भूगोल

GEOGRAPHY
कक्षा/Class: XII
2024-25
विद्यार्थी सहायक सामग्री
Student Support Material

अंग्रे़ ेजी माध्यम/ English Medium

केन्द्रीय विद्यालय संगठन

Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan
 संदेश

विद्यालयी विक्षा में िैवक्षक उत्कृष्टता प्राप्त करना केन्द्रीय विद्यालय संगठन की सिोच्च िरीयता है ।

हमारे विद्यार्थी, विक्षक एिं िै वक्षक नेतृत्व कताा वनरं तर उन्नवत हे तु प्रयासरत रहते हैं । राष्टरीय विक्षा नीवत

2020 के संदर्ा में योग्यता आधाररत अवधगम एिं मूल्ां कन संबन्धित उद्दे श्ों को प्राप्त करना तर्था

सीबीएसई के वदिा वनदे िों का पालन, ितामान में इस प्रयास को और र्ी चुनौतीपूर्ा बनाता है ।

केन्द्रीय विद्यालय संगठन के पां चों आं चलिक लशक्षा एवं प्रलशक्षण संस्थान द्वारा संकवलत यह ‘विद्यार्थी

सहायक सामग्री’ इसी वदिा में एक आिश्क कदम है । यह सहायक सामग्री कक्षा 9 से 12 के विद्यावर्थायों

के वलए सर्ी महत्वपूर्ा विषयों पर तैयार की गयी है । केन्द्रीय विद्यालय सं गठन की ‘विद्यार्थी सहायक

सामग्री’ अपनी गुर्ित्ता एिं परीक्षा संबंधी सामग्री-संकलन की वििेषज्ञता के वलए जानी जाती है और

अन्य विक्षर् संस्र्थान र्ी इसका उपयोग परीक्षा संबंधी पठन सामग्री की तरह करते रहे हैं । िुर्-आिा

एिं विश्वास है वक यह सहायक सामग्री विद्यावर्थायों की सहयोगी बनकर सतत मागादिान करते हुए उन्हें

सफलता के लक्ष्य तक पहुं चाएगी ।

िुर्ाकां क्षा सवहत ।

वनवध पां डे
आयुक्त, केन्द्रीय विद्यालय संगठन
 SUBJECT CONVENER:

SH. AKHILESH KUMAR CHOUDHARY

ASSOCIATE COURSE DIRECTOR,
VICE PRINCIPAL
K.V NO. 4 GWALIOR

SH. SUBHASH PANCHONIA, SH. SATISH KUMAR SINGH

RESOURCE PERSON RESOURCE PERSON
PGT(GEO) PGT(GEO)
KV MHOW, K V RAEBARELI SHIFT – 2,
BHOPAL LUCKNOW

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
COORDINATOR

SH. JOSEPH K.A., T.A./PGT (ECONOMICS), KVS-ZIET, GWALIOR

 CLASS XII CONVENER
SR.
NAME K.V REGION
NO. DESIG.
1 MUKESH KUMAR PGT(Geo) BHAKLI GURUGRAM
JALLANDHAR CANTT
2 CHARAN SINGH PGT(Geo) CHANDIGARH
AFS N0.4
SUBHASH CHANDRA
3 PGT(Geo) NO 5 (II-SHIFT) JAIPUR JAIPUR
SAMOTA

CLASS XI CONVENER
SR.
NAME DESIG. K.V REGION
NO.
MUKTESHWAR AFS TUGHLAKABAD
1 PGT(Geo) DELHI
SINGH SHIFT-1
2 ANWAR HUSSAIN PGT(Geo) SHAHDARA DELHI
3 SUNIL KUMAR PGT(Geo) 14 GTC SUBATHU GURUGRAM

MAP PREPERATION XI & XII CONVENER

SR.
NAME DESIG. K.V REGION
NO.
1 HIMANI MEHTA PGT(Geo) KV NO.2 KHARAGPUR KOLKATA
PITAMPURA SHIFT-2,
2 HARISH KUMAR PGT(Geo) DELHI
NEW DELHI

2
 COURSE CONTENT COMPILED BY:

SR. NAME DEISIG. K.V REGION

NO.
PRATAP SINGH
1 PGT(Geo) NO.1 AFS BHUJ AHMEDABAD
SHEKHAWAT

2 MANOJ KUMAR ASERI PGT(Geo) EME BARODA AHMEDABAD

KUMAR SHYAM
3 PGT(Geo) BHU VARANASI FS VARANASI
SHAISHAV

4 RAMANUJ CHATURVEDI PGT(Geo) CHITRAKOOT VARANASI

5 RAJA RAM PGT(Geo) IIMC, JOKA,KOLKATA KOLKATA

KV BEG & CENTRE
6 RAJESH SINGH PGT(Geo) Mumbai
PUNE
7 N P SINGH PGT(Geo) ADRA KOLKATA
8 HEMLATA BHARTI PGT(Geo) BLW VARANASI VARANASI
KV NO.2 OF, DEHU
9 RAJ KUMAR PGT(Geo) Mumbai
ROAD PUNE

AJAY SHANKER
10 PGT(Geo) KATIHAR PATNA
UPADHYAY

PREM CHAND KUMAR BARRACKPORE AFS

11 PGT(Geo) KOLKATA
GUPTA KOLKATA

12 AVNI BHUSHAN PGT(Geo) KV SAINIK VIHAR DELHI

BIPIN CHANDRA AGCR COLONY

13 PGT(Geo) Delhi
KANDWAL DELHI

KESHAVPURAM
14 RAMPRAVESH YADAV PGT(Geo) Delhi
SHIFT-2

3
 STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL REVIEW TEAM- GEOGRAPHY

Conveners

S.No. Name Designation K. V. Region

1 Mr. RAJESHWAR SINGH Principal KV Sawai Madhopur Jaipur
2 Mr. VIJAYENDRA NAGDA Principal KV Deogarh Jaipur

Team Members

S.No. Name Designation K. V. Region

1 Mr. RAMANUJ CHATURVEDI PGT(Geo) KV Chitrakoot Varanasi
2 Mr. RANJEET KUMAR RAI PGT(Geo) KV No.1, Chakeri, Lucknow
Kanpur
3 Mr.RAJESH PATHAK PGT(Geo) KV 1STC, Jabalpur
Jabalpur(Shift 1)
4 Mr.ANIL KUMAR MISHRA PGT(Geo) KV No.1 AFS Agra Agra

Technical Expert

S.No. Name Designation K. V. Region

1 Mr. ALOK GUPTA PGT(CS) KV Etawah Agra

4
 TABLE OF CONTENT

SL. CONTENT PAGE NO.

NO.
1 Course Structure 6-8
BOOK 1- FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
2 Human Geography- Nature and Scope 9-11
3 The World Population: Distribution, Density and Growth 12-16
4 Human Development 17-19
5 Primary Activities 20-23
6 Secondary Activities 24-28
7 Tertiary Activities and Quaternary Acxtivities 28-34
8 Transport and Communication 34-40
9 International Trade 40-47
BOOK 2- INDIA: PEOPLE AND ECONOMY
10 Population 48-55
11 Human Settlements 55-59
12 Land Resources and Agriculture 59-61
13 Water Resources 62-65
14 Mineral and Energy Resources 66-73
15 Planning and Sustainable Development 73-74
16 Transport and Communication 75-79
17 International Trade 80-83
18 Geographical perspectives on selected issues and problems 83-87
19 MAP WORKS 88-101
20 Solved Sample Papers 102-182
21 Unsolved Sample Papers 183-204

5
 CLASS XII
COURSE STRUCTURE (2024-25)
BOOK- FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
No. of
Chapter No. Chapter Name Weightage
periods
UNIT-1
1 Human Geography 7 3
UNIT-2
2 The World Population Density Distribution and Growth 9
8
3 Human Development 7
UNIT-3
4 Primary Activities 12
5 Secondary Activities 10
6 Tertiary and Quaternary Activities 10 19
7 Transport, Communication and Trade 15
8 International Trade 10
Map Work (Based on identification of features on World Political Map) 10 5
Total 90 35
Book-INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY
No. of
Chapter No. Chapter Name Weightage
periods
UNIT-1
1 Population Distribution Density Growth and Composition 10 5
UNIT-2
2 Human Settlements 8 3
UNIT-3
3 Land Resources and Agriculture 9
4 Water Resources 9
10
5 Mineral And Energy Resources 9
6 Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context 7
UNIT-4
7 Transport and Communication 11
7
8 International Trade 9
UNIT-5
9 Geographical Perspective on selected issues and problems 8 5
Map Work (Based on Marking and labeling on a political Map of India) 10 5
Total 90 35
Geography Practical-II
No. of
Chapter No. Chapter Name Weightage
periods
1 Data-its source and Compilation 5
2 Data Processing 8 18
3 Graphical representation of Data 15
4 Spatial Information Technology 12 7
Practical Record Book and Viva Voce 5
Total 40 30

6
 Map Items for identification only on outline political map of the World
FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Chapter No. and Name Map Items
1-Human Geography Nil
2-The World Population Density Distribution and
Growth Nil
3-Human Development Nil
Areas of subsistence gathering (Fig 4.2)
Major areas of nomadic herding of the world
(4.4)
Major areas of commercial livestock rearing
4-Primary Activities (4.6)
Major areas of extensive commercial grain
faming (4.12)
Major areas of mixed farming of the World
(4.14)
5-Secondary Activities Nil
6-Tertiary and Quaternary Activities Nil
Terminal Stations of Transcontinental
Railways– Trans-Siberian,
Trans Canadian, Trans-Australian Railways
Major Sea Ports
Europe: North Cape, London, Hamburg
North America: Vancouver, San Francisco,
New Orleans
South America: Rio De Janeiro, Colon,
Valparaiso
Africa: Suez and Cape Town
Asia: Yokohama, Shanghai, Hong Kong,
Aden, Karachi, Kolkata
7-Transport, Communication and Trade Australia: Perth, Sydney, Melbourne Major
Airports:
Asia: Tokyo, Beijing, Mumbai, Jeddah, Aden
Africa: Johannesburg & Nairobi
Europe: Moscow, London, Paris, Berlin and
Rome
North America: Chicago, New Orleans,
Mexico City
South America: Buenos Aires, Santiago
Australia: Darwin and Wellington
Inland Waterways
Suez Canal, Panama Canal, Rhine waterways
and St. Lawrence Seaways
8-International Trade Nil

7
 Map Items for locating and labeling on political outline map of India - People and
Economy
INDIA - PEOPLE AND ECONOMY
Chapter No. and Name Map Items
1-Population Distribution Density Growth and State with highest population density &
Composition state with lowest population density (2011)
2-Human Settlement Nil
Leading producing states of the following
crops:
3-Land Resources and Agriculture
(a) Rice (b) Wheat (c) Cotton (d) Jute (e)
Sugarcane (f) Tea and (g) Coffee
4-Water Resources Nil
Mines:
Iron-ore mines: Mayurbhanj, Bailadila,
Ratnagiri, Bellary
Manganese mines: Balaghat, Shimoga
Copper mines: Hazaribagh, Singhbhum,
5-Mineral And Energy Resources
Khetri
Bauxite mines: Katni, Bilaspur and Koraput
Coal mines: Jharia, Bokaro, Raniganj,
Neyveli
Oil Refineries: Mathura, Jamnagar, Barauni
6-Planning and Sustainable Development in
Indian Context Nil
7-Transport and Communication Nil
Mark and label the major sea ports and
airports on an outline map of India:
Major Sea Ports: Kandla, Mumbai, Marmagao,
Kochi, Mangalore, Tuticorin, Chennai,
8-International Trade Vishakhapatnam, Paradwip, Haldia
International Air ports: Ahmadabad, Mumbai,
Bengaluru, Chennai, Kolkata, Guwahati, Delhi,
Amritsar, Thiruvananthapuram & Hyderabad.

9-Geographical Perspective on selected issues and

problems Nil
GUIDELINES FOR INTERNAL ASSESSMENT/ GEOGRAPHY PRACTICAL
A practical file must be prepared by students covering all the topics prescribed in the practical syllabus.
The file should be completely handwritten with a cover page, index page and acknowledgment.
All statistical diagrams and maps should be drawn neatly with appropriate headings, scale, index etc.
Data to draw statistical diagrams can be taken from the NCERT text book or Census.
The practical file will be assessed both by the internal and external examiners at the time of CBSE practical
examinations.
A written exam of 25 marks will be conducted based on the above given practical syllabus on the day of the
practical exam.
Viva will be conducted based on practical syllabus only
Written Exam - 25 Marks
Practical files- 02 Marks
Viva- 03 Marks

CHAPTER-01
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY NATURE AND SCOPE
8
 GIST OF THE LESSION
● Networks of road, railways and waterways have often been described as “arteries of
circulation” because of their contribution to mankind.
● Who is known as Father of Human Geography- Fredrich Ratzel.
● The interaction between primitive society and nature is called ENVIRONMENTAL
Determinism
● Meaning and differences of Determinism, Possibilism & Neo determinism as
under:-

S.no BASIS Determinism Possibilism Neo-determinism

1 POWER Nature is Powerful Human is Powerful Neither nature nor

human is more
powerful

2 MASTER Humans are slave of Humans are Most Man, and Nature
/SLAVE Nature powerful are equally
(Omnipotent) powerful and work
together to shape
the geography of an
area.

3 E C Semple Vidal de la Blache Griffith Taylor

GEOGRAPHER

4 Naturalization of Humanisation of Stop and Go

ALSO CALLED Humans Nature Determinism/
Madhyam
Marg./e.g. Traffic
lights.

1. Technology loosens the shackles of the environment on human beings. Statement supports to -
A. Determinism C. Neo-Determinism
B. Possibilism D. None of these

2. Paradigm shift from Environmentalism to Possibilism was due to-

A. Global warming C. Technological Development
B. Globalisation D. Change in environment

3. Match column 01 to column-02 and make correct pairs and choose the correct answer with
the help of given codes.

Column-01 Column-02

I. Determinism 1. Paul vidal de la Blache

II. Possibilism 2. Griffith Taylor

III. Neo Determinism 3. Environmental Determinism

IV. Naturalization of Humans 4. Ratzel

CODES I II III IV

9
 A 2 4 3 1

B 4 1 2 3

C 1 3 4 2

D 3 4 2 1

4. Social Categories based on ethnicity, race and religion related to which school of
thoughts?
A. Welfare school of thought. C. Behavioral school of thought.
B. Humanistic school of thought. D. Radical school of thought.

5. Welfare and Humanistic school of thought in Human geography was mainly concerned with:
A. The different aspects of social well- being of the people.
B. The basic cause of poverty, deprivation and social inequalities.
C. The perception of space by social categories based on ethnicity, race and religion etc.
D. All of these.

6. Which of these factors is the most important consideration for the relationship between
humans and environment?
A. People’s perception C. Human intelligence
B. Technology D. Human brotherhood

7. Match the followings: -

Colum- 1 Colum- 2
I. Welfare or humanistic school of thought. a) Poverty
II. Radical school of thought. b) social categories based on ethnicity.
III. Behavioral school of thought. c) social wellbeing of people
Options:
1. i-c ii-b, iii-a
2. i-c ii-a iii-b
3. i-a ii-b iii- c
4. i-b ii-a iii-c

1. ‘The knowledge and understanding of the laws of nature are extremely valuable to
humankind ‘. Explain the values that can help to use the gifts of nature in a sustainable
manner.
Ans. a) The earth is the home of mankind.
b) All types of life support are provided by nature.
c) Examples of the human body are taken to correlate with natural landforms. For
example: face of earth, nose of glacier, eye of storm, mouth of river, etc.

2. Explain the concept of Possibilism with suitable examples.

OR
What do you mean by humanization of Nature? Explain

Ans. People began to understand their environment and the forces of nature with passage of time.
• The movement from state of necessity to a state of freedom creating possibilities with
resources obtained from environment.
• Nature provides opportunities and human beings make use of these opportunities.
10
 • More emphasis on humans than nature and man is active force.
• With the passage of time, we can see the imprints of human on Nature. It is called
humanization of Nature.
• No necessities but everywhere possibilities and man as master of these possibilities.

3. Which new concept was introduced by Griffith Taylor in the field of Human
geography? Describe this concept with examples.
Ans. The concept shows that neither is there a situation of absolute necessity nor is there
a condition of absolute freedom.
• Humans can conquer nature by obeying it.
• Gives equal importance to both Human and Nature for sustainable development.
• Possibilities can be created within the limits which do not damage the environment.
• Reflects a middle path between two ideas of environmental determinism and
possibilism.

4. Discuss the Nature and scope of Human Geography.

Ans. 1. Human geography studies the inter relationship between the physical environment and
socio-cultural environment created by man.
2. Elements of physical environment are land, water, soil, climate, vegetation, and fauna
3. Elements of cultural environment are transport and communication, settlements, crops.

11
 CHAPTER-02
The World Population- Distribution; Density and Growth
• Asia has many places where people are very few and few places where people are very many.
Statement given by George B. Cressey.
• Some major regions of the world where population density is found more than 200
persons per square km-N.E.USA, N.W. Europe, South East and East Asia.
• Continent with highest population growth- Africa
• Push factors-Which makes place of origin less attractive, pull factors- Which makes
place of destination more attractive.
• Katanga Zambia belt is well known for Copper.
• Country with highest population growth rate- Liberia (8.2), Country with lowest growth rate-
Latvia (-1.5)
• Kobe-Osaka region of Japan is densely populated due to Industrialisation.
• Extreme climate regions (less than 01 person per sq km) are having low density of
population e.g.-North and South Pole, hot and cold desert, areas near equator due to heavy
rain.
• Components of population change or Process of population change
• Crude Birth Rate-It is expressed as the number of live births in a year per thousands of
populations.
• Crude Death Rate-It is expressed as the number of deaths in a particular year per thousand
of population. Population growth occurs not only by increasing births rate but also due to
decreasing deaths rate also.
• Migration - Immigration (Move into a new place) and Emigration-(Move out of a place)
these also effect on population change either population is increased or decreased.

Patterns of Population Distribution

• Pop. Distribution refers to “the way the people are spaced over the earth surface”
• 90 % of people are living in 10% of land.
• 10 most populous countries (CHINA, INDIA, USA, INDONESIA, BRAZIL, PAKISTAN,
RUSSIA, BANGLADESH, MEXICO& NIGERIA) contribute 60% of world population.

12
 Density of Population -Ratio between people and Land/area
➢ Measured in persons per sq. km
➢ Density = Total population
Total Area (km sq)
➢ HIGH DENSITY AREAS: (more than 200persons/sq km) NE U.S.A., NW EUROPE, S, SE, &
E. ASIA
➢ LOW DENSITY AREAS (less the 1 person / sq km) HOT AND COLD
DESERTS, LOWLATITUDE AREAS
➢ MEDIUM DENSITY: (11-50 persons /sq.km) OTHER THAN ABOVE TWO AREAS
Population Growth
• Change in number of persons of a place during a specific point of time, it may be positive or
negative
• It may be represented in absolute numbers /percentage
• Change in population is an indicator of Economic Development.

