CHEMISTRY

PROJECT

IN

CHEMISTRY

NAME : GAURI ANIL

CLASS : XII A

CBSE Registration No:

This is to certify that the work entered in this project is the bonafide work of

Master/Miss : GAURI ANIL

CBSE Reg No: Admission No: 9018

Roll No: 27 Class: XII Division: A

done in the school during the academic year as prescribed by C.B.S.E

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Teacher in charge

1…………………… (Chemistry Department)

2…………………….

Date: PRINCIPAL
ANALYSIS OF FERTILIZERS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to Mrs. Resmi V N, for the

guidance and constant encouragement throughout the progress and completion
of this project.
I am very thankful to Mrs. Smitha T , Principal, Sivagiri Sree Narayana
Senior Secondary School, Varkala for providing me the opportunity for the
successful completion of the project. I feel indebted to all my teachers for
their valuable suggestions and kind cooperation during the course of my
project work.
I like to thank my parents, all my classmates and group members for the
encouragement, concern and enthusiastic support to carry out the study.
Last but not the least,I thank God Almighty for the successful completion of
this endeavour.

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 INDEX

Sl No. CONTENT Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 AIM 2
3 NEED AND SIGNIFICANCE 3
4 CHEMICALS REQUIRED 4
5 THEORY 5
6 CASE STUDIES 16
7 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS 18
8 GALLERY 20
9 OBSERVATION TABLE 21
10 RESULT 22
11 CONCLUSION 23
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY 25
INTRODUCTION
A fertilizer is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to plant
tissues to supply plant nutrients. Fertilizers may be distinct from liming materials or other
non-nutrient soil amendments. Many sources of fertilizer exist, both natural and industrially
produced. For most modern agricultural practices, fertilization focuses on three main macro
nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) with occasional addition of
supplements like rock flour for micronutrients. Farmers apply these fertilizers in a variety of
ways: through dry or pelletized or liquid application processes, using large agricultural
equipment or hand-tool methods.

Historically fertilization came from natural or organic sources: compost, animal

manure, human manure, harvested minerals, crop rotations and byproducts of human-nature
industries (i.e. fish processing waste, or bloodmeal from animal slaughter). However, starting
in the 19th century, after innovations in plant nutrition, an agricultural industry developed
around synthetically created fertilizers. This transition was important in transforming
the global food system, allowing for larger-scale industrial agriculture with large crop yields.

Nitrogen-fixing chemical processes, such as the Haber process invented at the beginning of
the 20th century, and amplified by production capacity created during World War II, led to a
boom in using nitrogen fertilizers.In the latter half of the 20th century, increased use of
nitrogen fertilizers (800% increase between 1961 and 2019) has been a crucial component of
the increased productivity of conventional food systems (more than 30% per capita) as part of
the so-called "Green Revolution".

The use of artificial and industrially-applied fertilizers has caused environmental

consequences such as water pollution and eutrophication due to nutritional runoff; carbon and
other emissions from fertilizer production and mining; and contamination and pollution of
soil. Various sustainable-agriculture practices can be implemented to reduce the adverse
environmental effects of fertilizer and pesticide use as well as other environmental
damage caused by industrial agriculture.

1
AIM
To conduct a qualitative analysis of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium in bone meal,
neem cake, and vermicompost.

2
NEED AND SIGNIFICANCE
1. Agricultural Sustainability

The demand for sustainable agricultural practices has increased due to the adverse
environmental impacts of synthetic fertilizers. Analyzing organic fertilizers is essential for
promoting sustainable farming by providing farmers with alternatives that enhance soil health
and reduce chemical runoff. Understanding the nutrient profiles of bone meal, neem cake,
and vermicompost helps in making informed decisions that support eco-friendly farming
practices.

2. Nutrient Management

Different crops have varying nutrient requirements. By analyzing the chemical presence of
these fertilizers, farmers can tailor their fertilizer use to meet specific crop needs. For
example, crops that require higher phosphorus levels can benefit from bone meal, while those
needing more nitrogen can utilize neem cake. This targeted approach improves nutrient use
efficiency and maximizes crop yields.

3. Soil Health Improvement

The health of soil is critical for sustainable agriculture. Organic fertilizers contribute to
building soil organic matter, improving soil structure, and enhancing microbial activity.
Analyzing the nutrient content of these fertilizers provides insights into their potential
benefits for soil health, helping farmers maintain fertile and productive soils over time.

4. Economic Benefits

Understanding the chemical composition of fertilizers allows farmers to make cost-effective

decisions. By selecting the most suitable organic fertilizer based on nutrient analysis, farmers
can optimize input costs while enhancing crop productivity. This can lead to increased
profitability and a more sustainable agricultural economy.

5. Environmental Protection

The use of organic fertilizers helps mitigate the negative environmental effects associated
with synthetic fertilizers, such as water pollution and soil degradation. Analyzing these
fertilizers supports the development of practices that reduce nutrient runoff and promote
environmental stewardship, contributing to healthier ecosystems.

6. Enhancing Crop Quality

Nutrient-rich organic fertilizers can improve not only the quantity of crop yields but also their
quality. Analyzing the chemical presence in bone meal, neem cake, and vermicompost allows
for a better understanding of how these fertilizers can enhance nutrient content in crops,
leading to improved food quality and safety.

