paper.

5. Present your answers according to the instructions of each question.

6. Do ALL drawings in pencil and label them in blue or black ink.

7. Draw diagrams, tables or flow charts only when asked to do so.

8. The diagrams in this question paper are NOT necessarily drawn to scale.

9. Do NOT use graph paper.

10. You must use a non-programmable calculator, protractor and a compass,

where necessary.

11. Write neatly and legibly.

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SECTION A

QUESTION 1

1.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions.
Choose the answer and write only the letter (A to D) next to the question
numbers (1.1.1 to 1.1.9) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.1.10 D.

1.1.1 DNA and RNA are examples of …

A amino acids.
B enzymes.
C nucleic acids.
D proteins.

1.1.2 Which ONE of the following is a product of meiosis?

A Muscle cell
B Ovary
C Nerve cell
D Ovum

1.1.3 An individual is heterozygous for a harmful recessive allele but is

unaffected by it.

Which ONE of the following best represents the genetic

composition of this individual?

A Two dominant normal alleles

B One harmful recessive allele and one harmful dominant
allele
C One harmful recessive allele and one normal dominant allele
D One harmful dominant allele and one normal recessive allele

1.1.4 A person has the genotype IAi for blood type.

What is this person's blood group?

A A
B B
C O
D AB

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1.1.5 In a car accident, the biological father of a girl and three other men
were killed. The men could not be identified due to their injuries.
DNA profiling was used to identify the girl's father.

The diagram below shows the DNA profiles of the girl, her mother
and the four men.

Man
Girl Mother
1 2 3 4

Which ONE of the men is most likely to have been the father of the
girl?

A 4
B 3
C 2
D 1

1.1.6 A DNA template strand codes for the amino acid serine with any of
the following base triplets:

AGA AGG AGT TCA TCG AGC

The anticodon that codes for the amino acid serine is …

A AGT.
B UGA.
C TCG.
D UCG.

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1.1.7 The diagram below represents two phases of meiosis.

A B

Which ONE of the following represents the correct sequence of

phases between phase A and phase B?

A Anaphase I, Metaphase I, Prophase II and Telophase II

B Metaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II and Metaphase II
C Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II and
Anaphase II
D Prophase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II and
Telophase II

1.1.8 The diagram below represents a process that occurs during protein
synthesis.

W
S

T
U

Which ONE of the following is CORRECT?

A S represents an anticodon
B W represents mRNA
C T represents tRNA
D U represents an amino acid

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1.1.9 Evidence of hominid cultural evolution can be found in the fossil

record.

This evidence would include the …

A position of the attachment of the spine to the head.

B length of the upper limbs compared to the length of the lower
limbs.
C number of teeth present in the skull. (18)
D presence of stone tools. (9 x 2)

1.2 Give the correct biological term for each of the following descriptions.
Write only the term next to the question numbers (1.2.1 to 1.2.6) in the
ANSWER BOOK.

1.2.1 A diagrammatic representation showing possible evolutionary

relationships between different species Phylogenetic tree/cladogram

1.2.2 The type of bond found between amino acids Peptide bond

1.2.3 The theory that describes evolution as consisting of long periods of

little/no change alternating with short periods of rapid change
Punctuated equilibrium
1.2.4 Similar structures that perform different functions in different
organisms Homologous structures

1.2.5 The breeding of plants and animals by humans for desired

characteristics Artificial selection/selective breeding

1.2.6 The type of dominance where both alleles of a gene are expressed
in the phenotype in the heterozygous condition Co-dominance (6 x 1) (6)

1.3 Indicate whether each of the statements in COLUMN I apply to A ONLY,

B ONLY, BOTH A AND B or NONE of the items in COLUMN II. Write A only,
B only, both A and B, or none next to the question number (1.3.1 to 1.3.3) in
the ANSWER BOOK.

COLUMN I COLUMN II
1.3.1 Mechanisms of reproductive A: Species-specific courtship
isolation behaviour
B: Breeding at different times of the
year
1.3.2 Fossils found in South Africa A: Little Foot
B: Taung Child
1.3.3 Proposed the 'law' of use and A: Eldredge
disuse' B: Gould None
(3 x 2) (6)

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1.4 The diagram below represents part of a DNA molecule.

W X Y Z

Strand 1 Strand 2

1.4.1 Identify the:

(a) Molecule X Nitrogenous base /Guanine/Cytosine (1)

(b) Sugar at Y Deoxyribose sugar (1)

(c) Bond W Hydrogen bond (1)

1.4.2 Give the collective name of parts X, Y and Z. Nucleotide (1)

1.4.3 State the natural shape of the DNA molecule. Double helix (1)

1.4.4 Name the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself. (DNA) (1)
Replication
1.4.5 Name TWO places in an animal cell where DNA is located. (2)
Nucleus/Chromosome/Chromatid/ Chromatin/ Nucleoplasm/Mitochondria (8)
(ANY 2)

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1.5 The diagram below represents a chromosome pair undergoing a process

during meiosis.