Formulas of
Natural Growth = Births – Deaths
Actual Growth = Births - Deaths +In migration-out migration
Population Control Measures
● Family planning is the spacing and preventing the birth of children. Thomas Malthus theory
(1793) states that the number of people would grow faster than the food supply thus leading
to famine, diseases and war.
● Therefore, it is essential to control the population. This is undertaken through measures like
awareness for family planning, free availability of contraceptives, tax disincentives and
active propaganda.

1. Consider the following statements and select the correct answer from the codes given below:
Assertion: The growth rate of population in developing countries is higher than that of
developed countries.
Reason: Low level of economic development leads to high total fertility rate.
OPTIONS-
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.

2. Consider the following and choose the correct answer from the given options
Assertion: The world population was around 2 billion in 1990 which has rocketed to about
6billion by 2000.
Reason: Increase in longevity due to a decline in death rate, maternal mortality rate, and the
infant mortality rate has been some major causes of population explosion.
OPTIONS-
A. Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion
B. Both Assertion and reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
C. Assertion is correct but reason is incorrect.
D. Both Assertion and reason are incorrect.

3. Read the statements given below and choose the correct answer. Assertion:
China is the most populous country of the world. Reason: Its density of
population is much lower than that of India.

13
 OPTIONS-
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.

4. Which of the following pair is not correctly matched?

REGIONS FACTOR OF HIGH DENSITY
A. Kobe-Osaka region in Japan - Presence of industries
B. Mediterranean Regions -Pleasant climate
C. Ganga Plains -Scenic beauty
D. Mega cities -Good civic amenities and employment

5. Match the column I with column II and choose the correct answer with the help of given
Code-
COLUMN I COLUMN II
I. Water 1. Uncomfortable for human habitation
II. Extreme climate 2. Births – Deaths
III. Density of Population 3. Most important factor of life
IV. Natural Growth 4. Population
Area
OPTIONS-
A. 1 2 3 4
B. 4 3 2 1
C. 3 4 1 2
D. 3 1 4 2

6. Patterns of population distribution and density of population helps us to understand-

A. Regional imbalances of an area
B. Demographic characteristics of any area
C. Uneven topography of an area
D. Developmental level of an area

7. Population increased by difference between births and deaths in a particular region

between two points of time.

A. Natural Growth of Population

B. Population Growth Rate
C. Positive Growth of Population
D. Negative Growth of Population

8. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the given options
1. Population grew rapidly during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
2. Expansion of world trade during the sixteenth and seventeenth century was an important reason
for it.
A. Only statement 1 is correct.
B. Only statement 2 is correct.
C. Both the statements are incorrect.
D. Both statements are correct and statement 2 correctly explains the statement.

14
9. Consider the following points regarding the growing population in developing world and
choose the correct options from the given options;
1. Birth rate is extremely high as compared to the death rate.
2. Lack of availability and knowledge of contraception and family planning.
OPTIONS-
A. Only statement 1 is correct.
B. Only statement 2 is correct
C. Both the statements are correct but statement 2 doesn't correctly explain the
Statement 1

D. Both statements are correct and statement 2 correctly explains the statement 1

10. Which of the following is not a PULL factor of migration?

A. Better job opportunities C. Socio-economic backwardness
B. Peace and stability D. Security of life

11. Which of the following is not a PUSH factor of migration?

A. Poor living conditions C. Epidemics
B. Political turmoil D. Pleasant climate

12. Which of the following factors helped in the reduction of birth rate and provided a stage for
accelerated population growth?
A. Technological advancement C. Development of resources
B. Industrial Revolution D. None of the above

13. What kind of correlation we found between economic development and population
growth?
A. Positive C. Partially positive and partially negative
B. Negative D. Question is not applicable

1. Explain the Geographical Factors which affect the distribution of population. Ans.
Geographical Factors-
(A) Availability of water-Example- River valley civilisations and urban areas
located near rivers are developed due to the extent of agriculture and industries etc.
(B) Landforms-Plains are most suitable areas for the development of human
settlements, agriculture and industries. While in Hilly areas population is found low due to
tough topographical conditions.
(C) Climate-Higher population concentration is found in suitable climatic areas
while low population concentration is found in unpleasant (harsh) climatic areas.
(D) Soils-Fertile soils are good for agricultural activities. That's why the river plains of
the world with alluvial soils are densely populated.

2. Explain the economic & social political Factors which affect the distribution of
population.
Ans. Economic Factors-
(A) Minerals- Areas famous for special minerals attract a higher population. For example-
Katanga Zambia for copper (Africa), Karlgoorly and Kulgardi for gold (Australia).
(B) Urbanisation- Towns and cities provide better facilities regarding employment, education
and health etc. These attract the population from rural areas.
(C) Industrialization- Industrial areas provide job opportunities to a large number of people.
Example-Kobe Osaka region of Japan and Mumbai, Ahmedabad region of India are
densely populated.

15
 Social and Cultural Factors-
Some areas of the world are densely or thickly populated due to their social, religious and
cultural significance. Example Ajmer, Makka Madina etc.

3. “Population of any region changes from rural agrarian, illiterate to advanced

industrialised urban and literate population” Explain the statements with some
arguments.
OR
Describe the features of three stages of Demographic Transition Theory.
Ans. Introduction- It is used to describe and predict about the future population of any area. This
theory describes that the population of any region changes from rural agrarian, illiterate to
advanced industrialized urban literate society.

Stages of Demographic Transition Theory/ Model

(1) FIRST STAGE-
(i) High fertility and high mortality because people reproduce more to compensate for deaths
due to epidemics and variable food supply.
(ii) Population growth is slow and large families are assets.
(iii) Low Literacy and low level of technology. Two hundred years ago all the countries were
in this stage. (present example-Bangladesh)
(2) SECOND STAGE-
(i) High fertility and low mortality. result- Rapid growth /Population explosion
(ii) These decrease due to improvement in health and sanitation facilities.
(iii) Present examples- Peru, Srilanka and Kenya.
(3) THIRD STAGE-
(i) Both fertility and mortality decline considerably.
(ii) Population either is slow or stable.
(iii) The population becomes urbanised, literate and has high technological knowledge.
Examples- Japan, USA and Canada (Developed countries).

16
 CHAPTER-03
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• A positive change in quality is known as development.
• Dr Mahabub-ul-Haq introduced the concept of Human Development.
• According to Dr Mahabub-ul-Haq “Human development enlarges people’s choices and
improves their lives.”
• Meaningful life means -Peoples must have a goal, must be healthy, must be free and must
participate in societies.
• Three key areas (Parameter/indicators considered by UNDP) of human development are
- (1) Health (2) Education (3) Access to resources (Per Capita Income)
• The International Labour Organisation (ILO) proposed the basic need approach.
• The capabilities approach is associated with Prof. Amartya Sen.
• Bhutan measures the country's progress in terms of Gross National Happiness (GNH .
• The Human Development Report is published every year by UNDP since 1990.
• Norway has the highest rank in the Human Development Index.
Groups and range of human development
• Level of human development • Score range
• Very high • Above 0.8 and above
• high • 0.700 to 7.99
• medium • Between 0.50 to 0.699
• low • Below 0.5
• Size of territory and per capita income are not directly related to human development,
because smaller countries have done better than large ones in human development.
• Human poverty index (HPI) is more reliable than HDI because it measures short fall of
human development.

Reasons for high HDI-

• Investment more in the social sector
• Good governance
• Free from political turmoil and instability
• four countries having high HDI- Norway, Iceland, Australia, Luxembourg

Reasons for low HDI-

• Political turmoil
• Social instability
• Famine
• High incidence of diseases
• four countries having low HDI -Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Mali

Differentiate between growth and development.

Growth Development

1. Growth is quantitative 1.Development is qualitative

2. Growth is value neutral 2. Development is always value positive

3. Growth may be either positive or 3. Development is a positive change in

negative. quality.

1. Read the assertion and reason and select the correct option. Statement 1:
Development occurs when positive growth takes place. Statement 2:
Positive growth always leads to development.
17
A. Only 1 is correct
B. Only 2 is correct
C. Both the statements are incorrect.
D. Both statements are correct and statement 2 correctly explains the statement 1

2. Statement 1: Human development means enlarging people choices and raising the level of
well-being.
Statement 2: Human development can be achieved by investing more on health and
education.
A. Only 1 is correct
B. Only 2 is correct
C. Both the statements are incorrect.
D. Both statements are correct and statement 2 correctly explains the statement 1

3. Following columns are related to human development. Which column is matched

correctly?
A. Income Approach: Human development is linked with
industrialgrowth.
B. Welfare Approach: It is the oldest approach.
C. Basic Need Approach: Human choices are ignored and emphasis
on the provision of basic needs.
D. Capability Approach: It was introduced by Dr. Mehboob ul Haq.
4. Following columns are related to human development. Which column is NOT matched
correctly?
A Equity: Equal access to opportunity
B Sustainability: Continuity in the availability of opportunities
C Productivity: building capabilities in people for better work efficiency
D Empowerment: Right to contest in election

5. Making equal access to opportunities available to everyone refers to…

A. Empowerment. C. Equity
B. Productivity D. Sustainability

6. For many decades, a country’s level of development was measured only in terms of?

A. Industrial growth
B. Agricultural growth
C. Economic growth
D. Population growth

7. Consider the following statements, find out the incorrect statement?

A. Growth is quantitative while development is qualitative.
B. Growth is value neutral and development is value positive.
C. Growth and development refer to changes over a period of time.
D. Positive growth always leads to development.

8. Which among the following is not an important aspect of human development?

A. Leading a long and healthy life.
B. Being able to gain knowledge.
18
C. Limited access to knowledge.
D. Able to live a decent life

9. Which one among the following statement is not true?

A. HDI was introduced in 1990.
B. It was created by Dr. Mahbub ul Haq and Prof Amartya Sen.
C. The WHO published HDI annually since 1990.
D. Nobel Laureate Prof Amartya Sen saw an increase in freedom as the main objective of
development.

1. Discuss in detail about the alternative view of development given by Dr. Mahboob- ul-
Haq and pf. Amartya Sen?
Ans The idea of development meant quality of life for people, increased opportunities and
freedom. The works of Mahboob-ul-Haq and Amartya Sen are important in this regard.
According to Haq- development is all about enlarging people’s choice in order to lead long,
healthy lives with dignity. The basic goal of development is to create conditions where
people can live meaningful lives.
Prof Amartya Sen saw an increase in freedom as the main objective of development.
The works of these economists are path breaking and have succeeded in bringing people to the
centre of any discussion on development.

2. What are three indicators of measuring human development used by UNDP? OR

Explain the process used by UNDP to measures the level of human development index.
Ans UNDP uses HDI and HPI (HUMAN POVERTY INDEX)
(1) Health: - life expectancy at birth indicates better health.
(2) Education: - Two aspects are included-(a) Adult literacy rate,
(b) Gross Enrolment Ratio
E.
(1) Access to Resources/Per Capita income: - It is measured in terms of purchasing power (in
U.S. dollars).
The weightage of 0 .33 is given to each indicators.so HDI is the sum of the weightage
assigned to indicators. The countries which score 0.8 & above out of 1 have very high human
development. The countries which score 0.3 & low out of 1 have low human development.

2. Explain four pillars of human development.

Ans Easy formula for remembering pillars of human development (SEEP)
(See highlighted words)
(1) Sustainability - It means continuity in the availability of opportunities
(2) Equity - refers to equal opportunities to everybody
(3) Empowerment -Increasing freedom and capability.
(4) Productivity -. Therefore, efforts to increase their knowledge, ultimately leads to better work
efficiency.

3. Explain four approaches of human development.

Ans Easy formula for remembering approaches: CBI W (See highlighted words)
(a) The Income approach: - This is one of the oldest approaches which link the
development to income.
(b) The Welfare approach: - This approach gives emphasis on the welfare of the people by
maximizing expenditure on education, health and amenities.
(c) Basic need approach: - This approach was initially proposed by the International
Labour Organisation (ILO). In this approach emphasis is on providing six basic needs i.e.:
health, education, food, water supply, sanitation, and housing.
(d) Capability approach: - This approach focuses on building human capabilities like
health and education This approach is associated with Prof. Amartya Sen.
19
 CHAPTER - 04

PRIMARY ACTIVITIES

• Hunting and gathering is the oldest economic activity.

• There are five types of human (Economic) activities-Primary, Secondary, Tertiary,
Quaternary and Quinary.
• People engaged in primary activities also known as red collar workers.
• Primary activities include agriculture, mining, pastoralism, cultivation, fishing, and
forestry.
Types of Agriculture (Farming) and their features
TYPE OF SIZE Objectives / AREA Features
AGRICULTUR OF Purpose PRACTICED
E FAR
M
PRIMITIVE Small SUBSISTENC Practiced in tropical 1. Practiced by tribes
SUBSISTENC size E zone of Africa, with manual labour.
E (For fulfilling South & Central 2. Known as Slash and
AGRICULTU need of America and South – Burn / Shifting
RE Family) East Asia. agriculture.
3. Ash is used to
increase fertility of soil.
4. It is known as –
Jhuming – N.E. India,
Milpa – Mexico
Ladang – Malaysia &
Indonesia.

EXTENSIVE Very Commercial Practiced in 1. Wheat is the

COMMERCI Large for selling in 1. Eurasian steppes principal crop of this
AL GRAIN market. 2. Canadian and farming
FARMING American Prairies 2. Other crops grown
3.The Pampas of are corn, barley, oats
Argentina and rye.
4. Velds of South 3. Capital Intensive &
Africa highly mechanized
5. Downs of farming.
Australia. 4. Low yield
6. Canterbury (Production) per acre
Plains of New but high yield per
Zealand person.

20
 PLANTATION Very Commercial The French 1. This farming was
AGRICULTUR Large for selling in established cocoa and introduced by the
E market. coffee plantations in Europeans.
west Africa. 2. It needs large capital
Coffee Fazenda in investment and
Brazil are still technical support.
managed by 3. It is practiced with
Europeans. Scientific methods.
The British set up tea 4. Mainly single crop is
gardens in India and grown. (Monoculture)
Sri Lanka, Rubber 5. It requires cheap
plantations in labour and good
Malaysia, Sugarcane network of
and banana transportation.
plantations in West
Indies.

Transhumance -
• The process of seasonal migration along with their cattle is known as transhumance.
• In mountain regions, such as Himalayas, Gujjars, Bakarwals, Gaddis and Bhotiyas migrate
from plains to the mountains in summers and to the plains from the high-altitude pastures in
winters.
• In the tundra regions, the nomadic herders move from south to north in summers and from
north to south in winters.

Hunting and Gathering –

• Oldest occupation
• Primitive societies depend on animals they hunted and edible plants which they gathered.
• Practiced in harsh climate conditions – (a) High latitude areas such as Eurasia, Southern
Chile. (b) Low latitude such asAmazon, Congo, S.E. Asian countries.

Cooperative farming-
• Cultivation of crops is willingly done by a group of farmers by using their resources and tools
to make it profitable.
• This type of farming is practiced mostly in the western European countries e.g. Denmark,
Sweden and Italy.

Collective farming-
• Small farms of different farmers are merged collectively. This is called Collective farming.

21
 • Farming on the basis of collective labour and resources was started in the Soviet Union, this
is known as Kolkhoz.

• Factors Affecting Mining Activity

(i) Physical factors include the size, grade and the mode of occurrence of the deposits. (ii)
Economic factors such as the demand for the mineral, technology available and used, capital
to develop infrastructure and the labour and transport costs.

• Methods of Mining: -
(i) The surface mining: -
Also known as open-cast mining is the easiest and the cheapest way of mining minerals that
occur close to the surface.
(ii) Underground mining method (shaft method): -
When the ore lies deep below the surface has to be used. It requires specially designed lifts,
drills, haulage vehicles, ventilation system for safetyand efficient movement of people and
material.

Multiple Choice Questions -

1. Consider and evaluate the following statements than choose correct options for them from
the given options.
Assertion (A) – Gathering is the oldest economic activity known.
Reason (R) – This type of economic activity operates at a very low level of technology.
Options –
A. A is true but R is false
B. A is false and R is true
C. Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
D. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Match the column I with column II and choose the correct options with the help of given
codes.
COLUMN I COLUMN II
A. Hunting and gathering 1. Practiced in ranches
B. Nomadic herding 2. Low yield per unit area
C. Commercial livestock rearing 3. Transhumance
D. Extensive Commercial grain cultivation 4. Primitive

A B C D
A. 4 2 1 3
B. 2 3 1 4
C. 3 4 2 1
D. 4 3 1 2

3. Which one of the following is not the characteristic of extensive commercial grain
cultivation?
A. Size of the farm is very large C. High yield per unit area
B. Low yield per unit area D. Mechanisation of cultivation

4. Which is not the characteristic of commercial livestock rearing?

A. Genetic improvement C. Health care of animals
B. Rearing of single species or animals D. Rearing of multi-species of animals

22
5. Which of the following column is not matched correctly?
Activity Characteristics
A. Truck farming Growing of vegetables
B. Factory farming Rearing of poultry and cattle

C. Market gardening Growing of flowers

D. Viticulture Rearing of fish

1. Describe the main characteristics of Market gardening and horticulture.

Ans: This is a type of farming in which Vegetables, fruits and flowers are grown to sale in the
market.
● Chemical fertilizers, HYVs seeds and pesticides are extensively used.
● Practiced near cities and towns in the North eastern U.S.A. and Europe which are well
connected by roadways with markets.
● Cultivation of vegetables which are carried from farm to the market by trucks is called
Truck farming.
● The Cultivation of flowers is called floriculture eg: - Tulip from Netherland is exported to
other European countries.

2. Describe the main characteristics of Mediterranean agriculture. In which parts of the

world this type of agriculture is practiced?
Ans: Characteristics
● Mainly citrus fruits (Orange, Lemons) are produced in it.
● Viticulture or grape cultivation is a specialty of the Mediterranean region.
● This region also produces olives and figs.
Distribution in the World: -
1. The countries on either side of the Mediterranean Sea in Europe and in north Africa from
Tunisia to Atlantic coast,
2. Southern California
3. Central Chile
4. South western parts of South Africa
5. South and south western parts of Australia.

Note – Five Marks questions based on Nomadic Herding, Commercial Livestock Rearing,
Plantation, Extensive Commercial Grain Farming, Mixed Farming and Dairy Farming – are
given in sample paper attached herein.