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CHEMICALS REQUIRED

 Fertilizer samples (bone meal, neem cake, vermicompost)

 Distilled water

 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

 Nessler's reagent

 Concentrated nitric acid (HNO₃)

 Ammonium oxalate solution

 Barium chloride (BaCl₂) solution

 Silver nitrate (AgNO₃) solution

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THEORY

Plants require a variety of nutrients for optimal growth and development, which are often
categorized into macronutrients and micronutrients. Among these, nitrogen (N), phosphorus
(P), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) are crucial macronutrients that significantly influence
plant health. Nitrogen is essential for the synthesis of amino acids, proteins, and chlorophyll.
It promotes leafy, vegetative growth and is a key component of nucleic acids, such as DNA
and RNA. A deficiency in nitrogen can lead to stunted growth, yellowing of leaves
(chlorosis), and poor yield.

Phosphorus plays a vital role in energy transfer through adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and is
also crucial for the formation of nucleic acids. This nutrient aids in root development,
flowering, and fruiting. When plants lack sufficient phosphorus, they may exhibit weak root
systems, delayed maturity, and poor seed development. Potassium is important for enzyme
activation, photosynthesis, and osmoregulation. It enhances disease resistance and improves
overall plant health. A deficiency in potassium often manifests as leaf scorch, poor fruit
quality, and reduced yield.

Calcium is critical for cell wall structure and stability, as well as for enzyme activity. It helps
regulate nutrient uptake and is important for preventing physiological disorders such as
blossom end rot in tomatoes. Insufficient calcium can lead to tissue collapse and hinder plant
growth.

Organic fertilizers, which are derived from natural sources such as plant materials, animal
manures, and compost, provide a slow release of nutrients. This gradual release can improve
soil health and structure over time. For example, bone meal is a rich source of phosphorus
and calcium, often used to promote root development and flowering in plants. It also contains
organic matter that enhances soil structure and microbial activity. Neem cake, a by-product of
neem oil extraction, is rich in nitrogen and potassium. It not only provides essential nutrients
but also possesses pest-repellent properties due to compounds like azadirachtin.
Vermicompost, produced by the decomposition of organic matter through earthworms, serves
as a balanced source of nutrients and significantly enhances soil fertility while supporting
beneficial microbial activity.

Understanding the nutrient composition of organic fertilizers is essential for their effective
application. Several qualitative tests can be performed to determine the presence of key
nutrients. The nitrogen test using Nessler's reagent indicates nitrogen presence by forming a
colored complex when nitrogen is reduced to ammonium. The barium chloride test helps
identify phosphate ions through the formation of a white precipitate (barium phosphate) when
barium chloride is added to a phosphate solution. The potassium test, conducted with silver
nitrate, determines potassium presence by forming a white precipitate (silver chloride) in the
presence of potassium ions. Finally, the ammonium oxalate test indicates calcium presence
by producing a white precipitate (calcium oxalate) when ammonium oxalate is added.

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HISTORY
Management of soil fertility has preoccupied farmers since the beginning of agriculture.
Middle Eastern, Chinese, Mesoamerican, and Cultures of the Central Andes were all early
adopters of agriculture. This is thought to have led to their cultures growing faster in
population which allowed an exportation of culture to neighboring hunter gatherer groups.
Fertilizer use along with agriculture allowed some of these early societies a critical advantage
over their neighbors, leading them to become dominant cultures in their respective regions.
Egyptians, Romans, Babylonians, and early Germans are all recorded as using minerals or
manure to enhance the productivity of their farms. The scientific research of plant nutrition
started well before the work of German chemist Justus von Liebig although his name is most
mentioned as the "father of the fertilizer industry". Nicolas Théodore de Saussure and
scientific colleagues at the time were quick to disprove the simplifications of von Liebig.
Prominent scientists on whom von Liebig drew were Carl Ludwig Sprenger and Hermann
Hellriegel. In this field, a 'knowledge erosion took place, partly driven by an intermingling of
economics and research. John Bennet Lawes, an English entrepreneur, began to experiment
on the effects of various manures on plants growing in pots in 1837, and a year or two later
the experiments were extended to crops in the field. One immediate consequence was that in
1842 he patented a manure formed by treating phosphates with sulfuric acid, and thus was the
first to create the artificial manure industry. In the succeeding year he enlisted the services
of Joseph Henry Gilbert; together they performed crop experiments at the Institute of Arable
Crops Research.

The Birkeland–Eyde process was one of the competing industrial processes in the beginning
of nitrogen-based fertilizer production. This process was used to fix atmospheric
nitrogen (N2) into nitric acid (HNO 3), one of several chemical processes generally referred to
as nitrogen fixation. The resultant nitric acid was then used as a source of nitrate (NO3−). A
factory based on the process was built in Rjukan and Notodden in Norway, combined with
the building of large hydroelectric power facilities.

The 1910s and 1920s witnessed the rise of the Haber process and the Ostwald process. The
Haber process produces ammonia (NH 3) from methane (CH4) (natural gas) gas and molecular
nitrogen (N2) from the air. The ammonia from the Haber process is then partially converted
into nitric acid (HNO 3) in the Ostwald process. It is estimated that a third of annual global
food production uses ammonia from the Haber–Bosch process, and that this supports nearly
half the world's population. After World War II, nitrogen production plants that had ramped
up for wartime bomb manufacturing were pivoted towards agriculture uses. The use of
synthetic nitrogen fertilizers has increased steadily over the last 50 years, rising almost 20-
fold to the current rate of 100 million tonnes of nitrogen per year.