1.5.1 Name the:

(a) Organ in the human male where meiosis occurs Testis (1)

(b) Process represented in the diagram Crossing over (1)

1.5.2 Label:

(a) Area P Chiasma (1)

(b) Structure Q Centromere (1)

(c) Structure R Chromatid (1)

(5)

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1.6 In humans, short fingers (F) and a widow's peak (H) are dominant over long
fingers and continuous hairline. A man and a woman, both heterozygous for
the two characteristics, plan on having a child.

The table below shows the possible genotypes of the offspring.

Gametes FH Fh fH fh
FH FFHH FFHh FfHH FfHh
Fh FFHh FFhh FfHh Ffhh
fH FfHH FfHh ffHH Z
fh FfHh Ffhh ffHh ffhh

1.6.1 State the genotype at Z. ffHh (1)

1.6.2 Give the:

(a) Genotype of the parents FfHh (2)

(b) Number of genotypes that could result in offspring with short

fingers and a continuous hairline 3 (1)

(c) Allele for a continuous hairline h (1)

(d) Phenotype of a child who is homozygous recessive for both

characteristics Long fingers and continuous hairline (2)
(7)

TOTAL SECTION A: 50

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SECTION B

QUESTION 2

2.1 The diagram below represents two processes that occur during protein
synthesis.

DNA mRNA PROTEIN

A

X Y

2.1.1 Where in the cell does EACH of the following processes occur?

(a) X Nucleus/nucleoplasm (1)

(b) Y Ribosome/cytoplasm (1)

2.1.2 State ONE difference between the types of nitrogenous bases

found in DNA and RNA. DNA contains thymine /T whereas RNA contains (2)
uracil /U
2.1.3 Name and describe process X. (6)
(10)

2.2 Describe how non-disjunction may lead to Down syndrome. (5)

When chromosome pair 21/chromosome 21 fails to separate
during Anaphase
the daughter cells (gametes) will have 24 chromosomes/ an extra chromosome
When this gamete is fertilised by a normal gamete with 23 chromosomes
the zygote will have 47 chromosomes /3 chromosomes at position 21/ Trisomy 21

2.1.3 Ans: Transcription*

The double helix (DNA) molecule unwinds
The double-stranded DNA unzips/weak hydrogen bonds break
to form two separate strands
One strand is used as a template
to form mRNA
using free RNA nucleotides from the nucleoplasm
The mRNA is complementary to the DNA/ A-U, G-C
mRNA now has the coded message for protein synthesis
(ANY 5)

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2.3 The diagram below represents the chromosomes from the human somatic cells
of two individuals who are twins.

INDIVIDUAL 1 INDIVIDUAL 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18 13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 19 20 21 22 23

2.3.1 What are somatic cells? Body cells /cells in the body except the sex cells (1)

2.3.2 Name the specific type of chromosomes numbered 1 to 22. Autosomes (1)

2.3.3 Each of the pairs shown is a homologous pair of chromosomes.

(a) State the origin of each chromosome in a homologous pair

during zygote formation. (2)

(b) List THREE characteristics that chromosomes in a

homologous pair have in common. (3)

2.3.4 Explain ONE observable reason why the two individuals are not
identical twins. (3)
(10)

Ans 2.3.3:

Ans 2.3.4:

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2.4 One type of deafness in humans is carried on a single allele. The diagram
below shows the inheritance of deafness in a family.

Paul Lizzy Mary John

Bob Ann

KEY:
Hearing male Hearing female

Deaf male Deaf female

2.4.1 How many:

(a) Generations are represented in this pedigree diagram 3/Three (1)

(b) Children of Paul and Lizzy are able to hear 2/Two (1)

2.4.2 Which phenotype is dominant? Hearing (1)

2.4.3 Use the offspring of Bob and Ann to explain your answer to
QUESTION 2.4.2. Bob and Ann can both hear. They have a child who is deaf(4)
This means that each parent carries an allele for deafness but it is masked by the dominant allele
2.4.4 Use the letter 'A' to represent the dominant allele and the letter 'a'
for the recessive allele to give ALL the possible genotypes for a
hearing individual. AA and Aa (2)
(9)
2.5 Use a genetic cross to show how gender in human offspring is determined by
the sex chromosomes of the parents. (6)

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2.6 Read the extract below.

Researchers have discovered that members of a particular family have high

bone density that may be caused by a gene mutation. High bone density
reduces the risk of bone fractures.

Twenty members of the family had their bone density measured and DNA
samples taken. Seven had high bone density. The high bone density occurred
throughout their bodies but especially in the spine and hips.

2.6.1 From the extract, identify TWO areas in the body where bone density
can mainly be measured. Spine (2)
Hips
2.6.2 Describe what a gene mutation is. (2)
A change in the sequence of nitrogenous bases/nucleotides in DNA
2.6.3 Explain why it was necessary for the researchers to collect DNA
samples. To check for the gene mutation and if it results in the high bone (2)
density
2.6.4 State the effect of this mutation. (1)
Produces high bone density /reduces the risk of bone fractures
2.6.5 Calculate the percentage of the family members who had normal
bone density. Show ALL your workings. (3)
(10)
[50]

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QUESTION 3

3.1 Some horses have straight hair and others have curly hair. A scientist wanted
to clone a straight-haired male horse to meet the demand for horses with
straight hair.