23
 CHAPTER-05

SECONDARY ACTIVITIES
• Manufacturing literally means ‘to make by hand’. However, now it includes goods ‘made by
machines.
• Industries based on cheap, bulky and weight-losing material (ores) are located close to the
sources of raw material such as steel, sugar, and cement industries.
• The Silicon Valley near San Francisco and Silicon Forest near Seattle are examples of
technopolies.
• Classification of Industries –
Based on Based on Based on Inputs/ Raw Based on Output/Product
size ownership Materials
Household or Public Agro-based Basic industries
cottage sector Ex.- Sugar, Cotton Ex- Iron &Steel
industry industry

Small-scale Private Mineral based The consumer goods

sector Ex.- Iron & Steel, Cement, industries.
industry Aluminium Ex.- Vehicles, Biscuits,
Television
Large-scale Joint sector Chemical based
industry
Ex.- Plastic, Petro
Chemical
Forest based
Ex- Timber, Paper
Animal based
Ex.- Wool, Leather

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is the main factor responsible for the localization of
aluminum industry?
A. Raw material C. Power
B. Labour D. Market

24
2. Which of the following statement is incorrect?
A. Foot loose industries can be located in a wide variety of places
B. They are not dependent on any specific raw material,
C. They produce in huge quantity.
D. These are generally not polluting industries.

3. Which of the following features are related to manufacturing.

A. Manufacturing literally means to make by hand.
B. The term industry is also used as synonymous with ‘manufacturing’.
C. Some secondary activities are not carried out in factories such as ‘entertainment
industry’ and Tourism industry.
D. All of these

Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the given options -

4. Assertion: The iron and steel industry is called a basic industry.

Reason: It provides raw material for other industries.
A. Only assertion is correct
B. Only reason is correct
C. Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation for
assertion
D. Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct explanation for
assertion.

5. Assertion: Household - Industries is the smallest manufacturing unit.

Reason: This kind of manufacturing developed in the last 200 years, in the United
Kingdom, north-eastern U.S.A. and Europe.
A. Only assertion is correct
B. Only reason is correct
C. Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation for
assertion.
D. Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct explanation for assert.

6. Assertion - Major concentrations of modern manufacturing have flourished in a few

nations.
Reason - These nations have become the centers of economic and political power.
Options:
A. Only assertion is correct
B. Only reason is correct

C. Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation for
assertion
D. Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct explanation for
assertion

7. Assertion - Automation is the advanced stage of mechanisation.

Reason - automation and flexibility of industrial processes have reduced the dependence of
industry upon the labours.
Options:
25
A. Only assertion is correct
B. Only reason is correct
C. Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation for
assertion
D. Both are correct but not related to each other

8. Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

NAME OF THE INDUSTRY BASED ON
A. Food Processing Agro-based
B. Cement Industry Mineral-based
C. Paper Industry Forest-based
D. Vehicle Industry Basic Industry

9. Which unit provides employment and raises local purchasing power –

A. Household manufacturing C. Large scale manufacturing
B. Small scale manufacturing D. Foot loose industries

10. Match the followings –

NAME OF THE INDUSTRY BASED ON
A. Iron and Steel Industry (i) Non-ferrous metallic minerals
B. Copper Industry (ii) Non-metallic minerals
C. Cement Industry (iii) Chemicals
D. Synthetic Fiber Industry (iv) Ferrous metallic Minerals
A B C D
A. (iv) (ii) (i) (iii)
B. (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)
C. (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
D. (iii) (ii) (iv) (i)

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. “Secondary activities add value to natural resources.’ Explain with examples.
Ans: Secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials into more
usable products. Most of the materials from the farm, forest, mine and the sea are
transformed into valuable products.
• Cotton in the bale has little use but after it is transformed into yam, it becomes more useful
and valuable.
• Iron ore, directly from the mines, is practically useless; but after being made into steel gets its
value and can be used for making many valuable machines.

2. Why small-scale manufacturing is important for developing countries? Ans:

Small scale manufacturing is important for developing countries because -
• It provides employment
• Raises local purchasing power.
• Countries like India, China, Indonesia and Brazil, etc. have developed labour-intensive
small-scale manufacturing in order to provide employment to their population.

26
3. What are the two broad types of world’s major industrial regions on the basis of the
system of large-scale manufacturing?
Ans: (i) traditional large-scale industrial regions which are thickly clustered in a few more
developed countries.
(ii) high-technology large scale industrial regions which are seen in less developed
countries.

4. What do you mean by technopolies? Mention any two examples.

Ans:
• High-tech industries like computer added design, Robotics etc which are regionally
concentrated, self-sustained and highly specialized are called technopolies.
• The Silicon Valley near San Francisco and Silicon Forest near Seattle are examples of
technopolies.
• Bangalore is also considered as technopolies in India

5. Describe any three characteristics of agro based industries in the world.

Ans: Agri-business is commercial farming on an industrial scale often financed by business.
• Agri-business farms are mechanized, large in size, highly structured, reliant on chemicals.
• It may be described as agro-factories.
• Example: large corporations in tea plantation business.

6. Write the differences between large scale industry and small-scale industry with
suitable examples for each.
Ans: Difference is given in following table: -
Basis Small scale Large scale
Labour Semi-skilled labour is engaged Skilled and specialized
workers are engaged
Production One step of production take place All steps of production
in moderate quantity take place in large quantity

Capital Less capital investment Huge capital investment

Technology Use simple power-driven machines Uses advanced
technology
Others It provides employment and raise Developed in the last 200
local purchasing power years in developed countries

7. What is agri-business? What are the important characteristics of agri-business

farms?
Ans: The commercial farming on large scale which is financed by business house who don’t have
direct interest in agriculture.
• Agri-business farms are mechanized, large in size, highly structured having all facilities,
reliant on chemicals, and may be described as ‘Agro-factories’
• Example- large corporations in tea plantation business.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Discuss characteristics of modern large-scale manufacturing. Ans:
Characteristics of modern large-scale manufacturing are as following:
➢ Specialisation of Skills/Methods of Production - Production takes place at large scale. Each
worker performing only one task repeatedly.
➢ Mechanisation - In mechanisation machines and gadgets are used for production of
goods. Automation is the advanced stage of mechanisation.
27
➢ Technological Innovation - Technological innovation has become an essential feature of
manufacturing industry. Technology aims at improving quality, controlling pollution and
eliminating wastes.
➢ Organisational Structure and Stratification - Modern manufacturing is characterised by:
a. A complex machine technology
b. Extreme specialisation and division of labour for producing more goods with less effort, and
low costs
c. Vast capital
d. Large organisations
e. Executive bureaucracy.
➢ Uneven Geographic Distribution - Major concentrations of modern manufacturing have
flourished in a few numbers of places. These cover less than 10 per cent of the world’s land
area.
2. Discuss the factors which determine location of an industry.
OR
“There is unequal distribution of industry”. Justify the statement.
Ans: Important factors which determine the location of an industry are as following:
➢ Access to Raw Material: Industries that use heavy and weight-losing raw materials tend to be
closer to raw material sources such as the steel, sugar and cement industries.
➢ Access to Labour Supply: Industries are generally more concentrated in areas of cheap and
skilled labour where the cost of production is reduced.
➢ Access to Sources of Energy: Industries that use more power tend to be concentrated
closerto sources of energy supply, such as the aluminium industry.
➢ Access to Transportation and Communication Facilities: Quick and efficient
transportation and communication facilities are needed to transport the raw materials to the
factory and the finished goods to the market. Thus, quick transportation is also important in
industrial location.
➢ Government Policy: Governments adopt ‘regional policies’ to promote ‘balanced’ economic
development so it promotes setting up of industries in particular areas.
➢ Access to Agglomeration Economies / Links between Industries: Many industries benefit
from nearness to a leader-industry and other industries. Savings are derived from the linkages
which exist between different industries.

Note-Three Marks questions based on cottage Industry, Small scale Industry, Foot loose
Industry, classification according ownership and High tech. Industry – are given in
sample paper attached herein.

CHAPTER - 06 TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES

● Tertiary sector is also known as service sector. Like Teacher, Engineer, Banker etc.
● Retail trading is the business activity concerned with the sale of goods directly to the
consumers.
● Wholesale Trading is trading in between producers and merchants in bulk.
● Transport is a service or facility by which people, materials and manufactured goods are
physically carried from one location to another.
● Communication - exchange of words and massages, facts and ideas from one to
another.
● Telecommunications- means telegraph, Morse code and telex in last century and now
satellites, mobile, telephony etc. are used.
● Mass Media- means communicating messages to large number of people around the
world. e.g. Radio, Television, Newspaper etc.
● Isochrones lines are drawn on a map to join places equal in terms of the time taken to reach
them.
● Quaternary Activities: it includes Software Developers, Mutual Fund Managers,
28
 Scientists, consultants etc.
● Quinary Activities: These include High level decision makers, govt policy makers,
Administrators, research scientists etc. They are also known as Gold collar professions.
● Outsourcing means giving work to an outside agency to improve efficiency and to reduce cost.
● BPO stands for Business Process Outsourcing like call centers.
● KPO stands for Knowledge Process Outsourcing which involves skilled workers and enables
companies to create business e.g. learning, business, research etc.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which one out of the following statements is not true?
A. Outsourcing reduces costs and increases efficiency.
B. At times engineering and manufacturing jobs can also be outsourced.
C. BPOs have better business opportunities as compared to KPOs.
D. There may be dissatisfaction among job seekers in the countries that outsource the job.

2. Isochrones are lines that join places of equal:

A. Km distance C. Cost Distance
B. Time Distance D. Profit distance

3. Which of the following features is related to Chain stores?

A. They have the ability to experiment in one store and apply the results to many.
B. They are able to purchase merchandise most economically.
C. They employ highly skilled specialists in large numbers.
D. All of these

4. Quaternary activities involve which of the following?

A. Collection of Information C. Dissemination of information
B. Production of Information D. All of these

5. When outsourcing involves transferring work to overseas locations, it is

described by the term –
A. Home - shoring, C. Near – shoring
B. Off – shoring D. Digital Divide

29
6. Which of the following features is not related to Periodic Market -
A. It’s found in those areas where there are no regular markets
B. These are organised at temporal intervals.
C. Highly skilled specialists are employed.
D. Periodic markets move from one place to another.

Consider the following statements and choose the correct option: -

7. Assertion: The Information and Communication Technology based development is
unevenly distributed across the globe.
Reason: Developed countries in general have surged forward, the developing countries have
lagged behind.
a. Only assertion is correct
b. Only reason is correct
c. Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation for
assertion
d. Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct explanation for
assertion

8. Assertion: Data processing is an IT related services are easily carried out in Asian, East
European and African countries.
Reason: In these countries IT skilled staff with good English language skills is available at
lower wages than those in the developed countries.
A. Only assertion is correct
B. Only reason is correct
C. Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation for
assertion
D. Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct explanation for
assertion

9. Assertion: Outsourcing has resulted in the opening up of a large number of call Centres in
India, China, Eastern Europe, Israel, Philippines and Costa Rica.
Reason: Outsourcing countries are facing resistance from job-seeking youths in their
respective countries.
A. Only assertion is correct
B. Only reason is correct
C. Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation for assertion
D. Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct explanation for
assertion

10. Assertion: Tertiary activities include both production and exchange.

Reason: In a developed economy, the majority of workers get employment in tertiary
activities.
A. Only assertion is correct
B. Only reason is correct
C. Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation for assertion
D. Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct explanation for
assertion.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What do you mean by tertiary activities? “Tertiary activities include both
production and exchange”. Prove this statement.
Ans.

30
⚫ Tertiary activities refer to service sector in which there is no production of goods. Only
services are provided against the payment of money.
⚫ It includes both production and exchange. The production involves the ‘provision’ of services
that are ‘consumed’. The output is indirectly measured in terms of wages and salaries.
⚫ Exchange, involves trade, transport and communication facilities that are used to overcome
distance.

2. What are Periodic markets? Write any two characteristics of Periodic markets.
Ans.
⚫ A “periodic Market” is public gathering of buyers and sellers of commodities at an
appointed place at regular intervals.
⚫ Periodic markets in rural areas are found where there are no regular markets.
⚫ These may be weekly, bi-weekly markets from where people from the surrounding areas meet
their temporally accumulated demand.
⚫ These markets are held on specified dates and move from one place to another.

3. Differentiate between wholesale and retail trade.

Ans: Retail trade -
1. The sale and buying of goods directly to the consumers in less quantity is called Retail trade.
2. Most of the retail trading takes place in fixed establishments or stores solely devoted to
selling.
3. Street peddling, handcarts, trucks, door-to-door, mail-order, telephone, automatic
vending machines and internet are examples of non-store retail trading.
Wholesale trade –
1. The sale and buying of goods and services in large quantity to traders from factories, not
directly to consumers is called Wholesale trade.
2. Some large stores including chain stores are able to buy directly from the manufacturers.
3. Wholesalers often extend credit to retail stores to such an extent that the retailer
operates very largely on the wholesaler’s capital.

4. Differentiate between rural marketing centers and Urban marketing centers.

Ans: Rural marketing centers –

Rural Marketing Centers Urban Marketing Centers

They cater to nearby settlements. They cater to large population at
large distance.
Personal and professional services are not Personal and professional services are
well-developed. well-developed.
They only provide ordinary services and They provide ordinary and
goods. specialized goods & services required by
people.
They provide goods and services which are They offer specialized markets for
most frequently demanded by rural people. labour, housing, semi or finished
products.
They serve as local collecting and
distributing centers like mandis and
retailing areas.

5. Write the characteristics of Chain Stores.

Ans: Chain store is one of several similar shops that are owned by the same person or company.
• Chain Stores are able to purchase merchandise most economically, often going so far as to
direct the goods to be manufactured to their specification.
• They employ highly skilled specialists in many executive tasks.

31
• They have the ability to experiment in one store and apply the results to many.

6. What are the differences between quaternary and Quinary activities?

Ans: Quaternary activities: -
Quaternary activities Quinary activities
These activities centered on research and These activities focus on creation,
development which requires specialized rearrangement and interpretation of new
knowledge, technical skills and practices. and existing ideas, data interpretation and
use and evolution
of newtechnologies
The people work in this sector is called white The people work in this sector are called
collar workers. gold collar workers

It includes research analysist, counsellors, It includes the highest level of decision

professors etc. makers and policy makers as politicians,
bureaucrats (Government Officials),
financial and legal advisors
etc.

7. Write a short note on digital divide.

Ans: Unequal access and opportunities to information and communication technology is known as
Digital Divide.
• Digital divide exists in both developed and developing countries and within a country also. In
India or Russia, it is seen in between people living in metropolitan cities and rural areas.
• Developed countries are having less digital divide as compare to developing countries.

8. What is transport? Discuss the factors which affect the development of transport.
Ans: Transport is a service, facility and medium by which people, materials and manufactured
products are physically carried from one place to another.
The development of road network is not the same everywhere because demand for
transport is influenced by various factors –
1. Size of population 4. Presence of the markets
2. Level of economic development 5. Pattern of trade
3. Topography 6. Types of climate and
7. Funds availability

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. “Outsourcing (off – shoring) is a mixed model of development for some areas and
problems for otherareas.” Evaluate the statement.
Ans: Outsourcing is giving work to an outside agency to reduce cost, improve the quality
andincrease the profit.
• Outsourcing is the model of development for some areas because It provides new
opportunities of development.
• It improves the skills scales and it reduces the out-migration due to availability of
employmentbut. It is the cause of problems in some Nations because it negatively affects the
economy.
• Facing resistance of job seeking youths.

2. "Services are very important aspect for economic development of a country". Analyze
the statement by explaining five components of a service sector.
Ans: Service sector is a very important for the development of the economy in the world. It is
related to all kinds of services like education, health, welfare, business services etc. in
exchange of payments. This sector also provides employment to large number of people. The
32
 major components of services are: -
• Business services like advertising legal services public relations and counselling.
• Finance, insurance and real estate includes banking services.
• Wholesale and retail trading with the production and consumers.
• Transport and communication such as railway, roadways, shipping, airlines services etc.
• Entertainment and mass media such as television, radio, films, magazines and
newspapers.
3. Outsourcing is a mixed model of development for some areas and problems for other
areas. Evaluate the statement.
Ans: Outsourcing is giving work to an outside agency to reduce cost, improve the quality andincrease the
profit. Outsourcing is the model of development for some areas because-
• It provides new opportunities of development.
• It improves the skills scales and It reduces the out-migration due to availability of
employmentbut
• It is the cause of problems in some Nations because negatively affect the economy.
• Facing resistance of job seeking youths.

4. "Services are very important aspect for economic development of a country".

Analyse the statement by explaining five components of a service sector.

33
Ans: Service sector is a very important for the development of the economy in the world. It is
related to all kinds of services like education, health, welfare, business services etc. in
exchange of payments. This sector also provides employment to large number of people. The
major components of services are: -
• Business services like advertising legal services public relations and counselling.
• Finance, insurance and real estate includes banking services.
• Wholesale and retail trading with the production and consumers.
• Transport and communication such as railway, roadways, shipping, airlines services etc.
• Entertainment and mass media such as television, radio, films, magazines and newspapers. Note
– Three Marks questions based K.P.O. and B.P.O, Tourism and Medical Tourism
are given in sample paper attached herein.