The development of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer has significantly supported global population
growth. It has been estimated that almost half the people on the Earth are currently fed as a
result of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use. The use of phosphate fertilizers has also increased
from 9 million tonnes per year in 1960 to 40 million tonnes per year in 2000.

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Agricultural use of inorganic fertilizers in 2021 was 195 million tonnes of nutrients, of which
56% was nitrogen. Asia represented 53% of world total agricultural use of inorganic
fertilizers in 2021, followed by the Americas (29%), Europe (12%), Africa (4%) and Oceania
(2%). This ranking of the regions is the same for all nutrients. The main users of inorganic
fertilizers are, in descending order, China, India, Brazil and the United States of America (see
Table 15), with China the largest user of each nutrient.

A maize crop yielding 6–9 tonnes of grain per hectare (2.5 acres) requires 31–50 kilograms
(68–110 lb) of phosphate fertilizer to be applied; soybean crops require about half, 20–25 kg
per hectare. Yara International is the world's largest producer of nitrogen-based fertilizers.

Mechanism
Fertilizers enhance the growth of plants. This goal is met in two ways, the traditional one
being additives that provide nutrients. The second mode by which some fertilizers act is to
enhance the effectiveness of the soil by modifying its water retention and aeration.Fertilizers
typically provide, in varying proportions:

 three main macronutrients (NPK):

 Nitrogen (N): leaf growth and stems
 Phosphorus (P): development of roots, flowers, seeds, fruit;
 Potassium (K): strong stem growth, movement of water in plants, promotion of
flowering and fruiting;
 three secondary macronutrients: calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S);
 micronutrients:copper (Cu), iron(Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn),
boron (B).

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 Of occasional significance are silicon (Si), cobalt (Co), and vanadium (V).
The nutrients required for healthy plant life are classified according to the elements, but the
elements are not used as fertilizers. Instead compounds containing these elements are the
basis of fertilizers. The macro-nutrients are consumed in larger quantities and are present in
plant tissue in quantities from 0.15% to 6.0% on a dry matter (DM) (0% moisture) basis.
Plants are made up of four main elements: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen are widely available respectively in carbon dioxide and in water.
Although nitrogen makes up most of the atmosphere, it is in a form that is unavailable to
plants. Nitrogen is the most important fertilizer since nitrogen is present in proteins (amide
bond between amino-acids), DNA (puric and pyrimidic bases) and other components
(e.g., tetrapyrrolic heme in chlorophyll). To be nutritious to plants, nitrogen must be made
available in a "fixed" form. Only some bacteria and their host plants (notably legumes) can
fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2) by converting it to ammonia (NH3 ). Phosphate (PO3−4) is
required for the production of DNA (genetic code) and ATP, the main energy carrier in cells,
as well as certain lipids (phospholipids, the main components of the lipidic double layer of
the cell membranes).

Microbiological considerations
Two sets of enzymatic reactions are highly relevant to the efficiency of nitrogen-based
fertilizers.

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Urease
The first is the hydrolysis (reaction with water) of urea (CO(NH2 )2).
Many soil bacteria possess the enzyme urease, which catalyzes the conversion of urea
to ammonium ion (NH+4) and bicarbonate ion (HCO−3).

Ammonia oxidation
Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), such as species of Nitrosomonas, oxidize ammonia
(NH3) to nitrite (NO−2), a process termed nitrification.[26] Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria,
especially Nitrobacter, oxidize nitrite (NO−2) to nitrate (NO−3), which is
extremely soluble and mobile and is a major cause of eutrophication and algal bloom.

Classification
Fertilizers are classified in several ways. They are classified according to whether they
provide a single nutrient (e.g., K, P, or N), in which case they are classified as "straight
fertilizers". "Multinutrient fertilizers" (or "complex fertilizers") provide two or more
nutrients, for example N and P. Fertilizers are also sometimes classified as inorganic versus
organic. Inorganic fertilizers exclude carbon-containing materials except ureas. Organic
fertilizers are usually (recycled) plant- or animal-derived matter. Inorganic are sometimes
called synthetic fertilizers since various chemical treatments are required for their
manufacture.

Single nutrient ("straight") fertilizers

The main nitrogen-based straight fertilizer is ammonia (NH3) ammonium (NH 4+) or its
solutions, including:

 Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3 ) with 34-35% nitrogen is also widely used.

 Urea (CO(NH2)2), with 45-46% nitrogen, another popular source of nitrogen, having the
advantage that it is solid and non-explosive, unlike ammonia and ammonium nitrate.
 Calcium ammonium nitrate Is a blend of 20-30% limestone CaCO 3 or dolomite
(Ca,Mg)CO 3 and 70-80% ammonium nitrate with 24-28% nitrogen.
 Calcium nitrate with 15,5% nitrogen and 19% calcium, reportedly holding a small share
of the nitrogen fertilizer market (4% in 2007).
The main straight phosphate fertilizers are the superphosphates:

 "Single superphosphate" (SSP) consisting of 14–18% P2O 5, again in the form of

Ca(H2PO4)2 , but also phosphogypsum (CaSO4 · 2 H2O).
 Triple superphosphate (TSP) typically consists of 44–48% of P2 O5 and no gypsum.
A mixture of single superphosphate and triple superphosphate is called double
superphosphate. More than 90% of a typical superphosphate fertilizer is water-soluble.

The main potassium-based straight fertilizer is muriate of potash (MOP, 95–99% KCl). It is
typically available as 0-0-60 or 0-0-62 fertilizer.

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Multinutrient fertilizers
These fertilizers are common. They consist of two or more nutrient components.

