Digital Signal Processing

(CS202)
2022 – 2023

Lecture-2

Dr: Mary monir saied

Email: [email protected]
 DSP Scenario
 Modern systems generally…….
 get a continuous-time signal from a sensor
 a continuous-time system modifies the signal
 Represent signals by a sequence of numbers (Sampling or
analog-to-digital conversions)
 Perform processing on these numbers with a digital processor
(Digital signal processing)
 and then (if desired) reconstruct analog signal from processed
numbers (digital-to-analog conversion)

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 DSP Scenario
 Analog input – analog output
 Digital recording of music
 Analog input – digital output
 Touch tone phone dialing
 Digital input – analog output
 Text to speech
 Digital input – digital output
 Compression of a file on computer

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Why DSP?
 Digital data storage and transmission is much more
effective than in the analogue form
 Flexibility: processing functions can be altered or
adjusted
 Possibility of implementing much more complicated
processing functions than in analogue devices
 Efficient implementation of fast algorithms and
matrix-based processing
 Avery high accuracy and reliability is possible to
achieve
 Signal multiplexing: simultaneous (parallel)
processing 4
ANALOG TO DIGITAL (A/D)
CONVERSION
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)

• Most signals of practical interest are analog in nature

Examples: Voice, Video, RADAR signals,

Transducer/Sensor output, Biological signals etc.

• So in order to utilize those benefits, we need to

convert our analog signals into digital

• This process is called A/D conversion

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Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)

 Consists of 3 processes:
1. Sampling: Conversion from Continuous-Time,
Continuous-Amplitude signal to Discrete-Time,
Continuous-Amplitude signal.
2. Quantizing: Conversion from Discrete-Time,
Continuous-Amplitude signal to Discrete-Time,
Discrete-Amplitude signal.
3. Coding: Conversion from a Discrete-Time,
Discrete-Amplitude signal to an efficient Digital
data format.

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Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)

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Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
1. Sample and Hold :
• Analog signal is continuous in time and continuous
in amplitude.

• It means that it carries infinite information of time

and infinite information of amplitude.

• Analog (continuous-time) signal has some value

defined at every time instant, so it has infinite
number of sample points.

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Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
1. Sample and Hold :
• It is impossible to digitize an infinite number of
points.

• The infinite points cannot be processed by the

digital signal (DS) processor or computer, since
they require an infinite amount of memory and
infinite amount of processing power for
computations.

• Sampling is the process to reduce the time

information or sample points.
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Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
1. Sample and Hold :
• The first essential step in analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion
is to sample an analog signal.

• This step is performed by a sample and hold circuit, which

samples at regular intervals called sampling intervals.

• Sampling can take samples at a fixed time interval.

• If x(t) is the input to the sampler, the output is x(nT), where T

is called the sampling interval or sampling period.

• After the sampling, the signal is called “discrete time

continuous signal” which is discrete in time and continuous in
amplitude.
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Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
1. Sample and Hold :

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Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
1. Sample and Hold :
 The sampling of a continuous time signal 𝑋𝑎 (t)
consists of keeping the information of the signal
𝑋𝑎 (t) once every 𝑇𝑆 second (sampling period).

sampling period, 𝑻𝑺

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Sampling Theorem

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Sampling Theorem
 It is possible to perfectly reconstruct a sampled
signal from its samples if the following condition is
met:
The sampling frequency 𝑭𝑺 is at least twice as
large as the maximum frequency 𝐹𝑀 of the signal.
 𝑭𝑺 ≥2 𝑭𝒎 (Shannon, Nyquis, 1940)
 e.g., Audio signal (to store in memory),
𝐹𝑚 = 3.5 KHz  𝑭𝑺 =7KHz at least. (𝑻𝑺 =142 µs),
𝑭𝑺 ≥ 7KHz

Fs = 1/Ts is the sampling rate given in samples per

second
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 The Sampling Theorem and Aliasing

𝑭𝑺 =11𝑭𝒎 𝑭𝑺 =3.3𝑭𝒎

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The Sampling Theorem and Aliasing

𝑭𝑺 =1.05𝑭𝑴 𝑭𝑺 =1.05𝑭𝑴

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The Sampling Theorem and Aliasing

Example of Aliasing
in the time domain of
various sinusoidal
signals ranging from
10 kHz to 80 kHz with
a sampling frequency
Fs = 40 kHz.

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Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
2. Quantization
Quantization: The process of converting discrete-time continuous valued
signal into discrete-time discrete valued (digital) signal

3. Coding
We need to encode each sample value in order to store it in b bits
memory location.

But as b is limited, we have to consider a finite values of samples.

For example
If b = 2 , we can have 2b=4 different possible sample values.
If b = 4, we can have 2b=16 different possible sample values.
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Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
2. Quantization

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Representation of Discrete Signals

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Representation of Discrete Signals

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Important Discrete Time Signals

 The basic digital functions (signal or sequence) are

Unit Impulse
Unit Step
Rectangular Signal
Ramp Signal
Real value exponential
Sinusoidal Signal

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1. Unit Impulse Function

• The unit impulse function δ[n] has an amplitude of zero

at all samples except n = 0, where it has the value 1.
• Every digital signal can be written as a sum of impulse
functions, using the amplitude at each sample.
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Example: Determine the following:
a) δ[0]
b) δ[3]
c) δ[-2]
Answers

a) δ[0] = 1

b) δ[3] = 0

c) δ[-2] = 0

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Scaled Unit Impulse Function
Example: Draw the following signal:

x[n] = 4δ[n]

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Scaled Unit Impulse Function
Example: Draw the following signal:

x[n] = -2δ[n]

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Shifted Unit Impulse Function
Example: Draw the following signals:

a) x[n] = δ[n - 2]

b) x[n] = δ[n + 2]

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Shifted Unit Impulse Function
Example: Draw the following signals:

x[n] = δ[n - 3]

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1. Unit Impulse Function
 Hence, the unit impulse signal can be used as a
basic building block for the construction &
representation of other signals.

e.g., x[n] = δ[n+1]+2δ[n]+0.5δ[n-1]+3δ[n-3]

∝

𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑥 𝑘 𝛿[𝑛 − 𝑘]
𝑘=−∝

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1. Unit Impulse Function
Example: write a function to describe the signal in the figure.

x[n] = δ[n] + δ[n-1] + δ[n-2] + δ[n-3]

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1. Unit Impulse Function
Example: write a function to describe the signal in the figure.

x[n] = 4δ[n] - 2δ[n-1] + 3δ[n-2] - δ[n-3]

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2. Unit Step Function

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2. Unit Step Function
Example: Determine the values of the following
a) u[-1], b) u[0], c) u[1]

Answers

a) u[-1] = 0
b) u[0] = 1
c) u[1] = 1

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Scaled Step Function
Example: Draw the signal x[n] = 3u[n]

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Shifted Step Function
Example: Draw the signal (a) x[n] = u[n - 2]
(b) x[n] = u[n + 2]

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2. Unit Step Function
Example: Draw the signal x[n] = u[-n]

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2. Unit Step Function

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 2. Unit Step Function
Example: Draw the signal
x[n] = u[n] + 2u[n - 2]
2

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2. Unit Step Function
Example: Draw the signal x[n] = u[n] - u[n - 3]

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3. Rectangular Signal

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4. Ramp Signal

r[n] = nu[n]

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5. Real value exponential

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6. Sinusoidal Signal

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Do time shift then time scaling 46
Example:
A discrete-time signal x[n] is defined as:

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Thank You

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