CHAPTER- 07 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

NOTES -
• Transport service is an organised facility to carry goods and passengers from one place to
another.
• Trans-Canadian Highway - This Highway links Vancouver in British Columbia to St. John’s
City in Newfoundland.
• Pan-American Highway- The Pan-American Highway, a large portion of which has been
constructed, will connect the countries of South America, Central America and U.S.A.-
Canada.
• Trans-Continental Stuart Highway- The Trans-Continental Stuart Highway connects
Darwin (north coast) and Melbourne via Tennant Creek and Alice Springs in Australia.
• Channel Tunnel - Channel Tunnel, operated by Euro Tunnel Group through England,
connects London with Paris.
• Blue Train - The Blue Train from Cape Town to Pretoria in the Republic of South Africa.
• Trans–continental railways run across the continent and link its two ends. They were
constructed for economic and political reasons to facilitate long runs in different directions.
• Orient Express - This line runs from Paris to Istanbul passing through Strasbourg, Munich,
Vienna, Budapest and Belgrade. The journey time from London to Istanbul by this Express is
now reduced to 96 hours as against 10 days by the sea-route.
• North Atlantic Sea Route is the busiest ocean route of the world.
• Big Inch is a famous pipeline of USA, which carries petroleum from the oil wells of the Gulf
of Mexico to the North-eastern States.
• Cyber space is the electronic digital world for communicating or accessing information over
computer networks without physical movement of the sender and the receiver.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS -

1. Which country has the highest road density?
A. China B. UK C. Japan D. USA

2. Which highway links North America to South America?

A. Trans Canadian C. Straut highway
B. Alaskan highway D. Pan America

3. In which country Big Inch Pipeline transports petroleum?

A. China B. UK C. Japan D. USA

4. Which is the busiest sea route in the world?

A. North Atlantic Sea Route B. Mediterranean Indian Ocean Sea Route

34
C. The Cape of Good Hope Sea Route D. The Southern Atlantic Sea Route

5. Which part of the world has highest road density?

A. South America C. Central Asia
B. Northern Canada D. North America

6. Which country has highest railway density?

A. Belgium B. Canada C. Mexico D. Britain

7. Which cities are connected by channel tunnel?

A. Paris, Istanbul C. Perth, Sydney
B. London, Paris D. New York, San Francisco

8. Which route is known as big trunk route?

A. North Atlantic Sea Route C. Mediterranean Sea Route
B. South Atlantic Sea Route D. Cape of Good Hope Sea Route

9. Istanbul is a terminal station of which of these railways?

A. Orient Express C. Blue Train
B. Trans Canadian Railway D. The Union and Pacific Railway

10. Which is the longest railway track in the world?

A. Trans-Siberian Railway C. Australian Trans Continental Railway
B. Trans Canadian Railway D. The Union and Pacific Railway

11. Economic significance gained by Trans-Canadian railway due to –

A. Copper Belt C. Wheat and Meat
B. Fur Center D. Agro Industry

12. When was Suez Canal constructed?

A. 1867 B. 1925 C. 1869 D. 1765

13. Which is the most heavily used inland waterway?

A. Danube waterway C. Rhine waterways
B. The greater lakes D. Volga waterway

14. The blue train runs through?

A. Angola to Katanga Zambia C. Cape Town to Pretoria
B. Tanzania to Dar-e-slam D. Buenos Aires to Valparaiso

15. Shanghai, a mega city, is a part of which of these sea routes?

A. North Pacific Sea Route C. North Atlantic Sea Route
B. South Pacific Sea Route D. The Cape Town of Good Hope Route

16. The river joins Rhine waterway to east is-

A. Ruhr River C. Volga River
B. Danube River D. Oxus River

17. The transcontinental Stuart highway runs from-

35
A. Darwin and Melbourne
B. Edmonton and Anchorage

36
C. Vancouver and St. John City
D. Chengdu and Lhasa
18. In which country motorways are known as autobahns?
A. Germany B. Russia C. China D. Japan
19. West Asia is least developed in railway network due to-
A. Sparsely Populated B. Vast Deserts
C. Lack of Capital D. Both A and C

3 MARKS QUESTIONS -

37
1. Why is road transport better than rail transport? State three reasons.
OR
Write the importance of roadways?
Ans- (i) Road transport is the most economical for short distances compared to railways.
(ii) Road transport provides door to door service.
(iii) Road can be built in hilly and remote areas, whereas railways cannot reach.
(iv) Road transport is cheaper and faster over short distances.

2. What are the modes by which cyber space will expand the contemporary economic and social
space of human?
Ans- (i) It enables us to communicate or access any information without physical movement.
(ii) One can communicate with any person in any part of the world.
(iii) It can be used in an office, sailing boat, flying plane and virtually everywhere.
Examples- e-mail e-commerce, e-learning and e-governance.

3. Write the advantage and disadvantage of railways?

Ans- Advantage-
(i) Railways are most suited for large volumes of bulky materials over long distances within
a country.
(ii) It is a cheap means of transport for long distance journey of people and goods.
Disadvantage-
(i) The construction of railway is difficult in hilly and mountains region.
(ii) It is not suitable for short distance.

4. Write the main features of ‘Trans – Siberian Railways’?

OR
Describe the significance of ‘Trans – Siberian Railways’? (Any three point)
Ans- (i) It runs from St. Petersburg in the west to Vladivostok in the east.
(ii) Pass through Moscow, Ufa, Novosibirsk and Irkutsk.
(iii) It is the most important route in Asia and the longest (9,332 km).
(iv) Double-tracked and electrified.
(v) It has helped in connecting European markets in the west to Asian region in the east.

5. Write the main features of ‘Trans – Canadian Railway’?

Ans- (i) It runs from Halifax in the east to Vancouver on the west coast.
(ii) It was constructed in 1886.
(iii) Connect Quebec industrial region with wheat belt of prairie region.
(iv) This line is economic artery of the Canada.
(v) Wheat and meat are important exports. (Any three point)
6. Write the features of Suez Canal?
Ans- (i) Constructed in 1869 between Port Said and port Suez.
(ii) Connect Mediterranean and Red Sea.
(iii) The distance reduced 6400 km between Liverpool and Colombo.
(iv) The length is 160 km and depth between 11 to 15 meters.
(v) 100 ships can travel each day.
(vi) Time taken is 12 hours to cross this canal.
(vii) It is a sea level canal without locks. (Any three point)

7. Write the characteristics of Panama Canal?

Ans- (i) Connects Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west.
(ii) It has been constructed across the Panama Isthmus between Panama City and Colon.
(iii) The length is 72 km.
(iv) It reduces distance between New York and San Francisco about 13000km by Sea.
38
 (v) It has 6 lock systems. (Any three point)

8. What are the advantages of Air Transport?

Ans- (i) It is the fastest means of transportation.
(ii) It is preferred by passengers for long-distance travel.
(iii) Valuable cargo can be moved rapidly on a world-wide scale.
(iv) It is often the only means to reach inaccessible areas. (Any three point)

9. Mention the features of North Atlantic Sea Route?

Ans- (i) It links North-eastern U.S.A. and North western Europe.
(ii) One fourth of the world’s foreign trade moves on this route.
(iii) It is the busiest in the world.
(iv) It is called the Big Trunk Route. (Any three point)

10. Explain the significance of Rhine inland waterways?

Ans- (i) Flow through Germany and Netherlands.
(ii) It is navigable up to 700 km form Rotterdam to Basel.
(iii) It flows through rich coalfield and industrial region.
(iv) It is busiest inland water way in the world.
(v) Connects with industrial areas of Switzerland, Netherlands & others to North Atlantic Sea
route. (Any three point)

11. Analyse the three factors which affect the inland water transport?
Ans- (i) Navigability of the water body/channel.
(ii) Width and depth of the Canal/rivers etc.
(iii) Continuity in the water flow.
(iv) Transport technology and demand. (Any three point)

12. What are the advantages of water transport?

Ans- (i) It does not require route construction.
(ii) It is much cheaper because the friction of water is far less than that of land.
(iii) The transport cost of water transportation is lower.

5 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. ‘Transport and communications are necessary infrastructure for the economic
advancement of a country.’ Explain?
Ans- (i) Transport and communication means movement of persons, goods and information from
one place to another.
(ii) It is the mean by which a product from a producer reaches its consumer.
(iii) It also helps in agriculture, industrial development and many other public services.
(iv) With the help of science and technology, trade relationships have been developed
between countries.
(v) Efficiency in communication systems has made us a part of a large global society.
(vi) This all adds advantages to its economy and also improves the lives of people.

2. Analyse the importance of ‘Pipelines’ as means of transportation?

Ans- (i) Pipeline are used mainly to transport liquid, gasses and slurry.
(ii) Pipeline can be laid through difficult terrain as well as under water.
(iii) It involves very low consumption of energy.

39
 (iv) Initial cost of laying pipeline is high but subsequent cost of maintenance and
operation is low.
(v) Pipelines ensure steady supply.
(vi) It minimizes transportation losses and delays.
(vii) It is a quick, cheap, efficient and environment friendly mode of transportation.

3. Elucidate the statement – “In a well-managed transport system, various modes

complement each other.”
Ans- Different modes of transportation are not competitive but complementary in nature.
(i) When heavy machinery is to be imported from other countries then no other means of
transportation can be as helpful as water transport.
(ii) When urgent telegrams are to be delivered abroad, then air transport is most suitable.
(iii) Even when raw material is to be transported from distant place railways play a major role.
(iv) When light weight high value goods are to be delivered then air transport proves better
than others.
(v) Similarly, for crossing mountains trolley is most suitable.
(vi) Anything for which door to door service is required only road transport can be used.
(vii) If liquids are transported then pipelines prove better than all other means of
transport.

4. How has satellite communication brought revolutionary changes in the field of

communication?
Ans- The revolutionary changes brought about by satellite in the field of communication are-
(i) This system has rendered the unit cost and time of communication invariant in terms of
distance.
(ii) It is cheapest among the communication system.
(iii) It has made radio, television and long-distance communication very effective in
receiving information.
(iv) Artificial satellites, now, are successfully deployed in the earth’s orbit to connect even the
remote corners of the globe with limited onsite verification.
(v) Communication through satellites emerged as a new area in communication
technology since the 1970s.
(vi) Today weather forecasting through T.V is a boom.

5. ‘Modern transport and communication systems have made the concept of global village a
reality.’ Explain the statement with suitable examples?
Ans- (i) Improvement in technology helps in the development of fast means of transport and communication.
(ii) Aircraft as fastest means of transport made it possible to travel any place world within 35
hours.
(iii) Today Internet is the largest electronic network on the planet connecting about 1,000
million people in more than 100 countries.
(iv) Computer and internet facilities have made the world a small village.
(v) Today social media including Twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp, snapchat, etc. also helps in
inter connecting people all over the world.
(vi) Internet together with fax, television and radio will be accessible to more and more
people within short duration.

CHAPTER - 08
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
NOTES -
WHY DOES INTERNATIONAL TRADE EXIST?
1. Specialization in production

40
2. Division of labor
3. Comparative advantage
4. Complementarily and transferability of goods & services
5. Mutual benefit
6. Foreign policy
7. Developed transport and communication

DUMPING - The Practice of selling commodity in two countries at a price that differs for
reasons not related to costs is called Dumping.

WTO
• GATT was formed in 1948
• The GATT was transformed in to WTO on 1.1.1995
• It maintains the global rules between the nations
• It resolves the disputes between the nations related to trade
• It covers trade services, telecommunication and banking, intellectual rights
• It gives importance to rich nations
• It is not favour to poor nations

CONCERNS RELATED TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE

• Regional specialization • Uneven level of development
• Higher level of production • Exploitation
• Better standard of living • Commercial revelry leads to wars
• World wide availability of goods and • Affect life
services • Increase in production and
• Equalization of prices and wages consumption of resource
• Diffusion of knowledge and culture • Depletion of resources
• Leads to dependence • More pollution

PORTS ARE GATE WAYS OF INTRNATIONAL TRADE

• Provide facilities to cargo and passenger
• Provide docking, loading unloading, storage facilities for cargo
• Maintain navigable channels
• Arrange tugs and barges, provide labor, managerial services
• The quantity of cargo handled by the port is an indicator of level of development of its
hinter land.

TYPES OF PORT
• BASED ON CARGO HANDLED
1. Industrial ports 2. Commercial ports 3. Comprehensive ports
• BASED ON LOCATION
1. Inland ports 2. Outports
• BASED ON SPECIALISED FUNCTION
1. Oil ports 3. Packet station 5. Naval ports
2. Ports of call 4. Entrepot ports

41
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.Which of the following point clearly depict the meaning of Trade?
A. Exchange of commodities
B. Voluntary exchange of commodities and services
C. Commutation of commodities and services
D. Forceful job done by traders imposed by government

2.Which of the following factor is responsible for the establishment of trade relations
among the different nations?
A. For the commodities those they cannot produce by themselves
B. For the commodities those they can buy comparatively at cheaper rates
C. Both (a) and (b) are correct
D. Both (a) and (b) are incorrect

3.Barter system is still alive in which of the following fair in India?

A. Jonbeel Fair C. Pushkar fair
B. Kumbha fair D. Nauchandi Fair

4.Which of the following is an example of modern metal currency?

A. Silver coin C. Gold coin
B. Obisidian D. Coin of 10

5.Silk route, that is the primitive example of long route connect which of the following
countries?
A. China and Italy C. China and Central Asia
B. China and Rome D. China and Greece

6.Which of the following factor was responsible for flourishing trade between Europe and Asia
in 12th and 13th Century?
A. Disintegration of Roman empire C. Favourable climate
B. Development of large navigational D. Both (a) and (b)
ships

7.Which of the following trade came into existence in 15 Century AD with the beginning of
European imperialism?
A. Slave Trade C. Trade of raw material only
B. Silk trade D. Trade of finished products

8.On which of the following factors international trade depends?

A. Variation in human resource C. Availability of mineral resources
B. Specialisation in production D. All of the above

9.Which of the following factor is most required for participating in international trade by a
nation?
A. Efficient transport and communication system
B. Production of various commodities
C. Well-developed network of industries
D. Educated human resources

42
10. Which of the following factor creates diversity among the national resources?

43
A. Physical configuration
B. Relief and soil
C. Variations found in climate
D. All of the above

11. Which of the following pair is not matched correctly?

COUNTRY COMMODITY
PRODUCED
A. China Porcelain and Brocade
B. Iran Software technology
C. Northern America Leather work
D. Indonesia Batik clothes
12. Consider and evaluate the following statements and choose the correct answer with the
help of given options.

I. Densely populated countries have large volume of internal trade but little external trade
II. Most of the agricultural and industrial production of these countries consumed in the local
Market due to large size of population.
Options -
A. Only statement II is correct
B. Both the statements I and II are correct but statement II does not explain statement I
correctly.
C. Both the statements are true and statement II correctly explains statement I
D. Both the statements are incorrect

13. Which of the following is the chief characteristic of industrialised nation in terms of trade?
A. They export mainly machinery and finished products
B. They exchanged agro products for manufactured goods from the agriculturally important
countries
C. They import food grains and other raw materials
D. Only (a) and (b)

14. Which of the following commodity was not traded for a long distance due to inefficient
mode of transport during ancient time?
A. Gems B. Silk C. Grains D. Spices

15. Which of the following changes are reflecting in the pattern of international trade?
A. Contribution of Europe is decreasing
B. Contribution of Asian countries is increasing
C. Australia is emerging as a pioneer continent in terms of international trade
D. Only (a) and (b)

16. Which of the following point clearly explains the status of ‘Free trade’?
A. Bringing down trade barriers like tariffs
B. Trade liberalisation allows goods and services from everywhere to compete with domestic
products and services.
C. Let free trade to be limited to developed countries only
D. Only (a) and (b)

17. To fulfil which of the following aim, the General Agreement on Trade and Tariff was

44
 transformed in to World Trade Organisation (WTO)?
A. For the promotion of free and fair trade amongst nation
B. To increase more trade and commerce for the developed countries
C. To create competitive feelings amongst developed and developing countries
D. All of the above

18. In which of the following year the General Agreement on Trade and Tariff was
transformed in WTO?
A. June 1995
B. January 1995
C. January 1996
D. December 1995

19. Which of the following issue is concerned with World Trade Organisation (WTO)?
A. Sets the rules for global trading and resolves disputes between its member nation
B. It covers trade in services such as telecommunication and services
C. It also covers trade in other issues such as intellectual rights
D. All of the above

20. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the given options -
I. The WTO however been criticised and opposed by those who are worried about the effects of
free trade and economic globalisation
II. Free trade does not make ordinary people’s lives more prosperous
Options-
A. Only statement I is correct
B. Both the statements are true and statement II correctly present the reason for
statement I
C. Only Statement II is correct
D. Both the statements I and II are incorrect

21. Which of the following criterion is observed to judge the importance of a port?
A. The size of cargo and the number of ships handled
B. The size of port and its form
C. Maintenance and facilities of port
D. All of the above

22. Consider the following and choose the correct answer with the help of given options.
PORT UTILITY
I. Industrial Ports 1. Ports of strategic importance
II. Commercial Ports 2. Located away from the sea coast
III. Comprehensive Ports 3. Handle manufactured good
IV. Inland Ports 4. Handle bulk and general cargo in large volume
V. Naval Ports 5. Specialise in bulk cargo
VI. Packet Station 6. Transportation of passengers and mail across
water bodies covering short distances
Codes-
I II III IV V VI
A. 1 2 3 4 5 6
B. 5 3 4 2 1 6
C. 6 4 3 2 1 5
D. 4 5 3 2 1 6

45
 23. Which of the following port is main entreport for Asia?
A. Singapore C. Mumbai
B. Colombo D. Colon

24. Which of the following pair is not matched

correctly? COUNTRY’S NAME
OIL PORTS
A. Venezuela Maracaibo
B. Tunisia Esskhira
C. Lebonan Tripoli
D. India Vishakhapatnam

25. Which of the following possess a good example of naval port?

A. Tripoli C. Rotterdam
B. Karwar D. Honolulu

46
 THREE MARKS QUESTION
1. Why ports are always referred to as gateway of International trade?
Ans. The word port is derived from the Latin word “Porta” meaning Gateway. Port is a connecting link
between land and water. It is a place on the coast where ships start and end their journey. Here
reached Cargo is unloaded and the Cargo which is to be exported is loaded Port provides facilities
of export and import. It is well connected to the interior of the country by a good network of
roadways and railways.

2. What are the functions of WTO?

Ans. (1) Solve disputes among the countries. (2) Provide trade services.
(3) Deals with the global rules of trade between nations.

3. Why has the WTO been criticized and opposed by some Countries? Mention any three reasons. Ans.
1. Some countries criticize WTO due to effects of free trade.
2. It wider the gap between rich and poornation
3. WTO focuses on the commercial interests.
4. It ignores the issue of environmental pollution, health, right of workers and child.

FIVE MARKS QUESTION

1. Discuss about the basis of International trade which are responsible for its promotion. Ans.
These are the basis of International trade -
i) Difference in national resources: The world’s national resources are unevenly distributed
because of differences in their physical make up i.e. geology, relief soil and climate.
(a) Geological structure: It determines the mineral resource base and topographical differences
ensure diversity of crops and animals raised. Lowlands have greater agricultural potential.
Mountains attract tourists and promote tourism.
(b) Mineral resources: They are unevenly distributed the world over. The availability of mineral
resources provides the basis for industrial development.
(c) Climate: It influences the type of flora and fauna that can survive in a given region. It also
ensures diversity in the range of various products, e.g. wool production can take place in cold
regions, bananas, rubber and cocoa can grow in tropical regions.
(ii) Population factors: The size, distribution and diversity of people between countries affect the
type and volume of goods traded.
(a) Cultural factors: Distinctive forms of art and craft develop in certain cultures which are
valued the world over, e.g. China produces the finest porcelains and brocades. Carpets of Iran are
famous while North African leather work and Indonesian batik cloth are prized handicrafts.
(b) Size of population: Densely populated countries have large volume of internal trade but little
external trade because most of the agricultural and industrial production is consumed in the local
markets. Standard of living of the population determines the demand for better quality imported
products because with low standard of living only a few people can afford to buy costly imported
goods.
(iii) Stage of economic development: At different stages of economic development of countries,
the natures of items traded undergo changes. In agriculturally important countries, agro products are
exchanged for manufactured goods whereas industrialised nations export machinery and finished
products and import food grains and other raw materials.
(iv) Extent of foreign investment: Foreign investment can boost trade in developing countries
which lack in capital required for the development of mining, oil drilling, heavy engineering,
lumbering and plantation agriculture.
(v) Transport: In olden times, lack of adequate and efficient means of transport restricted trade to
local areas. Only high value items, e.g. gems, silk and spices were traded over long distances. With
expansions of rail, ocean and air transport, better means of refrigeration and preservation, trade has
experienced spatial expansion.