Binary (NP, NK, PK) fertilizers

Major two-component fertilizers provide both nitrogen and phosphorus to the plants. These
are called NP fertilizers. The main NP fertilizers are

 monoammonium phosphate (MAP) NH 4H2PO4 . With 11% nitrogen and 48% P2O5.
 diammonium phosphate (DAP). (NH4 )2HPO4 . With 18% nitrogen and 46% P2O5
About 85% of MAP and DAP fertilizers are soluble in water.

NPK fertilizers
NPK fertilizers are three-component fertilizers providing nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium. There exist two types of NPK fertilizers: compound and blends. Compound NPK
fertilizers contain chemically bound ingredients, while blended NPK fertilizers are physical
mixtures of single nutrient components.

NPK rating is a rating system describing the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
in a fertilizer. NPK ratings consist of three numbers separated by dashes (e.g., 10-10-10 or
16-4-8) describing the chemical content of fertilizers. The first number represents the
percentage of nitrogen in the product; the second number, P 2O5; the third, K2O. Fertilizers do
not actually contain P2O 5 or K2O, but the system is a conventional shorthand for the amount
of the phosphorus (P) or potassium (K) in a fertilizer. A 50-pound (23 kg) bag of fertilizer
labeled 16-4-8 contains 8 lb (3.6 kg) of nitrogen (16% of the 50 pounds), an amount of
phosphorus equivalent to that in 2 pounds of P2O5 (4% of 50 pounds), and 4 pounds of K2O
(8% of 50 pounds). Most fertilizers are labeled according to this N-P-K convention, although
Australian convention, following an N-P-K-S system, adds a fourth number for sulfur, and
uses elemental values for all values including P and K.

Micronutrients
Micronutrients are consumed in smaller quantities and are present in plant tissue on the order
of parts-per-million (ppm), ranging from 0.15 to 400 ppm or less than 0.04% dry
matter. These elements are often required for enzymes essential to the plant's metabolism.
Because these elements enable catalysts (enzymes), their impact far exceeds their weightage.
Typical micronutrients are boron, zinc, molybdenum, iron, and manganese. These elements
are provided as water-soluble salts. Iron presents special problems because it converts to
insoluble (bio-unavailable) compounds at moderate soil pH and phosphate concentrations.

For this reason, iron is often administered as a chelate complex, e.g., the EDTA or EDDHA
derivatives. The micronutrient needs depend on the plant and the environment. For
example, sugar beets appear to require boron, and legumes require cobalt, while
environmental conditions such as heat or drought make boron less available for plants.

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Production
The production of synthetic, or inorganic, fertilizers requires prepared chemicals, whereas
organic fertilizers are derived from the organic processes of plants and animals in biological
processes using biochemicals.
Nitrogen fertilizers are made from ammonia (NH3) produced by the Haber–Bosch process. In
this energy-intensive process, natural gas (CH4) usually supplies the hydrogen, and the
nitrogen (N 2) is derived from the air. This ammonia is used as a feedstock for all other
nitrogen fertilizers, such as anhydrous ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and urea (CO(NH2)2).

Deposits of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) (Chilean saltpeter) are also found in the Atacama
desert in Chile and was one of the original (1830) nitrogen-rich fertilizers used. It is still
mined for fertilizer. Nitrates are also produced from ammonia by the Ostwald process.

Phosphate fertilizers
Phosphate fertilizers are obtained by extraction from phosphate rock, which contains two
principal phosphorus-containing minerals, fluorapatite Ca5(PO4)3F (CFA)
and hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3OH. Billions of kg of phosphate rock are mined annually, but
the size and quality of the remaining ore is decreasing. These minerals are converted into
water-soluble phosphate salts by treatment with acids. The large production of sulfuric acid is
primarily motivated by this application. In the nitrophosphate process or Odda process
(invented in 1927), phosphate rock with up to a 20% phosphorus (P) content is dissolved
with nitric acid (HNO3) to produce a mixture of phosphoric acid (H 3 PO4) and calcium
nitrate (Ca(NO3)2). This mixture can be combined with a potassium fertilizer to produce
a compound fertilizer with the three macronutrients N, P and K in easily dissolved form.

Potassium fertilizers
Potash is a mixture of potassium minerals used to make potassium (chemical symbol: K)
fertilizers. Potash is soluble in water, so the main effort in producing this nutrient from the
ore involves some purification steps; e.g., to remove sodium chloride (NaCl) (common salt).
Sometimes potash is referred to as K2O, as a matter of convenience to those describing the
potassium content. In fact, potash fertilizers are usually potassium chloride, potassium
sulfate, potassium carbonate, or potassium nitrate.

NPK fertilizers
There are three major routes for manufacturing NPK fertilizers (named for their main
ingredients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)):

1. bulk blending. The individual fertilizers are combined in the desired nutrient ratio.
2. The wet process is based on chemical reactions between liquid raw
materials phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, ammonia) and solid raw materials (such
as potassium chloride.

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 The Nitrophosphate Process.

Step 1: Nitrophosphates are made by acidiculating phosphate rock with nitric acid.

 Nitric acid + Phosphate rock → Phosphoric acid + Calcium sulphate + hexafluorosilicic

acid.
 Ca5F(PO4 )3 + 10 HNO3 →6 H3PO4 + 5 Ca(NO3 )2 + HF
 6 HF + SiO2 →H2SiF6 + 2 H2O

Step 2: Removal of Calcium Nitrate. It is important to remove the calcium nitrate because
calcium nitrate is extremely hygroscopic.