The scientist used the following procedure:

 The nucleus of a somatic cell was taken from a straight-haired male

horse (horse S).
 An unfertilised ovum was removed from a curly-haired female horse
(horse T).
 The nucleus from the somatic cell of horse S was placed into the ovum
taken from horse T.
 This ovum was then placed into the uterus of a female surrogate horse
(horse R).

3.1.1 Explain why a somatic cell and NOT a sperm cell from horse S
would provide the nucleus for the procedure. (3)

3.1.2 Before inserting the nucleus from the somatic cell of horse S, the
nucleus from the ovum of horse T was removed.

Explain the significance of this procedure. (2)

3.1.3 To which of the three horses (S, T or R) will the cloned offspring be
genetically identical? (1)

3.1.4 State TWO benefits of cloning. (2)

(8)
Answers:

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3.2 The present-day distribution of three closely related species of the dog family,
the coyote, jackal and dingo, is shown on the world map below.

Coyote

Jackal
Dingo

3.2.1 What type of evidence for evolution is represented here? Biogeography (1)

3.2.2 What is a biological species? Similar organisms that can interbreed to (3)
produce fertile offspring
3.2.3 Describe how these three species could have evolved from a
common ancestor. The original population once lived on a large continent (7)
and became separated by continental drift. There was no gene flow amongst the three populations* (11)
They each experienced different environmental conditionsand underwent natural selection independently.
3.3 Some farmers add low doses of antibiotics to the feed for cattle. The use of
antibiotics in cattle feed could result in the evolution of antibiotic-resistant
bacteria. Resulting in them all becaming different both genotypically and phenotypically. So even if
they mixed again,they would not be able to interbreed; they form the different species, the coyote, jackal and dingo*
The graph below shows the effect of different doses of antibiotics on the
number of harmful bacteria in the cattle.

Effect of different doses of antibiotics on the number

of harmful bacteria in livestock
Number of harmful bacteria

1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2 4 6 8 10
Antibiotic dose (mg)

3.3.1 Use evidence from the graph to explain why higher doses of antibiotics will benefit the
farmer economically. It decreases the number of harmful bacteria the most thereby preventing
(4)
disease in cattle,Decreasing mortality/maintaining the number of cattle sell/breed/increase profit
3.3.2 Explain how the use of antibiotics in animal feed may result in the evolution of antibiotic resistant
bacteria. Natural selection occurs.There is variation Some are resistant to (6) (10)
antibiotics, some are non-resistant. When antibiotic is added The bacteria that are non-resistant are killed by the
antibiotic.Those that are resistant survive and reproduce, and those resistant characteristics are passed on to the
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3.4 Female gallflies lay eggs on the stems of plants. The eggs hatch to form
larvae that secrete a substance into the plant tissue. The secretions cause the
plant cells to grow and form ball-like structures, called galls, which are high in
nutrients. Predatory birds feed on the larvae in the galls.
The size of the galls produced actually depends on genetic variation in the
gallfly.
The diagram below shows the gallfly and a gall on a plant stem.

The gallfly

Gall on a
stem

Scientists wanted to investigate whether the size of the galls had an effect on
the percentage of gallfly larvae killed by predatory birds.
The table below shows the results of their investigation.

Gall size Gallfly larvae killed by predatory birds

(mm) (%)
10 1
15 0
20 1
25 2
30 10

3.4.1 State the:

(a) Independent variable Gall size (1)

(b) Dependent variable Percentage of gallfly larvae killed (1)

3.4.2 Give ONE advantage of the gall to the gallfly larvae. Nutrition/food, (1)
Protection,Space (ANY 1)
3.4.3 State why the size of the galls produced is an example of
continuous variation. There is a range of (intermediate) values in gall size (1)

3.4.4 Explain how the percentage of gallfly larvae killed by predatory

birds is influenced by the size of the gall. (3)

Ans 3.4.4: 3.4.5 Draw a line graph to represent the information in the table. (6)
Larvae in 30mm galls are eaten more since they are more visible to birds and contain more/larger larvae (13)
OR
Larvae in galls that are 25mm and smaller are eaten less since they are less visible to birds and contain
fewer/smaller larvae
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3.5 The diagram below represents the pelvic structure and the ventral view of the
skulls of three organisms. The diagrams are drawn to scale.

A B C

X Y Z

3.5.1 Write down the LETTER(S) of the diagram(s) that represent the:

(a) Skulls of bipedal organisms (2)

(b) Pelvic structure of a quadrupedal organism (1)

3.5.2 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 3.5.1(b). (2)

3.5.3 Describe ONE other structural difference between a bipedal and a

quadrupedal organism. (3)
(8)
Ans 3.4.5:
[50]

TOTAL SECTION B: 100

Answers: GRAND TOTAL: 150

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