47
 TEXT BOOK – INDIA: PEOPLE AND ECONOMY

CHAPTER-1: POPULATION: DISTRIBUTION, DENSITY, GROWTH AND

COMPOSITION
GIST OF THE LESSON
Distribution of Population
1. India has highly uneven pattern of population distribution

2. A close relationship between population and physical, socio-economic and historical factors.

3. The Northern Plains, deltas, coastal plains have higher proportion of population.

Factors Affecting Population Distribution

1. Socio-Economic Factors-
A. Evolution of settled agriculture, agricultural development,
B. Transportation development,
C. Industrialisation and urbanization.
2. Historical Factors--

A. Early history of human settlement and development of transport

3. Physical Factors-
A. Climate
B. Terrain
C. Availability of water
Density of Population
Expressed as number of persons per unit area
Density = Population /Area
Growth of Population
Meaning
It is the change in the number of people living in a particular area between two points of time.
Natural Growth
It is analyzed by assessing the crude birth and death rates
Induced Growth
It is analyzed by inward and outward movement of people in a given area
Phases of Growth of Population
1. Phase I

• From 1901-21
• Period of stagnant phase of growth
• Poor health, medical facilities, illiteracy, lack of basic facilities
2. Phase II
• From 1921-51
• Period of steady growth
• Overall improvement in health and sanitation all over country
• Mortality level brought down
3. Phase III
• From 1951-1981. Referred to as the period of population explosion in India
• Increased international migration
48
 • Developmental activities introduced
4. Phase IV
• Post 1981 till present
• Downward trend in crude birth rate
• Improvement in quality of life, education of females in the country
Population Composition
1. Linguistic

The speakers of Hindi have highest percentage

2. Working Population

Main Workers- 39% of the population is main workers.

Non-Workers- 61% of the population is non-workers.
Marginal Workers- 39% of the population is marginal workers.
3. Religious- Hindus are distributed as a major group in many states.

4. Occupation
a. Rural- Bihar and Sikkim have very high rural population.
b. Urban-The urban population has seen an increase due to economic development.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q1. The period from 1901 to 1921 is referred to as period of:
(A) Stagnant or stationery phase of growth of India’s population.
(B) Population explosion in India.
(C) Steady population growth.
(D) None of the Above
ANS. (A) Stagnant or stationery phase of growth of India’s population.
Q2. Name the state of India having lowest density of population as per 2011 Census.
(A)Punjab (B) Arunachal Pradesh
(C)Haryana (D) Tamil Nadu
ANS. (B) Arunachal Pradesh
Q3. The density of population is the number of people per unit area of arable land.
(A) Physical (B) Psychological
(C)Agricultural (D) Physiological
ANS. (D) physiological
Q4. In the post 1981 till present, the growth rate of country’s population remained.
(A)Stagnant (B) Low
(C)High (D) Constant
ANS. (C) High
Q5. The state of India which has the lowest percentage of population below poverty line:
(A) Jammu & Kashmir (B) Punjab
(C) Tamil Nadu (D) Goa
ANS. (A) Jammu & Kashmir
Q6. The state with the highest population in India is:
(A) West Bengal (B) Kerala
(C) Kerala (D) Uttar Pradesh
ANS. (D) Uttar Pradesh
Q7. The natural growth rate is analyses by assessing the:
(A) Positive birth and death rate (B) Crude birth and death rate
(C) Negative birth and death rate (D) All of the above
ANS. (B) Crude birth and death rate
Q8. The period of steady population growth was of:
(A) 1921-1951 (B) 1901-1911
(C) 1911-1921 (D) 1931-1941
49
ANS. (A) 1921-1951
Q9. The first complete population Census was conducted in India in:
(A) 1882 (B) 1883
(C) 1881 (D) 1884
ANS. (C) 1881
Q10. A continuous belt of states from west to east in the north-west, north, and north central parts of the
country has relatively growth rate than the southern states.
(A) Low (B) High
(C) Fast (D) Slow
ANS. (B) high
Q11. Name the state having highest density.
(A) Uttarpradesh (B) Bihar
(C) West Bengal (D) Maharashtra
ANS. (B) Bihar

Q12. Assertion: The world population was around 2 billion in 1990 which has rocketed to about 6
billion by 2000.
Reason: Increase in longevity due to a decline in death rate, maternal mortality rate, and the infant mortality
rate
has been some major causes of population explosion.
A. Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct
explanation for Assertion
B. Both Assertion and reason are correct but Reason is not the correct
explanation for Assertion.
C. Assertion is correct but reason is incorrect.
D. Both Assertion and reason are incorrect
VERY SHORT QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)
Q1. What is the main thrust of the National Youth Policy of Government of India 2003?
Answer: The National Youth Policy, 2003 reiterates the commitment of the entire nation to the composite
and
all-round development of the young sons and daughters of India and seeks to establish an all-India
perspective
to fulfill their legitimate aspirations.
The main thrusts of the policy are:
1. To provide the youth with proper education and training opportunities and to facilitate access to

2. information in respect of employment opportunities and to other services.

3. To sustain and reinforce the spirit of volunteerism amongst the youth in order to build up individual
4. character and generate a sense of commitment to the goals of developmental programmes.

Q2. “The decades 1951-81 are referred to as the period of population explosion in India.” Explain the
statement by giving three reasons.
OR
Explain any three causes of the rapid growth of population in India from 1951 to 1981.
Answer: The decades of 1951-81 are referred to as the period of population explosion in India because of a
rapid fall in death rate and high birth rate. The main causes of this explosion are as follows:
1. Widening Gap between Birth and Death Rates- The average annual birth rate was 42 per thousand
population but it came down to 28.7 per thousand in 1981. This widening gap has increased our

2. population rapidly.

3. Low Age of Marriage -Child marriage has been very common in our country. As per census report,

50
 4. 72% marriage in India was performed before 15 and 34% before 10 years of age. The mean age at
marriage of females increased from 15.6 in 1951 to 17.6 in 1981.

5. High Illiteracy- During this period (1951-81), the overall literacy rate was very low. Due to this, they
would be more orthodox, illogical and religious minded.

6. Religious Attitude towards Family Planning- The religiously orthodox and conservative people are
against the use of family planning measures. The women disfavored family planning on the plea that

7. they cannot go against the wishes of God.

Q3. Explain any three causes for the stagnant growth of India’s population from 1901 to 1921.
Answer: The following causes were responsible for the stagnant growth of India’s population from 1901 to
1921:
1. High birth rate and high death rate resulted in stationary growth.
2. Lack of medical health and sanitation facilities.
2. Improper public distribution system.
3. A lower level of economic development reduced migration.
4. Illiteracy, lack of family planning and social awareness.

Q4. Explain the main aspects of the ‘National Youth Policy’ of Government of India launched in 2003.
Answer: The National Youth Policy has been launched by the government in 2003 in view of challenges
against the adolescent population.
Major aspects of this policy are as follows:
1. Channelization and proper utilisation of adolescents by giving them proper education. To impart education to
the adolescent group so that their talent and potential arc better analyzed and properly utilized.
2. Imparting skill quality.
3. All round development of the youth is to be undertaken.
4. Empowering women and girls child to bring equality in the male and female status.
5. Providing youth health facilities make them creative, aware and innovative in the field of science and
technology.

Q5. Which are the two main components of population growth in India? Describe the main feature of
each component.
Answer: The two main components of population growth in India are:
1. Natural Growth: It refers to the growth in population which is caused by birth rate and death rate. It is
estimated by the difference between birth rate and death rate.
Characteristics of natural growth are as under:
a. In India, growth is more influential in population growth.
b. This growth rate shows the medical, technological and social advancement of society.
2. Induced Growth Rate: Induced growth refers to the growth in population caused by the migration. It is
measured by the difference between migrants and out-migrants.
Characteristics of induced growth rate are as under:
A. In India, it is more influential in population growth during partition in 1947 and Bangladesh War of 1971.
B. This type of growth is caused by the economic advancement of a society that attracts migrants from other
areas.
Q6. Which are the three groups of Indian population according to their economic status? Explain the
main characteristics of each group.
Answer: On the basis of economic status, India’s population is divided into the following three categories:
1. Main Workers A person who works for at least 183 days in a year.
Characteristics of the main workers are as follows:

A. They are the main contributors to a nation’s GDP.

B. They constitute a large proportion of workers in India.

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 2. Marginal Workers A person who works for less than 183 days in a year.
Characteristics of marginal workers are as follows:

A. They are mostly engaged in the agricultural sector.

B. They constitute a short proportion of workers in India.
3. Non-Worker A person who does not work for his livelihood.
Characteristics of non-workers are as follows:

A. They are dependent on the working population for their needs.

B. They represent a larger proportion of the Indian population.

LONG ANSWER QUESTION (5 MARKS)

Q1. Discuss the factors affecting the distribution of population in India.
Ans: The distribution of population across the world is influenced by various factors, which can be
broadly categorized into physical, economic, social, and political factors.

1. Physical Factors:

A. Climate: Areas with extreme climates (too hot, too cold, too dry, or too wet) tend to have sparse
populations, while moderate climates are more densely populated. Ex: Towns on coastal areas.
B. Topography: Flat plains and gentle slopes are more favourable for agriculture, industry, and habitation,
leading to higher population densities. In contrast, mountainous and rugged terrains have sparse populations.
Ex: Gangetic plain.
C. Soil Fertility: Fertile plains such as the Ganges and Nile valleys support high agricultural productivity
and dense populations.
D. Water Availability: Proximity to water bodies like rivers, lakes, and coasts promotes settlement due to
the availability of water for drinking, irrigation, and transportation. Ex: Varanasi, Allahabad.
2. Economic Factors:
A. Industrialization: Regions with developed industries provide employment opportunities, attracting large
populations (Ex- the Ruhr region in Germany, the North-Eastern United States).
B. Urbanization: Cities offer better amenities, employment, and lifestyle opportunities, leading to higher
population densities (Ex- Jamshedpur, Mumbai, and Tokyo, New York).
3. Social Factors:
A. Education and Health Facilities: Areas with better education and healthcare facilities attract people,
leading to higher population densities. Ex- Delhi, Varanasi, Allahabad.
B. Cultural and Historical Factors: Certain regions have been historically significant and have evolved into
cultural and population centers (Ex- Varanasi, Jerusalem).
4. Political Factors:
A. Government Policies: Policies promoting migration and settlement, like the opening up of frontiers or
colonization, can lead to population concentration in certain areas.
B. Political Stability: Stable regions attract people, while conflict zones see a decline in population due to
migration (e.g., Syria, Afghanistan).
Q2. Analyze the trends in population growth from the pre-industrial period to the present.
Ans: Population growth has undergone significant changes from the pre-industrial period to the present,
characterized by the following trends:
1. Pre-Industrial Period:

52
A. High Birth and Death Rates: During this time, both birth and death rates were high, leading to a
relatively stable population with slow growth.
B. Agrarian Economy: Populations were primarily rural and agrarian, with families having more children
to support agricultural activities.
2. Industrial Revolution:
A. Decline in Death Rates: The Industrial Revolution brought advancements in medical science, sanitation,
and food production, leading to a decline in death rates.
B. Rapid Population Growth: As death rates declined while birth rates remained high, there was a surge in
population growth, especially in Europe and North America.
3. 20th Century:
A. Population Explosion: The mid-20th century saw a population explosion due to further declines in
mortality rates and improved living standards globally.
B. Urbanization and Migration: Increased urbanization and migration towards cities contributed to uneven
population distribution, with urban centres growing rapidly.
4. Contemporary Period:
A. Decline in birth rate: Many developed countries have experienced a decline in birth rates due to
changing social norms, increased use of contraception, and economic factors.
B. Aging Populations: Developed countries face the challenge of aging populations, with higher proportions
of elderly people.
C. Continued Growth in Developing Countries: Developing countries continue to experience significant
population growth, although the rates are beginning to slow down due to family planning initiatives and
improved education.
5. Future Projections:
A. Stabilization: Global population growth is projected to stabilize by the mid-21st century as birth rates
continue to decline and the population ages.
B. Regional Variations: While some regions (e.g., Sub-Saharan Africa) will continue to grow, others (e.g.,
Europe, Japan) may see population declines.
Q3. Explain the concept of population composition and its importance in demographic studies.
Ans: Population composition refers to the structure of a population based on various characteristics such as
age, sex, marital status, education, occupation, and ethnicity. Understanding population composition is
crucial for several reasons:
1. Age Structure:
A. Dependency Ratio: The proportion of dependent (young and elderly) population to the working-age
population affects economic planning and social services.
B. Policy Making: Different age groups have specific needs (e.g., education for the young, healthcare for the
elderly), guiding policy decisions.
2. Sex Ratio:
A. Gender Balance: The sex ratio (number of males per 100 females) impacts social dynamics, labor
markets, and reproductive patterns.
B. Cultural and Social Implications: Imbalances in the sex ratio can lead to social issues such as gender
discrimination, skewed marriage markets and human trafficking.
3. Marital Status:
A. Family Structure: Information on marital status helps understand family structures, household
compositions, and social stability.
B. Social Services: It aids in the planning of social services like housing, childcare, and elderly care.
4. Educational Attainment:

53
A. Human Capital: The level of education within a population influences its economic productivity,
innovation, and overall development.
B. Policy Interventions: Identifying educational disparities allows for targeted interventions to improve
literacy and skills.
5. Occupation:
A. Economic Planning: The occupational structure reveals the distribution of the workforce across different
sectors, aiding in economic planning and labor market policies.
B. Income Levels: It helps assess income levels and economic well-being within the population.
6. Ethnicity and Religion:
A. Cultural Diversity: Understanding ethnic and religious composition promotes social cohesion, cultural
preservation, and the protection of minority rights.
B. Conflict Prevention: It helps in identifying and addressing potential areas of conflict and promoting
inclusive policies.
Population composition is essential for demographic studies as it provides a comprehensive understanding of
the population’s characteristics, which are critical for effective planning, policy-making, and resource
allocation.
Q4. Evaluate the impacts of population density on the environment and resource management.
Ans: Population density (the number of people living per unit area) has significant impacts on the
environment and resource management:
1. Environmental Degradation:
A. Deforestation: High population density often leads to deforestation for agriculture, housing, and
infrastructure development, reducing biodiversity and contributing to climate change.
B. Pollution: Densely populated areas generate more waste and pollution, including air, water, and soil
pollution, which can harm human health and ecosystems.
C. Loss of Habitat: Urban sprawl and agricultural expansion can lead to the loss of natural habitats,
threatening wildlife and plant species.
2. Resource Depletion:
A. Water Scarcity: High population densities increase the demand for water, leading to over-extraction of
groundwater and depletion of water bodies, impacting agriculture and drinking water supplies.
B. Energy Consumption: Increased energy demands in densely populated areas can lead to over-reliance on
fossil fuels, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.
3. Agricultural Pressure:
A. Intensive Farming: To feed large populations, intensive farming practices may be adopted, leading to soil
degradation, overuse of fertilizers and pesticides, and loss of soil fertility.
B. Land Shortage: High population density can result in limited agricultural land, affecting food security
and increasing the reliance on food imports.
4. Infrastructure Strain:
A. Overburdened Services: Public services such as healthcare, education, transportation, and sanitation can
become overburdened in densely populated areas, leading to inefficiencies and reduced quality of life.
B. Housing Shortage: High population density often leads to housing shortages, resulting in the proliferation
of slums and inadequate living conditions.
5. Positive Impacts:
A. Efficient Resource Use: In some cases, high population densities can lead to more efficient use of
resources and services, such as public transportation and centralized utilities.
B. Economic Opportunities: Dense populations can drive economic growth through increased labor
availability and market size, fostering innovation and development.
Q6. Discuss the challenges and strategies for managing population growth in India.

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Ans: India faces several challenges in managing its population growth, which requires comprehensive
strategies:
1. Challenges:
A. High Birth Rates: Despite declining birth rates, certain regions in India still have high fertility rates,
contributing to population growth.
B. Poverty and Illiteracy: High levels of poverty and illiteracy are linked to higher fertility rates, as
impoverished and less educated populations may have limited access to family planning resources.
C. Healthcare Access: Inadequate healthcare facilities in rural and remote areas hinder efforts to manage
population growth, as people lack access to reproductive health services and education.
D. Gender Inequality: Gender biases and the preference for male children can lead to higher birth rates as
families may continue having children until a desired number of sons is achieved.
2. Strategies:
A. Family Planning Programs: Strengthening family planning programs to ensure wider access to
contraception, reproductive health education, and services can help manage population growth.
B. Education and Awareness: Enhancing education, particularly for women, is crucial. Educated women
are more likely to make informed decisions about family size and reproductive health.
C. Economic Development: Improving economic conditions and reducing poverty can lead to lower fertility
rates. Economic development provides better employment opportunities and reduces the economic necessity
for larger families.
D. Healthcare Improvements: Expanding healthcare infrastructure, especially in rural areas, ensures that
people have access to essential reproductive health services and maternal care.
E. Gender Equality: Promoting gender equality and addressing societal norms that favor male children can
help balance the sex ratio and reduce the pressure for larger families.
F. Policy Measures: Government policies should focus on holistic development, including education,
healthcare, and employment, to create an environment conducive to managing population growth.

CHAPTER - 02 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

• Rural Settlements are mainly smaller in size and poorly spaced. The people of
these settlements are mainly engaged in primary activities like, agriculture, fishing, etc.
• Factors Determining the Rural Settlements: Physical Features, Cultural and Ethnic
Factors, Security Factors.
• In India, Rural settlements can broadly divide into four types:
1. Clustered/agglomerated or nucleated: The houses in this settlement are closely spaced
or have no space between houses.
2. Semi-clustered or fragmented: Here, a dominant community captures the most important
part in main village and force other communities to live away.
3. Hamlated: Each hamlet is a unit and has a number of houses. This type of settlement is
formed due to social or ethnic factors and thus known for different identity and name,
like, panna, para etc. Several units of hamlets collectively form a village.
• Dispersed or isolated: Isolated huts or hamlets of few huts in remote jungles or on small
hills with farms or pastures are characteristics of dispersed type of settlement. These
houses may be of temporary use.
• Urban Settlements are usually more dense, compact and larger in size. People are
mostly engaged in non-agricultural activities i.e., industries, services, etc.
• Indian towns may be classified into three groups on the basis of their evolution in
different periods:
1. Ancient Towns: These towns were developed over 2000 years ago by the various kings
as religious and cultural Centers. e.g., Varanasi, Prayag (Allahabad) etc.
55
2. Medieval Towns: These towns were developed as headquarters of principalities and
kingdoms by medieval kings and Sultans of India. e.g., Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Lucknow,
Agra etc.
3. Modern Towns: These towns were developed by the Britishers and other Europeans
in India.
• These are further divided into the following groups:
• Port Towns located on the coastal areas i.e., Surat, Daman, Goa etc.
• Administrative Towns developed for the administrative purposes, e.g., Mumbai
(Bombay), Chennai (Madras) and Kolkata (Calcutta).
• Industrial Towns were developed like Jamshedpur.
• Towns of European Styles include hill stations for summer resorts. After Independence,
some towns were also developed like:
• Administrative Headquarters or Capital of States include Chandigarh,
Bhubaneshwar, Gandhinagar and Dispur etc.
• Industrial Towns/Centers include Durgapur Bhilai, Sindri, Barani, etc.
• Satellite Towns developed around metropolitan cities such as Ghaziabad, Rohtak,
Gurgaon (Gurugram), etc.
• Urbanization is the transition of rural population into urban population. It is measured
by the percentage of urban population into total population. In India, the level of
urbanization is very low, as it was just 28% in 2001.
• Functional Classification of Towns:(dominant economic activity)
A. Administrative towns and cities: These towns work as headquarter for surrounding
region. Government offices and departments are concentrated in these cities. For e.g.,
Chandigarh, New Delhi, etc.
B. Industrial Towns: These towns are mainly dominated by industries. For e.g.,
Jamshedpur, Bhilai, Durgapur, Madurai, Mumbai, etc.