 Method 1.(Odda process) Calcium nitrate crystals are removed by centrifugation.

 Method 2. Sulfonitric Process: Ca(NO3)2 + H2SO 4 + 2NH3 → CaSO4 + 2NH 4NO3
 Method 3.Phosphonitric Process : Ca(NO3)2 + H3 PO4 + 2NH3 → CaHPO4 + 2NH4NO3
 Method 4.Carbonitric Process: Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O + 2NH3 → CaCO3 + 2NH4NO3

Organic fertilizers
Organic fertilizers" can describe those fertilizers with a biologic origin—derived from living
or formerly living materials. Organic fertilizers can also describe commercially available and
frequently packaged products that strive to follow the expectations and restrictions adopted
by "organic agriculture" and "environmentally friendly" gardening – related systems of food
and plant production that significantly limit or strictly avoid the use of synthetic fertilizers
and pesticides. The "organic fertilizer" products typically contain both some organic
materials as well as acceptable additives such as nutritive rock powders, ground sea shells
(crab, oyster, etc.), other prepared products such as seed meal or kelp, and cultivated
microorganisms and derivatives.

Fertilizers of an organic origin (the first definition) include animal wastes, plant wastes from
agriculture, seaweed, compost, and treated sewage sludge (biosolids). Beyond manures,
animal sources can include products from the slaughter of animals – bloodmeal, bone
meal, feather meal, hides, hoofs, and horns all are typical components. Organically derived
materials available to industry such as sewage sludge may not be acceptable components of
organic farming and gardening, because of factors ranging from residual contaminants to
public perception. On the other hand, marketed "organic fertilizers" may include, and
promote, processed organics because the materials have consumer appeal. No matter the
definition nor composition, most of these products contain less-concentrated nutrients, and
the nutrients are not as easily quantified. They can offer soil-building advantages as well as
be appealing to those who are trying to farm / garden more "naturally".

In terms of volume, peat is the most widely used packaged organic soil amendment. It is an
immature form of coal and improves the soil by aeration and absorbing water but confers no

12
nutritional value to the plants. It is therefore not a fertilizer as defined in the beginning of the
article, but rather an amendment. Coir, (derived from coconut husks), bark, and sawdust
when added to soil all act similarly (but not identically) to peat and are also considered
organic soil amendments – or texturizers – because of their limited nutritive inputs. Some
organic additives can have a reverse effect on nutrients – fresh sawdust can consume soil
nutrients as it breaks down, and may lower soil pH – but these same organic texturizers (as
well as compost, etc.) may increase the availability of nutrients through improved cation
exchange, or through increased growth of microorganisms that in turn increase availability of
certain plant nutrients. Organic fertilizers such as composts and manures may be distributed
locally without going into industry production, making actual consumption more difficult to
quantify.

Comparison of Synthetic and Organic Fertilizers

Fertilizers can be broadly categorized into synthetic (inorganic) and organic types. Both types
have their advantages and limitations, which depend on factors like nutrient release rates,
environmental impact, and soil compatibility.

1. Nutrient Release Rates

 Synthetic Fertilizers: These are engineered to provide quick and immediate

availability of nutrients to plants. For example, nitrogen in synthetic fertilizers such as
urea or ammonium nitrate is readily available for plant uptake. However, the rapid
release of nutrients can lead to nutrient leaching, especially in sandy soils, which
results in the loss of nutrients before plants can fully absorb them.
 Organic Fertilizers: Organic fertilizers like bone meal, neem cake, and
vermicompost release nutrients slowly over time as they decompose. This slow-
release pattern ensures a more sustained supply of nutrients, reducing the chances of
nutrient runoff. This gradual release also means plants receive nutrients in a more
stable manner, though the initial availability is lower compared to synthetic options.

2. Environmental Impact

 Synthetic Fertilizers: The overuse of synthetic fertilizers can cause significant

environmental issues, such as water pollution from nutrient runoff leading to
eutrophication and algal blooms. Additionally, the production of synthetic fertilizers,
especially nitrogen-based ones, requires large amounts of energy and emits
greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O).
 Organic Fertilizers: Organic fertilizers typically have a lower environmental
footprint. They are derived from natural sources and help improve soil structure,
promote microbial life, and increase the organic matter content of the soil. However,
some organic fertilizers, such as manure, can still contribute to nutrient runoff if not
applied carefully. Nonetheless, they generally cause less environmental damage
compared to synthetic fertilizers.

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3. Efficiency in Different Soil Types

 Synthetic Fertilizers: These fertilizers tend to work efficiently in soils with poor
fertility or in situations where plants need an immediate nutrient boost. However,
because they do not improve the soil structure or its organic matter content,
continuous use can lead to soil degradation over time, particularly in sandy or heavily
compacted soils.
 Organic Fertilizers: Organic fertilizers are more effective in improving soil health
over the long term. They enhance soil texture, increase water retention, and promote
beneficial microbial activity, which makes them especially suitable for soils with low
organic matter or poor structure (e.g., clay or sandy soils). Vermicompost, for
instance, not only provides nutrients but also boosts soil aeration and moisture
retention.

4. Soil Health

 Synthetic Fertilizers: The continued use of synthetic fertilizers can degrade soil
health over time. These fertilizers do not contribute organic matter to the soil, and
overuse can lead to soil acidification, reducing the availability of essential nutrients
and harming beneficial soil organisms. The lack of organic content can also lead to
compacted and nutrient-depleted soils, reducing their ability to retain water and air,
which is crucial for healthy plant growth.
 Organic Fertilizers: Organic fertilizers play a crucial role in improving and
maintaining soil health. They add organic matter to the soil, which enhances its
structure, increases its water-holding capacity, and promotes microbial activity. The
presence of beneficial microorganisms and earthworms, particularly in fertilizers like
vermicompost, helps in nutrient cycling and contributes to long-term soil fertility.
Organic fertilizers also help build a rich humus layer that protects against soil erosion
and increases the soil's resilience to drought and extreme weather conditions.

5. Greenhouse Gas Emissions

 Synthetic Fertilizers: The production of synthetic fertilizers, especially nitrogen-

based fertilizers, is energy-intensive and relies heavily on fossil fuels. The Haber-
Bosch process, which is used to produce ammonia for nitrogen fertilizers, emits
significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO₂). Furthermore, synthetic nitrogen
fertilizers contribute to the release of nitrous oxide (N₂O), a potent greenhouse gas,
when applied to fields. Nitrous oxide has a global warming potential nearly 300 times
greater than CO₂ and is released when excess nitrogen in the soil undergoes
nitrification and denitrification processes.
 Organic Fertilizers: The production of organic fertilizers is generally less energy-
intensive and results in lower greenhouse gas emissions. For example,
vermicomposting, the process of producing vermicompost, relies on natural
decomposition and microbial activity rather than industrial processes. While some
greenhouse gases like CO₂ are released during the decomposition of organic

14
 materials, these emissions are typically much lower than those from synthetic
fertilizer production. Additionally, organic fertilizers improve soil carbon
sequestration by increasing organic matter content, which helps trap carbon in the soil
and reduces the overall greenhouse gas footprint.

6. Biodiversity

 Synthetic Fertilizers: Synthetic fertilizers, especially when overused, can disrupt

local ecosystems. The nutrient runoff from these fertilizers can harm freshwater
ecosystems, reduce biodiversity, and lead to the decline of sensitive species.
Furthermore, synthetic fertilizers can negatively affect soil biodiversity by decreasing
the populations of beneficial microorganisms, earthworms, and fungi that are essential
for soil health.
 Organic Fertilizers: Organic fertilizers promote biodiversity in both soil and
surrounding ecosystems. The addition of organic matter supports the growth of
beneficial soil organisms, including microbes, fungi, and earthworms, which enhance
nutrient cycling and soil structure. Neem cake, for example, not only acts as a
fertilizer but also has pesticidal properties, reducing the need for chemical pesticides
that can harm beneficial insects and wildlife.

7. Long-Term Effects

 Synthetic Fertilizers: While synthetic fertilizers can increase plant yields in the short
term, their long-term use can deplete soil organic matter, reduce soil biodiversity, and
contribute to soil acidification. Continuous dependency on synthetic fertilizers can
result in "fertilizer fatigue," where increasing amounts are needed to maintain crop
yields.
 Organic Fertilizers: Organic fertilizers contribute to the long-term health of the soil
by maintaining or increasing organic matter, which improves the soil’s ability to
retain nutrients and water. The regular application of organic materials like compost
or neem cake helps in building a resilient and sustainable soil ecosystem, which can
reduce the need for external inputs over time.

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CASE STUDIES

India is an agricultural powerhouse, and fertilizers—both synthetic and organic—play a

crucial role in improving crop yields. This section highlights examples of how different types
of fertilizers are used in Indian farming, focusing on crop yields, efficiency, and
environmental impacts.

1. Case Study: The Use of Synthetic Fertilizers in Wheat Production (Punjab, India)

Punjab is known as the "breadbasket of India" and heavily relies on synthetic fertilizers for
wheat production. A 2018 study in Ludhiana district analyzed the effects of synthetic
nitrogen fertilizers (urea and ammonium sulfate) on wheat crops. Farmers reported an
average yield increase of 40-60% when applying synthetic fertilizers compared to fields with
no fertilizers. The use of urea in particular led to yields of 4-5 tons per hectare.

However, the study also noted the downside of this intensive fertilizer use. Over-application
led to nutrient runoff into local rivers, causing eutrophication and polluting water sources. In
addition, the soil showed signs of degradation due to the depletion of organic matter, making
the soil more dependent on chemical inputs for maintaining fertility in the long run.

Data Summary:

 Fertilizer Used: Urea, ammonium sulfate

 Average Yield: 4-5 tons/ha (with synthetic fertilizers)
 Nutrient Loss: Significant runoff into water bodies
 Environmental Impact: Eutrophication and soil degradation

2. Case Study: Organic Fertilizer Use in Paddy Farming (Tamil Nadu, India)

In Tamil Nadu, paddy farming has seen an increase in the use of organic fertilizers like
vermicompost and neem cake as part of sustainable farming practices. A 2019 study
conducted in the Thanjavur region compared the use of organic fertilizers with synthetic
fertilizers in rice farming. Fields treated with vermicompost and neem cake showed a yield of
3.5-4 tons per hectare, which was comparable to fields using synthetic fertilizers, though
slightly lower.

Organic fertilizers improved soil health by increasing the organic matter content and
promoting microbial activity. This led to better water retention in the soil, which is
particularly important in paddy farming. Farmers also reported a reduction in pest issues due
to the pesticidal properties of neem cake. Unlike synthetic fertilizers, there was no nutrient
runoff, making this practice environmentally sustainable.