C. Transport Cities: Transportation is the main function of these cities. Port towns for e.g.,
Kandla, Kozhikode, etc. Some cities which are hubs of inland transport are Agra, Dhulia,
Mughalsarai, etc.
D. Commercial Towns: The important functions of these towns are trade and commerce.
For e.g., Kolkata, Saharanpur, etc.
E. Mining Towns: These towns have developed in mineral rich areas. For e.g., Raniganj,
Jharia, Digboi, etc.
F. Garrison Cantonment Towns: These towns are meant for the army or defence
purpose. For e.g., Ambala, Jalandhar, Udhampur, etc.
G. Educational Towns: Initially these were important educational Centers, but later
emerged as major campus towns. For e.g., Roorkee, etc.
H. Religious and Cultural Towns: These towns are famous for pilgrimage, religious
worship or old cultures. For e.g., Varanasi, Mathura, Amritsar, etc.
I. Tourists Towns: These towns are famous for attracting wide range of tourists from all
over the world. For e.g., Nainital, Jaisalmer, etc.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS -

1. Which types of settlements are found in alluvial plains?
A. Clustered C. Hamlated
B. Semi-clustered D. Dispersed

2. Which is the most ancient town In India?

3. How much percent is the urban population in India?

A. 18 B. 20 C. 25 D. 31
56
4. In which valley Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro town’s was located?
A. Ganga B. Narmada C. Indus D. Brahmaputra

5. How many times the urban population has increased during the 20th century?
A. 5 B. 7 C. 11 D. 15
A. Hyderabad B. Varanasi C. Agra D. Chennai

57
 Short Answer Type Questions-
1. What are different categories of Indian towns on the basis of history?
Ans: On the basis of history, Indian towns have been categorized into:
• Ancient Towns
• Medieval Towns
• Modern Towns

2. Are towns static in their functions?

Ans: Cities are not static in their functions and functions change due to their dynamic nature.
Even specialized cities, as they grow in metros become multi-functional where industries
business, administration, transport become important.

Long Answer Questions-

1. Define Human settlement. Briefly describe the rural settlement types in India.
Ans. Cluster of dwellings of any type or size where human beings live is called human settlement.
It involves grouping of people and apportioning of territory as a resource base. Settlements
vary in size and type. Types of settlements are determined by the extent of built-up area, inter
house distance. There are four types of rural settlements in India:
• The clustered rural settlement: It is a compact or closely built-up area of houses. Here, the
general living area is distinct and separated from the surrounding farms, barns and pastures.
The closely built-up area and streets form recognizable pattern or geometric shape, such as
rectangular, radial, linear, etc. These are found in fertile alluvial plains and in the northeastern
states. People live in compact village for security or region of central India and in Nagaland.
In Rajasthan, scarcity of water has necessitated compact settlement for maximum utilization
of available water resources.
• Semi-Clustered Settlements: Semi- clustered or fragmented settlements may result from
tendency of clustering in a restricted area of dispersed settlement. Sometimes one or more
sections of the village society choose or is forced to live a little away from the main cluster or
village. Generally, the land-owning and dominant community occupies the central part of the
main village.
• Hamlated Settlements: Sometimes settlement is divided into several units physically
separated from each other bearing a common name motivated by social and ethnic factors.
These units are locally called panna, para, palli, nagla, dhani, etc. in various parts of the
country.
• Dispersed Settlements: Dispersed or isolated settlement pattern in India appears in the form
of isolated huts or hamlets of few huts in remote jungles, or on small hills with farms or
pasture on the slopes. Extreme dispersion of settlement is caused by fragmented nature of the
terrain and land resource base of habitable areas.

2. Write a note on functional classification of towns.

Ans: Some towns and cities specialize in certain functions and they are known for some specific
activities, products or services. Indian cities and towns can be broadly classified as follows:

Administrative towns and cities: Towns supporting administrative headquarters of higher

order are administrative towns, such as Chandigarh, New Delhi, Bhopal, Shillong, Guwahati, Imphal,
Srinagar, Gandhinagar, Jaipur, Chennai, etc.
• Industrial towns: Industries constitute prime motive force of these cities such as Mumbai,
Salem, Coimbatore, Modinagar, Jamshedpur, Hugli, Bhilai, etc.
• Transport Cities: They may be ports primarily engaged in export and import activities such as
Kandla, Kochchi, Kozhikode, Vishakhapatnam, etc. or hubs of inland transport such as Agra,
Dhulia, Mughal Sarai, Itarsi, Katni, etc.
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• Commercial towns: Towns and cities specialising in trade and commerce are kept in this class.
Kolkata, Saharanpur, Satna, etc. are some examples.
• Mining towns: These towns have developed in mineral rich areas such as Raniganj, Jharia,
Digboi, Ankaleshwar, Singrauli, etc.
• Garrison Cantonment Towns:These towns are meant for the army or defence purpose. For e.g.
Ambala, Jalandhar, Udhampur, etc.
• Educational Towns:Initially these were important educational centres , but later emerged as
major campus towns. For e.g. Roorkee, etc.
• Religious and Cultural Towns:These towns are famous for pilgrimage, religious worship or
old cultures. For e.g. Varanasi, Mathura, Amritsar, etc.
• Tourists Towns:These towns are famous for attracting wide range of tourists from all over the
world. For e.g. Nainital,Jaisalmer, etc.

CHAPTER - 03
LAND RESOURCES AND AGRICULTURE
1. Common Property Resources (CPRs) Available for all and can be used by any person. It
provides fodder for the livestock and fuel for the households. In rural areas, such land is of
particular relevance for livelihood of the landless and marginal farmers.
2. Types of Farming - In India farming is classified on the basis of moisture available for crops:
a. Irrigated Farming
b. Rain fed Farming
3. Cereals- India ranks 3rd in the production of cereals after China and USA. India produces 11%
of the world and covers about 54% of the total cropped area in India. These cereals are: Rice
& Wheat.
4. Coarse Grains
These crops are grown in almost 16.50% of total cropped area in the country. These coarse
grains are:
• Jowar/Sorghum • Pulses • Oil seeds
• Bajra • Gram
• Maize. • Tur
5. Fiber Crops- Fiber crops are one which provides fiber for preparing cloth. These includes:
• Cotton • Jute
6. Coffee India is the 7th largest producer of coffee in the world which accounts about 3.2%
share. Karnataka is the largest producer of coffee that produces more than 66% of India’s total
coffee.
7. Problems of Indian Agriculture
• Low Productivity • Small Farm Size and Fragmentation of
• Constraints of Financial Resources and Landholdings
Indebtedness • Lack of Commercialization
• Lack of Land Reforms • Vast Under-employment
• Degradation of Cultivable Land
8. About 54.6% of population is engaged in agricultural activity. According to census (2011) and
about 57% of its land is used for cultivation of various crops in India whereas world average
is only about 12%.

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9. Strategy of Development-
1. Switching over from cash crops to food crops.
2. Intensification of cropping over already cultivated land.
3. Increasing cultivated area by bringing cultivable and fallow land under plough.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS -

1. Which type of farming is known as Slash and Burn to farm?
A. Primitive subsistence C. Plantation
B. Intensive subsistence D. Commercial

2. India is the leading producer of which crop in the world?

A. Jute B. Rice C. Tea D. Coffee

3. Which one of the following is a rabi crop?

A. Rice B. Millets C. Gram D. Cotton

4. Which one of the following price is announced by the government in support of a crop?
A. Maximum support price C. Moderate support price
B. Minimum support price D. Influential support price

5. What is the total production of food grains in India?

A. 70 million tonnes C. 150 million tonnes
B. 100 million tonnes D. 250 million tonnes

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1. Why is agricultural productivity still low in India? Write three main reasons.
Ans: In India, the yield per hectare of food grains and other crops is low. The main reasons are:
(i) Less use of HYV. Only 16% of the cultivated land is under HYV.
(ii) Poor technique. The fertility of soils is declining. Use of fertilisers and pesticides is limited.
(iii) Low investment. Poor farmers cannot invest in agriculture. Size of farms is small.

2. Describe three main achievements of the Green Revolution in India.

Ans: (i) It has led to a substantial increase in production and productivity of foodgrains increasing
from 72 million tonnes (1965-66) to 210 million tonnes (2003-04).
(ii) Import of foodgrains declined from 10.3 million tonnes (1965-66) to 2.4 million tons in
1983-84. There was no import of food grains in 2000-01.
(iii) The croppd area, use of high yielding varities, the yield per hectare use of irrigation and
fertilisers has increased.

3. State any two characteristics of each of the three distinct ‘cropping seasons’ of India.
Ans: Kharif Crop Season:
• The Kharif season largely coincides with the South West Monsoon.
• Generally, it prevails between June to September.
• Rice, Maize, Ragi Jowar, Bajara, Cotton, Jute are the major crops of this season.
Rabi Crop Season:
• This season begins with the onset of winter.
• It begins in October and November and ends in March-April.
• Wheat, Gram, Rapeseeds, Mustard and Barley are its major crops of this season.
Zaid Crop Season:
• Zaid is the short duration cropping season.
• It begins after harvesting of rabi crops.
• The cultivation of watermelon, cucumbers, fruits, vegetables and fodder crops are largely
grown in this season.

4. "Erratic monsoon and Indebtedness are the major problems of Indian agriculture". Suggest
and explain the measures to overcome these problems.

Ans: Suggestions to solve the problem of erratic monsoon are:

• Expansion of Irrigation Facilities: Irrigation covers only 33 percent of cultivated area. The rest
of the cultivated land directly depends on rainfall. More and more cultivated area should be
under irrigation to get more production from the same field.
• Efficient use of water is essential.
• Improved methods for irrigation should be adopted.
• Rainwater harvesting is required to recharge ground water and to check the declining ground
water table so that the availability of ground water continue for irrigation.
• Linkage of rivers.
• Maintenance of existing water bodies such as lakes, ponds, tanks etc.
• Availability of drought resistant good quality of seeds.
Suggestions for solving the problem of rural indebtedness:
• Minimum support price.
• Provision of subsidies on seeds and fertilizers.
• Cheap loan facilities to be provided to the farmers for their purchases and marriages. Gramin
banks, Banks and Cooperative banks to be opened more and more in rural areas.
• Rural roads should be developed.
• To supplement the economy of farmers, rearing of wild animals is essential.
• Hardy and drought resistant crops such as ragi, bajra, moong, gram are grown.

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 CHAPTER - 04
WATER RESOURCES
“Anyone who can solve the problems of water will be worthy of two Nobel prizes - one for
peace and one for science.” - John F. Kennedy
● India accounts for 4 percent of the world’s water resources.
● Punjab has highest level of ground water utilization followed by Haryana, Rajasthan and
Tamilnadu.
● Agriculture accounts for a major share of surface and ground water utilization.
● Water conservation: There is great need to promote watershed development, rainwater
harvesting, and water recycling and reuse use of water.
● Gujarat has highest irrigated area by wells and tube wells followed by Rajasthan and Madhya
Pradesh.
● Overuse Of groundwater in Rajasthan and Maharashtra has increased Fluoride concentration
in ground water
● Overuse of groundwater in West Bengal and Bihar has increased Arsenic concentration in it.
● Too much (Intensive) irrigation caused Salinity in Punjab, Haryana and western U.P.
● Major sources of surface water are rivers, lakes, ponds and tanks.
● The groundwater utilization is very high in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Tamil
Nadu.
● The States like Kerala, Odisha and West Bengal have vast surface water resources in the
lagoons and lakes.

Water Shed Management Programmes

1 Haryali
• Initiated by the central governments.
• Implemented at the Grama Panchayat level with people’s participation
2 Neeru-Meeru (Water and You)
• Launched by the Water Conservation Mission (WCM), on May 1, 2000.
• It is a Water conservation and poverty alleviation initiative undertaken by the government of
Andhra Pradesh.
3 Arvary Pani Sansad

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• In Alwar, Rajasthan.
• Constructions of various water-harvesting structures such as percolation tanks, dug out
Ponds (Johad), check dams through people’s participation.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS -

1. The only State which has made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the
houses is:
A. Andhra Pradesh C. Tamil Nadu
B. Karnataka D. West Bengal

2. Which are the two most polluted rivers of India?

A. Ganga and Yamuna C. Sabarmati and Gomti
B. Narmada and Ganga D. Narmada and Yamuna

3. Which group of states is highly affected by concentration of fluoride in ground water

resources?
A. Uttar Pradesh-Bihar C. Rajasthan-Maharashtra
B. Bihar-West Bengal D. Punjab-Haryana

1. Why is demand of water for irrigation increasing day by day in India? Explain any
three reasons?
OR
Why is irrigation necessary in India?
Ans: Demand of water for irrigation in India: -
1. Uncertainty of Rainfall
2. Un equal distribution of Rain fall
3. Rainfall restricted to few months only
4. Increase in population (demand)

2. What is rain water harvesting? Explain the objectives of rain water harvesting.
Ans: Rain water harvesting is a technique of collecting rain water and also increasing water level
in the ground.

Objectives of rain water harvesting-

1. Meeting with the increasing demand of water.
2. Checking floods.
3. To meet out with the domestic demand during dry spell in summer.
4. To meet the demand of irrigation.

3. What is watershed Management? Do you think it can play an important role in sustainable
development?
Ans: Watershed Management refers to management of surface and ground water resources in an
area. It involves prevention of runoff and storage and recharge of ground water.
It can play an important role in sustainable development by the following methods:
1. Rain Water Harvesting
2. Re-cycling of water
3. Conjunctive use of water
4. Prevention of water pollution
5. Re-use of water
6. People awareness about water conservation.
7. Conservation of natural vegetation and soil through Watershed Management
Example of watershed management- Haryeli, Neeru-Meeru, Arvari Pani sansad

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4. Write a comprehensive note on India’s National water Policy, 2002

64
Ans: It gives priority to a) Drinking, b) Irrigation, c) hydro-power, d) navigation, e) industrial other
uses. Key features of policy:
a. Providing drinking water to people and animals is first priority and multi-purpose projects
b. Control on overuse of groundwater.
c. Quality of water be Monitored/Maintaining both surface and groundwater
d. Awareness of water as limited resources be ensured.
e. Awareness about Water Conservation be promoted

5. Explain any five factors responsible for depletion of water resources in India?
Ans: a) Increase in population b) Water Pollution (industrial, agricultural and domestic effluents)
C) Overuse of water for irrigation d) improper water management e) misuse and overuse.

CASE STUDY-BASED QUESTION

Ralegan Siddhi is a small village in the district of Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra. It has become an
example for watershed development throughout the country. In 1975, this village was caught
in a web of poverty and illicit liquor trade. The transformation took place when a retired army
personnel, settled down in the village and took up the task of watershed development. He
convinced villagers about the importance of family planning and voluntary labour; preventing
open grazing, felling trees, and liquor prohibition. Voluntary labour was necessary to ensure
minimum dependence on the government for financial aids. “It socialized the costs of the
projects.” explained the activist. Even those who were working outside the village contributed
to the development by committing a month’s salary every year. Work began with the
percolation tank constructed in the village. In 1975, the tank could not hold water. The
embankment wall leaked. People voluntarily repaired the embankment. The seven wells
below it swelled with water in summer for the first time in the living memory of the people.
The people reposed their faith in him and his visions. A youth group called Tarun Mandal was
formed. The group worked to ban the dowry system, caste discrimination and untouchability.
Liquor distilling units were removed and prohibition imposed. Open grazing was completely
banned with a new emphasis on stall-feeding. The cultivation of water-intensive crops like
sugarcane was banned. Crops such as pulses, oilseeds and certain cash crops with low water
requirements were encouraged.
1. What are two main objectives of Tarunmandal?
Ans To ban the dowry system, caste discrimination and untouchability.
2. Write the Name of crops which were encouraged in Ralegan Siddhi.
Ans Pulses, Oilseeds
3. What are the two major problems in Ralegan Siddhi?
Ans Web of poverty and illicit liquor trade

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 CHAPTER - 05
MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES
A mineral is natural substance of organic and inorganic origin with definite chemical and
physical properties.

Minerals

Non-metallic
Metallic Mineral
mineral

Other Non
Non-Ferrous (e.g.) Fuel Mineral (e.g.)
Ferrous (e.g.) Iron, metallics (e.g.)
Copper, Coal, Petroleum,
Manganese etc.. Mica, Limestone,
Bauxite,etc. Natural gas, etc.
Graphite, etc.

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 DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS IN INDIA
Mineral Belt Minerals Areas
The North Eastern Plateau Iron ore, coal, manganese, Chhotanagpur, West
Region bauxite, mica Bengal and Chhattisgarh
The South Western Plateau Ferrous metals and bauxite. Karnataka, Goa, Tamil
Region High grade iron ore, coal Nadu and Kerala
(Lignite)
The North Western Region Copper, zinc, sandstone, Rajasthan and part of
granite, marble, Gypsum Gujarat
Himalayan belt (Minor Belt) Copper, lead, zinc, cobalt, Eastern and western parts
tungsten
Assam valley and off shore of Mineral oil and Gas (fossils Assam and off-shore
Mumbai (Minor Belt) fuel) Maharastra

IMPORTANT MINERAL
FERROUS MINERAL
IRON ORE
• India has largest reserve of iron ore in Asia
• Two types of iron ore are Magnetite (best in quality) and Hematite.
State Producing areas and Mines
➢ In Odisha – Sundergarh (Bonai), Mayurbhanj (Gurumahisani) and kenduJhar.
➢ Jharkhand – Gua, Noamundi
➢ Chattishgarh– Baiadila and Durg.
➢ Karnataka – Kudremukh, Ballari, Tumakuru and Chikkamangaluru.
➢ Maharashtra – Ratnagiri, Chandrapur, Bhandara.