Data Summary:

 Fertilizer Used: Vermicompost, neem cake

 Average Yield: 3.5-4 tons/ha (with organic fertilizers)

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  Soil Health: Improved organic matter, enhanced microbial activity
 Environmental Impact: No runoff, natural pest control

3. Case Study: Mixed Fertilizer Use in Sugarcane Farming (Maharashtra, India)

In Maharashtra, sugarcane farmers have begun using a combination of synthetic and organic
fertilizers to boost crop yields while maintaining soil health. A study in 2020 in the Kolhapur
district examined the use of a mix of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers (urea) and organic inputs
like bone meal and compost. The results showed an average yield of 80 -90 tons per hectare, a
10% increase over synthetic-only fields.

The combination of fertilizers also reduced nutrient leaching, thanks to the organic matter
from compost improving soil structure. Farmers reported healthier soil, with better moisture
retention and increased microbial activity, which are critical for sugarcane growth in the
region’s semi-arid climate.

Data Summary:

 Fertilizer Used: Urea, bone meal, compost

 Average Yield: 80-90 tons/ha (with mixed fertilizers)
 Nutrient Loss: Reduced leaching compared to synthetic-only use
 Environmental Impact: Improved soil structure, reduced runoff

4. Environmental Study: Organic vs. Conventional Farming in Kerala, India

A 2018 environmental study in Kerala compared organic and conventional farming practices
in coffee and spice plantations. Farms using organic fertilizers like cow manure, bone meal,
and vermicompost had a 15-20% lower yield compared to those using synthetic fertilizers.
However, the study found that organic farms had far better soil health indicators, with higher
levels of organic carbon, better moisture retention, and an increase in soil biodiversity.

Organic farms also had significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions, with 25-30% less
carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions compared to conventional farms that relied on
synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. These organic practices were found to reduce soil erosion and
contribute to long-term sustainability, despite slightly lower yields.

Data Summary:

 Yield Difference: 15-20% lower on organic farms

 GHG Reduction: 25-30% lower emissions on organic farms
 Soil Health: Higher organic carbon, better moisture retention, increased biodiversity

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PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

1.Nitrogen Test

 Take 1-2 grams of the fertilizer sample and mix it with about 10 mL of distilled water
in a test tube.
 Stir the mixture and let it sit for a few minutes. Filter the solution to obtain a clear
extract.
 To the filtered solution, add a few drops of sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
 Gently heat the mixture. Ammonia gas will be released if nitrogen is present.

NH4+(aq)+OH−(aq) → NH3(g)+H2O (l)

 Add a few drops of Nessler's reagent.

NH3+Hg2I2+H2O → [Hg(NH2) 2I2]+2HI

2.Phosphorus Test

 Weigh approximately 1-2 grams of the vermicompost sample.

 Place the sample in a test tube.
 Carefully add 5-10 mL of concentrated nitric acid (HNO₃) to the test tube containing
the vermicompost sample.
 Gently heat the mixture using a Bunsen burner or hot plate to ensure complete
digestion of the sample and release of phosphate ions.
 Allow the solution to cool to room temperature.
 Filter the solution using filter paper to obtain a clear liquid (filtrate) that contains the
dissolved phosphate ions.
 In a clean test tube, take a small portion of the clear filtrate obtained from the
filtration step.
 Add a few drops of barium chloride (BaCl₂) solution to the filtrate.

3BaCl2(aq)+2H3PO4(aq)→Ba3(PO4 )2(s)+6HCl(aq)

 Gently swirl the test tube to mix.

 Observe the formation of any precipitate.

3.Potassium Test

 Mix about 5 grams of vermicompost with distilled water to extract soluble salts.
 Filter the solution to obtain a clear liquid.
 Add a few drops of silver nitrate solution (AgNO₃) to the clear extract.
 If potassium chloride is present, a white precipitate of silver chloride (AgCl) will
form.

KCl(aq)+AgNO3(aq)→AgCl(s)+KNO3(aq)

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4. Calcium Test

 Weigh approximately 1-2 grams of the fertilizer sample and place it in a clean test
tube.
 Add about 10 mL of distilled water to the test tube containing the sample.
 Stir the mixture gently to facilitate the dissolution of any soluble components. If
necessary, you can gently heat the mixture to aid in dissolving.
 Allow the mixture to settle, or filter it through filter paper to obtain a clear liquid
(filtrate) that contains dissolved calcium ions.
 In a clean test tube, take a small portion of the clear filtrate obtained from the
filtration step.
 Add a few drops of ammonium oxalate ((NH₄)₂C₂O₄) solution to the filtrate.

Ca2+(aq)+(NH 4)2C2O4(aq)→CaC2O4(s)+2NH4 +(aq)

 Gently swirl the test tube to mix. Observe for any precipitate formation.

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GALLERY

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OBSERVATION TABLE FOR NITROGEN TEST

Fertilizer Sample Observations Inference

Bone Meal Distinct yellow-brown colour Presence of Nitrogen
Neem Cake Distinct yellow-brown colour Presence of Nitrogen
Vermicompost Distinct yellow-brown colour Presence of Nitrogen

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR PHOSPHORUS TEST

Fertilizer Sample Observations Inference
Bone Meal A white precipitate formed Presence of Phosphorus
Neem Cake A white precipitate formed Presence of Phosphorus
Vermicompost A white precipitate formed Presence of Phosphorus

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR POTASSIUM TEST

Fertilizer Sample Observations Inference
Bone Meal No white precipitate formed Absence of Potassium
Neem Cake A white precipitate formed Presence of Potassium
Vermicompost A white precipitate formed Presence of Potassium

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR CALCIUM TEST

Fertilizer Sample Observations Inference
Bone Meal A white precipitate formed Presence of Calcium
Neem Cake No white precipitate formed Absence of Calcium
Vermicompost No white precipitate formed Absence of Calcium

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RESULT
1. Bone Meal contains Nitrogen ,Phosphorus and Calcium.
2. Neem Cake contains Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium.
3. Vermicompost contains Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium.

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Conclusion

The analysis of organic fertilizers such as bone meal, neem cake, and vermicompost is
essential for understanding their nutrient profiles and effectiveness in promoting plant
growth. The presence of key nutrients—nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium—
plays a critical role in plant health, development, and yield. This project aimed to
qualitatively assess these nutrients using simple laboratory tests, allowing for an
understanding of each fertilizer's potential contribution to soil fertility.

Nitrogen is a vital nutrient for plants, primarily involved in the synthesis of amino acids,
proteins, and chlorophyll. The presence of nitrogen in all three fertilizers indicates their
capability to enhance vegetative growth and overall plant health.

 Bone Meal: The successful detection of nitrogen through Nessler's reagent highlights
its potential use in supporting early plant growth stages, particularly in crops requiring
high nitrogen levels.
 Neem Cake: Similarly, the presence of nitrogen in neem cake underlines its utility as
a natural fertilizer that not only provides nutrients but also contributes to pest
resistance due to the properties of neem.
 Vermicompost: The consistent nitrogen levels found in vermicompost affirm its role
as a balanced fertilizer, suitable for a wide range of plants and gardening applications.

Phosphorus is crucial for energy transfer and photosynthesis in plants. It is essential for root
development and flowering.

 Bone Meal: The analysis confirmed significant phosphorus levels, indicating that
bone meal is an excellent choice for enhancing root systems and flowering in plants.
 Neem Cake: The presence of phosphorus in neem cake suggests it can aid in
establishing strong root systems, making it beneficial for young plants and seedlings.
 Vermicompost: The phosphorus content in vermicompost further supports its role as a
holistic fertilizer that improves soil quality and encourages robust growth.

Potassium is essential for various physiological functions, including water regulation, enzyme
activation, and disease resistance.

 Bone Meal: The absence of potassium in bone meal indicates that it should be
supplemented with potassium-rich fertilizers for comprehensive nutrient coverage.
 Neem Cake: The detection of potassium in neem cake emphasizes its suitability as a
balanced fertilizer, supporting plant health and stress resilience.
 Vermicompost: The presence of potassium in vermicompost affirms its role as a
multifunctional amendment that not only supplies nutrients but also improves soil
structure.

Calcium plays a significant role in cell wall stability and enzyme activity. Its presence is
critical for preventing physiological disorders in plants.

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  Bone Meal: The calcium levels detected in bone meal are beneficial for crops that
require high calcium content, such as tomatoes and peppers, helping prevent issues
like blossom end rot.
 Neem Cake: The absence of calcium in neem cake suggests that growers should
consider additional sources of calcium if they intend to use neem cake as a primary
fertilizer.
 Vermicompost: The lack of calcium in vermicompost indicates that while it is a
valuable organic amendment, it may need supplementation in calcium-deficient soils.

When comparing the three fertilizers, several key points emerge:

 Nutrient Diversity: Bone meal stands out for its high phosphorus and calcium content,
making it ideal for flowering and fruiting plants. In contrast, neem cake and
vermicompost provide a balanced nutrient profile, including nitrogen, phosphorus,
and potassium.
 Organic Matter Contribution: Both neem cake and vermicompost contribute organic
matter to the soil, enhancing soil structure and water retention capabilities.
 Sustainability: The use of organic fertilizers like neem cake and vermicompost
promotes sustainable agricultural practices by reducing dependence on synthetic
fertilizers and improving soil health.

The findings of this project have practical implications for farmers, gardeners, and
agricultural scientists:

 Targeted Fertilization: Understanding the nutrient content of these fertilizers allows

for targeted fertilization practices that can lead to improved plant health and yield.
 Soil Management: The analysis emphasizes the importance of soil testing and nutrient
management to maintain optimal soil fertility levels.
 Sustainable Practices: The results advocate for the integration of organic fertilizers in
conventional farming to enhance sustainability and reduce chemical inputs.

In conclusion, the qualitative analysis of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium in

bone meal, neem cake, and vermicompost has revealed valuable insights into their nutrient
profiles. Each fertilizer presents unique benefits, making them suitable for different
agricultural applications. This study underscores the importance of understanding fertilizer
composition in promoting healthy plant growth and sustainable agricultural practices.
Through further research and practical application, these findings can contribute to enhanced
soil fertility and improved agricultural outcomes.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Brady, N. C., & Weil, R. R. (2010). The Nature and Properties of Soils (15th ed.).
Prentice Hall.
 Foth, H. D., & Ellis, B. G. (1997). Soil Fertility. CRC Press.
 Hargreaves, J. C., & Weller, S. (2018). Organic Fertilizers: A Comprehensive Guide
to the Use of Organic Fertilizers in Agriculture. University of California Press.
 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2020). Organic Fertilizers. Retrieved
from http://www.fao.org/organicag/oa-faq/oa-faq1/en/
 Johnson, R. L. (2019). Assessment of Nutrient Content in Organic Fertilizers and Its
Impact on Plant Growth (Master’s thesis). University of Agriculture.

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