MANGANESE
• It is mainly used for Smelting of iron ore and Manufacturing Ferro alloys. Its deposition is
mainly associated with Dharwar system of rock formation.
Leading producing state -Odisha
State Producing areas and Mines
➢ Odisha- Bonai, Kendujhar, Sundergarh, Koraput
➢ Karnataka-Bellary, Chikmangalur, Tumakuru
➢ Maharashtra-Ratnagiri, Nagpur [located far from steel plants]
➢ Madhya Pradesh-Balaghat, Jhabua, Chhindwara.

NON-FERROUS MINERALS
BAUXITE
• It is ore of aluminium mainly found in Tertiary deposit.
• Largest producer-Odisha (Kalahandi and Sambalpur and Koraput).
Others State Producing areas and Mines
➢ Jharkhand- Lohardaga (Rich deposit)
➢ Gujarat- Bhavnagar, Jamnagar
➢ Chhattisgarh- Amarkantak Plateau
➢ Madhya Pradesh- Katni, Jabalpur, Balaghat
➢ Maharashtra- Ratnagiri, Kolaba, Satara, Pune

COPPER
Uses –
• Copper is an essential metal for Electrical industry - making wire, Electric motors,
transformers, generators.
• Jewellery [mixed with gold] because is a alloyable, malleable and ductile
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 State Producing areas and Mines
➢ Jharkhand- Singhbhum

➢ Madhya Pradesh- Balaghat

➢ Rajasthan- Khetri (Jhunjhunu), Alwar

NON - METALLIC MINERALS

MICA
Used in Electrical and electronic industries
State Producing areas and Mines
➢ Jharkhand- Hazaribagh Plateau
➢ Andhra Pradesh- Nellore
➢ Rajasthan- Jaipur to Bhilwara, Udaipur
➢ Karnataka- Hasan, Mysore
➢ Tamilnadu- Coimbatore, Kanyakumari
➢ Maharashtra- Ratnagiri

SALT - Rajasthan and Gujarat

ENERGY RESOURCES – Minerals fuels are essential for generate to power.

Petroleum and Natural Gas (Fossils Fuels)
COAL
• Used in Generation of thermal power and Smelting of iron ore.
• 80% coal deposits in India are bituminous type.
• Anthracite is the best quality of coal.
• Occur in rock sequences of two geological ages
• Gondwana [200 million years old]
• Tertiary [15-60 million years old]
Gondwana Coal
• Located in Damodar valley
• Other river valleys associated with coal- Godavari, Mahanadi, Son river
• Lie in Jharkhand-Bengal coal belt. Jharia is the largest coal field in India.
• Important coal fields-Raniganj (West Bengal), Jharia & Bokaro (Jharkhand)

Coal Mining Centres

➢ Madhya Pradesh- Singrauli
➢ Chhattisgarh- Korba
➢ Orissa- Talcher, Rampur
➢ Maharashtra- Chanda-Wardha, Kamptee, Bander
➢ Telangana- Singareni
Tertiary Coal
➢ Meghalaya- Cherrapunji
➢ Assam- Makum, Nazira
➢ Arunachal Pradesh- Namchik-Namphuk
➢ Jammu and Kashmir-Kalakot
Brown coal/lignite
➢ Naveli in Tamilnadu,

Petroleum- referred to as a Liquid gold because of its scarcity and diversified uses.
Crude Petroleum occurs in Sedimentary rocks of the tertiary period.
• Main Source of energy for all internal combustion engines in automobiles. Its numerous by-
product such as fertiliser, synthetic rubber, fibre, wax, lubricants, medicines, Vaseline, soap

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 and cosmetic items
• Oil exploration and production-Oil and Natural Gas Commission [1956]
➢ Assam- Digboi, (oldest oil field) Naharkatiya, Moran
➢ Gujarat-Ankaleshwar, Kalol, Mehsana, Kosamba and Lunej.
➢ Maharastra- Mumbai high (largest oil field), Bassin
➢ Types of refineries: - Field based- Digboi, Market based – Barauni

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 Natural Gas –
• Gas authority of India limited was set up in1984 for transporting and marketing natural gas.
• Gas reserve are Located in TamilNadu, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tripura, Rajasthan, Gujarat
and Maharashtra.
• Potential zones in RAMANATHAPURAM (Tamil Nadu).
• Oil and Natural gas have been found in exploratory wells in Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri
basin on the east coast of India.

Nuclear Energy Resources

• Uranium and Thorium are the Minerals used for generation of nuclear energy
1. Uranium: Singhbhum- Jharkhand, Udaipur & Alwar- Rajasthan, Durg in Chhattisgarh.
2. Thorium- from monazite and ilmenite in the beach sands along the coast of Kerala and
TamilNadu.
Rich monazite deposit-
➢ Kerala - Palakkad, Kollam
➢ Andhra Pradesh- Vishakhapatnam
➢ Odisha- Mahanadi delta
❖ 1948-Atomic Energy commission set up
❖ 1954-Atomic Energy Institute-Trombay
❖ 1967- Above was renamed as Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Nuclear Power Projects
• Maharashtra- Tarapur (First Nuclear power station1969)
• Rajasthan- Kota [Rawatbhata]
• Tamilnadu- Kalpakkam
• Uttar Pradesh- Narora
• Karnataka- Kaiga
• Gujarat- Kakrapara

NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES

SOLAR ENERGY
• Effective process to tap solar energy -: 1. Photovoltaic Cell 2. Solar thermal technology
Advantages
• Cost competitive
• Environment friendly
• Easy to construct
• More effective than the coal, oil and nuclear energy.
• High potential areas -Western India - Rajasthan and Gujarat
• Uses- Generally used in home appliances, such as Heaters, Crop dyers and Cookers.

WIND ENERGY
• Pollution free
• Inexhaustible source of energy.
• The kinetic energy of wind, through turbines is converted into electrical energy.
• The permanent wind such the trade winds and seasonal wind like monsoon has been used.
• The largest Wind power plant in Asia is at Lamba in Kutch Gujarat
• Favourable Conditions for wind energy in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka.

TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY

• Energy generated by using tidal waves and ocean currents.
• High potential-West coast of India.

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 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
• It is mainly generated from interior heat of the Earth and also generated from Hot springs and
Geysers. e.g., Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh & Puga valley Ladakh.

BIO ENERGY
• Obtained from biological products-agricultural residues, municipal industrial and other
wastes
• Bioenergy is a potential source of energy conversion.
• It can be converted into electrical energy, heat energy or gas for cooking
• It will also process the waste and garbage and produce energy.
Advantages of Bio Energy
• Improves economic life of rural areas in developing countries
• Reduces environmental pollution
• Enhances self-reliance
• Reduce pressure on fuel wood
• Eg. Okhla in Delhi

Conservation of Mineral and Energy Resources (R-R-R-R-R)

• Use of scrap metals [recycle of metal- copper, lead, zinc]
• Use of substitutes for scarce metals
• Export of strategic and scarce minerals must be reduced so that the existing reserve may be
used for a longer period.
• The alternative energy sources like solar power, wind, wave, geothermal energy should be
developed to replace the exhaustible resources
• Energy saving means energy production.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is not an example of ferrous minerals?
A. Iron ore C. Cobalt
B. Manganese D. Bauxite

2. Which of the following regions is not associated with the availability of petroleum?
A. Assam C. Maharashtra
B. Gujarat D. Madhya Pradesh

3. Neyveli coal reserves are found in which of the following Minerals Belts?
A. North-east plateau region C. North-western region
B. South-west plateau D. North-eastern states
region

4. Which of the following minerals are provided as raw materials for the cement industry?
A. Gypsum and lead C. Dolomite and limestone
B. Cobalt and limestone D. Zinc and bronze

5. Which of the following mines are not associated with Odisha?

A. Badampahar C. Sulaipet
B. Rajahara D. Gurumahisani

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Describe any three characteristics of minerals.
Ans: Three characteristics of minerals are:
Minerals are unevenly distributed over space.

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There is inverse relationship in quality and quantity of minerals i.e. good quality minerals are
less in quantity as compared to low quality minerals.
All minerals are exhaustible over time.

72
 2. Explain any five methods of conservation of mineral resources in India.
Ans- Conservation of minerals- For the sustainable economic development conservation of
minerals is essential.
Methods of mineral conservation-
1. Recycling and reuse of minerals
2. control of wastage in mining
3. Proper use of minerals and energy resources.
4. Use of public transport.
5. Export of all types of minerals must be decreased.
6. More use of non-conventional (Renewable) sources of energy like solar, wind, tidal and
geothermal energy.

3. Non-conventional sources of energy are more valuable / reliable than the traditional sources
of energy. Justify the statement.
OR
“The promotion of the use of non-conventional sources of energy in India is the need of the
hour.” Support the statement
Ans. Non-conventional sources of energy are more valuable and important because of the
following reasons-
1. Non-conventional sources of energy are eco-friendly but traditional (conventional) are not.
2. Non-conventional sources of energy are inexhaustible (Unlimited) whereas traditional
(conventional) are limited
3. One-time investment and regular energy production are given by non-conventional sources
of energy but traditional sources require regular expenditure.
4. Non-conventional energy sources are cheaper than traditional sources in the long run.
5. Examples of non-conventional sources of energy are- Solar energy, Wind energy, Tidal energy,
Hydroelectricity and Biogas etc.

CHAPTER – 06
PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CONTEXT OF INDIA

• Planning Involves ---Thinking—Formulation of Scheme —Implementation of Scheme—

Achieving Goal
• Planning was carried through Five-year Plans before establishment of NITI Aayog in 2015.
• NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) has replaced the Planning
Commission (Before 1 January, 2015).
• NITI Aayog has been set up with the objectives to (1) involve the states in economic policy
making and (2) provide strategic and technical advice to the central and state govt.
• There are two approaches in planning-
(a) Sectoral planning-focus on the development of a particular sector like-Agriculture,
Industry, Energy
(b) Regional planning -focus on a particular region to reduce regional Imbalance.
• Hill Area development Programme: Started in 5th Five-year plan covering 15 hill area districts
having height above 600 metre and not cover under tribal sub plan.
• Drought Prone Area Programme: started in 4thFive-year plan for providing employment to the
people in drought prone areas and creating productive assets.

1. Briefly explain the conditions prevalent in Bharmaur tribal region and steps taken by
government to improve conditions there.
Ans. Bharmaur tribal region has harsh climate conditions, low resource base and fragile
environment. These factors have influenced the society and Economy of the region. Steps
taken by government for improving conditions in Bharmaur tribal region are:
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1. Inclusion of Gaddis in scheduled tribe.

2. Inclusion of Bharmaur region in integrated tribal development program.

3. The development of infrastructure in terms of schools, healthcare facilities, potable water,
roads, communications and electricity.

2. What are the steps taken for sustainable development in Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar)
command Area Project?
Ans. Steps taken for sustainable development in Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) command Area
Project are –
a. Strict implementation of water management policy.
b. The cropping pattern shall not include water intensive crops. It shall be adhered to and people
shall be encouraged to grow plantation crops such as citrus fruits
c. The CAD programmes for reduction of loss of water
i. Lining of water courses,
ii. Land development and levelling and
iii. Warabandi system (equal distribution of canal water in the command area of outlet).
d. The areas affected by water logging and soil salinity shall be reclaimed
e. The eco-development through afforestation, shelterbelt plantation and pasture development.
f. Provided adequate financial and institutional support for cultivation of land.
g. The agricultural and allied activities have to develop along with other sectors of economy.

3. “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.” In the light of above statement throws some light on
sustainable development in world.
OR
Write a note on Sustainable development. What were the guiding ideas behind wide scale
acceptance of Sustainable development?
Ans. The Brundtland report defines sustainable development as a “development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.”
a. The idea emerged in late 1960s
b. It reflected negative effects of industrial development on environment
c. The publication of ‘The Population Bomb’ by Ehrlich in 1968 and ‘The Limits to Growth’ by
Meadows 1972.
d. Fear among environmentalists in particular and people in general.
e. The emergence of new models of development under a broad phrase ‘sustainable
development.’
f. The United Nations established a World Commission on Environment and Development
(WCED) headed by the Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland. g) The Commission
gave its report (also known as Brundtland Report) entitled ‘Our Common Future’ in 1987.

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 CHAPTER – 7
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
• Transport: Movement of passenger and goods from one place to another is called transport
• Communication: Transfer of idea, information, and message from one place to another

• Shahi road – built by Sher Shah Suri renamed as Grand Trunk Road in British period. At
present extends from Amritsar to Kolkata.
• National Highway-1 from Delhi to Amritsar
• National Highway - 2 from Delhi to Kolkata.
• NH 7 – longest NH – Varanasi to Kanyakumari.
• First serious attempt for Road construction – Nagpur Plan-1943
• After independence. 20-year road plan -1961- to improve road conditions in India.
• World’s longest Highway tunnel is ATAL TUNNEL. Its total length is 9.02 km connects
Manali to Lahaul-Spiti valley
• Golden Quadrilateral: connect India’s four big metro cities of Delhi- Mumbai-Chennai-
Kolkata.
• North-South Corridors: connecting Srinagar with Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu
• East-West Corridor: connect Silchar in Assam with Porbandar in Gujarat
• Indian Railway was introduced in 1853 from Bombay to Thane covering a distance of 34 km.
• Indian Railway has 16 zones:

• The backwaters (Kadal) of Kerala has special significance in Inland Waterway

• The famous Nehru Trophy Boat Race (VALLAMKALI) is also held in the backwaters
• Approximately 95 per cent of India’s foreign trade by volume and 70 per cent by value
moves through ocean routes
• Airport Authority of India is responsible for safe, efficient air traffic and communication in
India air space.
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• Air India is for International flight and Indian Airlines [Now ‘Indian’]
• Pawanhans provides helicopter service.

• Asia’s first cross country pipeline covering a distance of 1,157 km was constructed by Oil
India Limited (OIL) from Naharkatiya oilfield in Assam to Barauni refinery in Bihar.
• Important pipelines are:
1. Naharkatia to Barauni Refinery [now up to Kanpur]
2. Hazira – Vijaipur – Jagdishpur [HVJ] Pipeline (1750 km, Longest)
3. Ankleshwar oilfield to Koyali Refinery
4. Mumbai High to koyali
5. Salaya (Gujarat) – Mathura (UP) – Jalandhar (Punjab)

• Radio: Radio broadcasting started in India in 1923 by the Radio Club of Bombay.
• The National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) at Hyderabad

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Why is the density of rural roads very low in hilly, plateau and forested areas?
Ans: Due to the following factors, the density of rural roads is very low in hilly, plateau and
forested areas.
• Technological difficulty in construction
• Low population density.
• Relatively lesser economic activity.
• Costs of construction are relatively higher.
• Settlements are located far away from each other.

2. “Roadways and Railways are not competitive but complementary to each other in
India”. Prove this statement citing three examples.
Ans: Yes both are complementary to each other.
• Situations where the rail transport cannot be opted, the road transport replaces its role to
serve the people. E.g. in mountains or in hilly areas.
• Railway transport is effective for long distance travel, but Road transport is comfortable for
short distance travel.
• Road is used as feeder to other modes of transport. By linking both types of transport, the
service can be used effectively.

3. Describe any three advantages of satellite communication in India.

Ans: Advantages of satellite communication-
• Satellites provide a continuous and synoptic view of larger area which is very vital for the
country due to the economic and strategic reasons.
• The Indian National Satellite system (INSAT) is a multipurpose satellite system which is very
useful in telecommunication meteorological observation.
• The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System (IRS) is very useful in the management of
natural resources, monitoring of natural calamities, surveillance of border, etc in India.

1. There is unequal distribution of roads in India. Examine the statement by giving three
reasons.
Ans. Reasons behind the unequal distribution of roads in India are -
Terrain - Roads can be easily and cheaply constructed in plain areas whereas it can be
difficult and costly in hilly regions. That’s why most of the northern states and southern
states have a dense network of roads as compared to Himalayan and North-Eastern states.
Economic development - Level of economic development also plays an important role in
deciding the network of roads in an area. Karnataka plateau and Maharashtra have high
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 density of roads due to the high concentration of industries and urbanization in these areas.
Rural and remote areas- had the least connectivity by road due to less demand and having
sparse population.

5. Classify the Indian Railway into three categories on the basis of Gauge. Write the main
features of each.

Ans. Three categories on the basis of Gauge -

Gauge Width Percent
Broad Gauge 1.676 m 74%
Meter Gauge 1.0 m 21%
Narrow Gauge 0.762 – 0.610 m 05%
6. “Indian railways brought people of diverse cultures together to contribute to India’s
freedom struggle”. Support this statement with suitable examples.
Ans. This statement of Mahatma Gandhi shows the importance of Indian Railways which is
relevant in the present scenario too.
• Indian Railway was introduced in 1853 from Bombay to Thane covering a distance of 34 km.
• It connects people of different regions through its sixteen (16) zones.
• Indian Railways played an important role in establishing unity during Freedom struggle by
spreading nationalism among the people of different parts of India.
• People from different languages with different customs and food habits could connect with
each other using Indian Railways.

7. What scope do you find about the future of inland waterways in India?
Ans. Inland waterways in India-
• India has 14,500 km of navigable waterways but at present 5,685 km of major rivers are
navigable by mechanized flat bottom vessels, in this way there is a lot of potential for the
development of inland waterways.
• The Inland Waterways Authority has identified 10 other inland waterways, which could be
upgraded.
• Water sports can be promoted by developing internal waterways like Kerala's boat race.
• Like the Rhine River, trade can be promoted in India by connecting sea waterways with
inland waterways.

8. Inspite of numerous rivers, why are India’s inland waterways poorly developed?
Ans: Inspite of numerous rivers, India’s inland waterways are poorly developed because:
• Seasonal fluctuations in the volume of water level of most rivers.
• Higher silting in the river bed.
• Reduction in water level due to diversion of water for irrigation.
• Floods and swift currents.
• Tough competition from roads, railways and transport with regard to convenience.
• Lack of mechanised vessels.
• Undulating topography.

9. “Air transportation is essential for a vast country like India, where distances are large
and the terrain and climatic conditions are diverse”. Support this statement with
suitable examples.
Ans: India is a vast country so Air transportation has reduced distances by minimizing the travel
time.In Hilly areas of north – east states that are not readily accessible to other modes of
transport; air transport is considered to be the only means of transport. Due to the variation
in climate, it is essential to transport different products and tourists.

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10. Classify the modes of communication on the basis of scale and quality.
Ans: On the basis of scale and quality, the mode of communication can be divided into following
categories: -
Personal communication: - It transfers information between two persons only.
For example, Letters, Telephone, Telegram, Fax, E-mail, Internet.
Mass communication: - It transfers information to vast audiences located around the
world. Radio, T.V., Cinema, Satellite, Magazine and books, Newspaper, Public meetings,
Seminar and Conference are examples of Mass communication.

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11. Into how many groups can Indian satellite system be divided on the basis of
configuration and purposes? Write their characteristics too.
Ans:
Indian National Satellite System Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System
(INSAT) (IRS)
It is a series geostationary satellite. It is polar sun-synchronous satellite.
It was established in 1983. With the launching of IRS-IA in March
1988 from Vaikanour in Russia, it became
operational.
It is a multi-purpose satellite system It collects data in several spectral bands
for telecommunication, meteorological useful survey of earth’s surface.
observation.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Why is Road transport in India better than Rail transport? Explain citing three
reasons.
OR
Discuss the comparison between road transport and rail transport.
OR
Write down the advantages of road transport in India.
Ans: Road transport is better than Rail transport in India due to following reasons -
• Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railways lines.
• Roads can pass through hilly areas also.
• Road transport is better for transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of
goods over short distances.
• Road provides door to door services thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower.
• Road is used as feeder to other modes of transport. To reach any destination be it railway
station, sea port or airport, one needs to travel through roads.

2. How many types of roads are there on the basis of their construction and
maintenance? Explain in brief.
Ans: For the purpose of construction and maintenance, roads are classified as National Highways
(NH), State Highways (SH), Major District Roads and Rural Roads
National Highways
• The main roads which are constructed and maintained by the Central Government.
• The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) was operationalised in 1995.
• It is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Surface Transport
• 2% of the total road length - 40% of the road traffic
• These roads connect the state capitals, major cities, important ports, railway junctions, etc.
State Highways
• These are constructed and maintained by state governments.
• They join the state capitals with district headquarters and other important towns.
• These roads are connected to the National Highways
• These constitute 4% of total road length in the country
District Roads
• These roads are the connecting link between District Headquarters and the other important
nodes in the district.
• They account for 14 per cent of the total road length of the country.
Rural Road
• These roads are vital for providing links in the rural areas.
• About 80 per cent of the total road length.
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana was introduced in 2000 by the Indian government to
79
 provide connectivity rural: constructed and maintained by the village panchayats
Other Roads –

• Border Roads and International Highways.

• The Border Road Organisation (BRO) was established in May 1960
• Economic development and strengthening defence preparedness along the northern and
north-eastern boundary of the country.
• It has constructed roads in high altitude connected Chandigarh with Manali (Himachal
Pradesh) and Leh (Ladakh).
• The BRO also undertakes snow clearance in high altitude areas
• The international highways are meant to promote the harmonious relationship with the
neighboring countries by providing effective links with India e.g. Delhi- Lahore bus service.
Aman setu between Sri Nagar and Muzaffarabad.

CHAPTER – 8
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
• Exchange of goods and services between two or more countries is called international trade.
• India’s contribution in the world trade is as low as 1%of the total volume.
• Most of India’s foreign trade is carried through sea and air routes.
• Major Ports policy and functions are regulated by central government.
• Minor Ports policy and functions are regulated by state government.
• Change in Import Composition
Increased Decreased
Petroleum products (6% to 31%) Food products (19% to 3.7%)
Chemicals & fertilizers (3.5% to 6.7%) Paper & newsprint (1.7% to 0.9%)
Pearl and stones (Negligible to 9.6%) Transport equipments (6.4 to 1.9%)
Others: Electrical and non-electrical Iron & Steel (11% to 1.4%)
machineries, machine tools, gold, silver etc. Others: Fruits, dairy products, rubber, timber,
textile fibres etc.

• Change in Export Composition

Increased Decreased
Mineral Ore – 41% to 78% Tea – 20% to 1%
Readymade Garments – Neg. to 12.5% Raw Cotton – 3.4% to 0.1%
Chemicals – 1% to 11% Jute Textile – 20% to 0.5%
Gems and Jewelry - Neg. to 16.6% Others: Coffee, spices, tobacco,
Marine Products – 0.7% to 3.1% fruits & vegetables, sugar etc.
Machinery & Transport – 0.6% to 6%
Others: Handicraft, electronic goods, Marine products,
computer softwares etc.

• MAJOR PORTS OF INDIA:

• PORTS OF WEST COAST:
PORTS Harbour Remarks
Kandla Natural • Developed after Independence
Gujrat
Mumbai Natural • Biggest port.
Maharashtra

80
 J.L. Nehru Natural • It is the satellite port of Mumbai to reduce
(NhavaSheva) traffic.
• the largest container port of India
Marmagao Natural • ports is remodeled in 1961 to handle the export
Goa of iron ore from India
New Mangalore Natural • Karnataka is the major hinterland.
Karnataka
Kochchi Natural • Queen of Arabian Sea.
Kerala

• PORTS OF EAST COAST:

PORTS Harbour Remarks
Kolkata Natural • Riverine port
West Bengal • Jute, Tea, Iron-Steel
Haldia Natural • Developed to reduce the congestion of Kolkata
West Bengal port.
Paradwip Natural • Deepest Harbour
Odisha
Vishakhapatnam Natural • Land Locked Harbour
Andhra Pradesh
Chennai Artificial • One of the oldest port.
Tamil Nadu Harbour
Ennore Artificial • Developed to reduce the congestion of Chennai
Tamil Nadu Harbour port.
Tuticorin Artificial • Developed to reduce the congestion of Chennai
Tamil Nadu Harbour port.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. What was the reason for the decline of import of food grains?
A. Green revolution
B. Decline in population
C. Decrease in the birth rate
D. Import duty

2. Which one of the following is a landlocked harbour?

A. Haldia
B. Mumbai
C. Ennor
D. Vishakhapatnam

3. Name the satellite port of India which is developed to relive Mumbai Port.
A. Kolkata
B. Kandla
C. JLN Nhavasheva
D. Vishakhapatnam

4. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the given
options.
Assertion I: There has been a steep rise in imports of petroleum products in India.
Reason II: Impact of rise in imports of petroleum products are rise in industrialisation,
better living standard and price rise in international market.
A. Only Assertion is correct.
81
B. Both are correct and reason is the correct explation of assertion.
C. Only Reason is correct.
D. Both Assresion and reason are incorrect.

5. Which group of ports among the following is developed after independence to

compensate the losses of partition of the country?
A. Kandla and Mumbai.
B. Kandla and New Mangalore
C. Kandla and Jawahar lal Nehru port
D. Kandla and Diamond Harbour

6. Which among the following ports is the largest container port of India?
A. Kolkata
B. Kandla
C. JLN Nhavasheva
D. Vishakhapatnam

7. Which among the following ports is remodeled in 1961 to handle the export of iron
ore from India?
A. Kandla
B. Marmagao
C. Jawaharlal Nehru Port
D. Vishakhapatnam

8. Which among the following ports is the country’s largest oil terminal of India?
A. Kandla
B. Marmagao
C. Mumbai
D. Vishakhapatnam

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Why Port is called as ‘gateway of international trade’.
Ans: Yes, Ports are gateways of international trade -
• The term ‘port’ has been derived from a Latin word ‘Porta’ this means gateway.
• A port is a place on the coast from where ships start their journey and goods are loaded &
unloaded (with docks, wharves and berthing facilities).
• They function as focal point for foreign trade.
• They also act as collection and distribution centers, because they collect material from
hinterland for export and also distribute imported goods to the interior parts of the country.
• India has 12 major port and 185 minor ports.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Write a note on the changing nature of the international trade of India.
Ans: In 1950-51, India’s external trade was worth Rs. 1,2140 million, which rose to Rs. 22,09,270
Crores in 2009-10.
• The main reasons for the rise in the quantum of trade is
1. Momentum by the manufacturing sector,
2. The liberal policies of the government and
3. The diversification of markets.
• The value of import continued to be higher than that of exports.
• There has also been an increase in trade deficit.
Changing Nature of India’s Export:

82
• The share of agriculture and allied products has declined whereas shares of petroleum and
crude products and other commodities have increased.
• The shares of ore minerals and manufactured goods have largely remained constant.
• The increase in share of petroleum products is due to rise in petroleum price as well as
India’s refining capacity.
• The decline in traditional products is largely due to the competition from the international
market
• Amongst the agricultural products, there is a great decline in the exports of traditional items
such as coffee, spices, tea, pulses, etc. though an increase has been registered in floricultural
products, fresh fruits, marine products and sugar, etc.
• Gems and jewellery contribute a larger portion of India’s foreign trade.
Changing Nature of India’s Import:
• India faced serious food shortage during 1950s and 1960s.

• The major item of import at that time was food grain, capital goods, machinery and
equipment.
• After 1970s, food grain import was discontinued due to the success of green revolution.
• Fertilisers and petroleum replaced food grain import.
• Machine and equipment, special steel, edible oil and chemicals largely make the import
basket.
• There has been a steep rise in imports of petroleum products. It is used not only as a fuel but
also as an industrial raw material
• Import of capital goods maintained a steady increase due to rising demand in the export-
oriented industrial and domestic sectors.

CHAPTER - 9
GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SELECTED ISSUES AND PROBLEMS
• Environmental pollution is the contamination of the physical and biological components
of the earth.
• Environmental pollution results from ‘the release of substances and energy from waste
products of human activities.
• Human sources of water pollution:
Industrial activities - Major water polluting industries are leather, pulp and paper, textiles
and chemicals.
Agricultural activities- inorganic fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides.
Cultural activities such as pilgrimage, religious fairs, tourism, etc.
• Water borne diseases are diarrhoea, intestinal worms, hepatitis, etc.
• Delhi to Etawah stretch of the Yamuna River is most polluted in India.
• Sources of air pollution are combustion of coal, petrol and diesel, industrial processes,
solid waste disposal, sewage disposal, etc.
• Air pollution causes diseases related to respiratory, nervous and circulatory systems
• Smoky fog over cities called as urban smog is caused by atmospheric pollution.
• The level of steady noise is measured by sound level decibels (dB).
• Effects of Noise Pollution: Speech Interference, Annoyance, Sleep Interference, Rupture of
Ear Drum, Irritation, Tension etc.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What are the major objectives of Namami Gange Programme?
Ans. The major objectives are -
• 'Namami Gange Programme', launched by the Union Government in June 2014.
83
• Objectives are: cleaning and rejuvenation of river by
1. Development of river front
2. Development of Ganga gram in Uttarakhand, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand and W Bengal.
3. Cleaning of the river surface
4. Monitoring of industrial effluents
5. Developing sewage treatment system in towns.

2. What is air pollution? What are the effects of air pollution on human health?
Ans:
• Presence of harmful dust, fumes, gas, fog, odour, smoke and vapour in the air due to physical,
chemical and biological activities is called air pollution.
• It causes various diseases related to respiratory, nervous and circulatory systems
• Smoky fog over cities called as urban smog is caused by atmospheric pollution. It proves
very harmful to human health. It can also cause acid rain.

3. What are the sources of pollution in the Ganga and the Yamuna rivers? Also give its
polluted stretch.

Ans: Sources of pollution in Ganga and Yamuna:

1. Domestic and industrial effluents.
2. Dumping of carcasses in the rivers.
3. Domestic waste from urban centers.
4. Agricultural run-off.
5. Industrial pollution in the cities like Kanpur, Agra, Mathura, Varanasi and Delhi.
• Polluted stretch of the river Ganga: Downstream of Kanpur, Varanasi, Farakka barrage.
Polluted stretch of the river Yamuna: Delhi, Etawah, Mathura and Agra.

4. Why has the oceanic noise increased in the last forty years? Give reasons.
Ans: A study by Scripps Institute of Oceanography has revealed that oceanic noise has increased
tenfold since the 1960’s. The reasons are:
• Due to the vast increase in the volume of global shipping trade.
• The higher speed of vessels.
• The population has increased around the globe in recent decades.
• Increase in marine activity (extraction of petroleum and natural gas, collection of marine
food).
• Increase in naval activities.

5. “The urban waste should be properly treated as a resource for various needs of
mankind.” Explain the measures that can help in changing the urban waste into
resources.
Ans: In most of the cities and towns the waste generated is left uncollected leading to serious
health hazards.
• This waste should be treated as resource and utilized for generating energy and compost.
• Use New Techniques.
• Use improved quality control and process monitoring for garbage management.
• The waste should be divided into organic and inorganic.
• The garbage should be recycled.
• The non-disposable material should be banned from usage.
• For e.g. scraps can be immediately re-incorporated at the beginning of the manufacturing
line so that they do not become a waste product.

6. “Indiscriminate use of water by increasing population and industrial expansion has

84
 led to degradation of the water quality considerably in India”. Explain the measures
that can help in maintaining the quality of water.
Ans: Following values will help in maintaining the quality of water:
• Creating Awareness: Creating awareness of our environment is very important. The
government should try to make people aware of the importance of water.
• Participation of Community: By creating awareness and making community participate in
saving water will help in maintaining the quality of water.
• Use of New Techniques: It will also maintain the quality of water.

7. How is the degradation of cultivable land one of the serious problems in India?
Explain in any three points.
Ans: Degradation of cultivable land is one of the serious problems in India because:
• The limited availability and deterioration of quality of land, both are responsible to exert
pressure on agricultural land.
• Soil erosion, water-logging, salinisation and alkalinisation of land lead to land degradation
which declines productivity of the land.
• Natural and man-made processes, both degrade the quality of the land.

8. The largest slum of India "Dharavi" exhibits many contradictory elements. What are
these? Explain.
Ans. Dharavi is India's largest slum. These are the major contradictory elements in Dharavi-

• Slums generally have narrow streets whereas Dharavi has ninety feet wide road.
• Slums are generally places for antisocial activities whereas people of Dharavi are engaged in
diverse productive and manufacturing activities. e.g., jewellery setting, wood carving,
furniture making etc.
• Dharavi has small huts and temporary settlements, as well as there are multistoried
buildings with rusted railings and poor ventilation.
This is most populous slum with semi-skilled and skilled labourers useful for local economy
for manufacturing and construction work.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Mention major problems associated with urban waste disposal in India.
Ans:
• Huge piles of ash debris from industries, thermal power, construction materials, and
demolition.
• Untimely collection and disposal by the authorities.
• 50 % of the waste generated is left uncollected.
• Lack of space, people, and machines to dispose of it.
• Solid wastes cause health hazard through creation of obnoxious smell, and harboring of flies
and rodents.
• The dumping of industrial waste into rivers leads to water pollution.
• River pollution from city-based industries and untreated sewage.
• Land is limited in urban centers so looking for landfill to dump the waste generated is a
major problem.

2. Briefly explain the problems have arisen due to increasing urban population?
Ans: Problems raised due to increasing urban population:
• Congestion and overcrowding
• Inadequate facilities to support the fast-growing population
• Poor sanitary conditions.
• Environmental pollution by solid wastes has now got significance because of enormous
85
 growth in the quantity of wastes generated from various sources.
• Urban waste disposal.
• Increasing number of slums.

3. How has noise pollution become hazardous in many big cities of India? Explain with
example.
Ans: Noise pollution has become hazardous in many big cities of India like Delhi, Mumbai due to
following factors-
• With the increase in population the volume of traffic and passenger has increased
leading to more noise pollination.
• Number of private vehicles such as cars have increased significantly. This has led to
traffic jams when people go and come from office.
• Rapid industrialization in and around the residential Colony has also increased noise
pollution.
• The construction activities have increased to accommodate the ever-increasing
population in the big cities.
• Religious activities, social functions, rallies etc. create noise pollution particularly in the
late hours of the day.

4. What are Slums? Describe the problems of slums in India.

Ans: Slums are
• Informal settlements within cities that have inadequate housing and poor living conditions.
• They are often overcrowded.
• Slums are environmentally incompatible and degraded areas of the cities.

• These are occupied by the migrants who were forced to migrate from rural areas to urban
areas for employment and livelihood. But because of high rent and high costs of land, they
could not afford proper housing and start to live in these areas.
The problems of slums in India
• Lack of basic facilities: Slums are the least choice residential areas that have poor hygienic
conditions, poor ventilation and does not have basic facilities like drinking water, light and
toilet, etc.
• They face various health-related problems such as malnutrition, illness and prone to
various diseases.
• They are not able to send their children school to provide them with education, because of a
low level of income.
• Anti-social activities: Dwellers are vulnerable to drug abuse, alcoholism, crime, vandalism,
escapism, apathy and social exclusion because of poverty.
• Lack of safety measures from fire and earthquake.
• Over crowded with population.
• Lack of medical facilities.
• Narrow streets and lack of proper ventilation.
• Spread of epidemics in slums

5. Describe the nature of water pollution in India.

Ans: Water pollution may be defined as “alteration in physical, chemical and biological
characteristics of water which may cause harmful effects on human life”.
• Harmful for the use of humans and degrades the flora and fauna around it.
• Indiscriminate use of water by increasing population and industrial and agricultural
expansion has led degradation of the quality of water considerably.
Types of Water Pollutants:
• Industrial Pollutants [industrial waste water, including chemical such as chlorides,
86
 nitrates, heavy metals, ammonia lead, zinc, arsenic]
• Agricultural Pollutants [chemical fertilisers, pesticides, insecticides and herbicides]
• Urban Pollutants [urban sewage water, household sewage, septic tanks]
• Natural Pollutants [Volcanic dust, ash, sediments, erosion, landslides, dead and decay
organisms]
Effects of Water Pollution
• Spread of epidemics and several dangerous diseases such as cholera, tuberculosis, jaundice,
dysentery, diarrhea, lung cancer, Minamata diseases [mercury pollution].
• Death of aquatic life including plants and animals.
• Decrease in agricultural productivity.
• Decrease in the soil fertility.
• Eutrophication leading to increase in the population of plants and animal in the water.

87
88
89
 3

AREAS OF SUBSISTENCE GEATHERING

MAJOR AREAS OF NOMADIC HERDING OF THE WORLD

90
 4

MAJOR AREAS OF COMMERCIAL LIVESTOCK REARING

MAJOR AREAS OF EXTENSIVE COMMERCIAL GRAIN FARMING

91
 5

MAJOR AREAS OF MIXED FARMING OF THE WORLD

TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILWAYS:
TERMINAL STATIONS OF TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILWAYS

92
 6

MAJOR SEA PORTS

INLAND WATERWAYS

93
 7

MAJOR AIRPORTS

94
95
 10

96
 11

97
 12

98
 13

99
 15

100
 16

101
 SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER - 1
GEOGRAPHY (029)
CLASS - XII
SESSION - 2024-25
TYPE OF QUESTIONS
TEXT SL. NAME OF SEC - A SEC - B SEC - C SEC - D SEC - E
UNIT TOTAL
BOOK NO. CHAPTER MCQ SBQ SAT LAT MAP
(1) (3) (3) (5) (5)
Human Geography
I 1 Nature and Scope 3 (1) 3 (1)
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
FUNDAMENTALS OF

The World Population

2 Distribution, Density 3 (1)
II and Growth 8(2)
3 Human Development 5(1)
4 Primary Activities 2 (2) 3 (1)
5 Secondary Activities 2 (2)
Tertiary and
III 6
Quaternary Activities
2 (2) 19 (13)
Transport and
7 Communication 4 (4)
8 International Trade 1 (1) 5(1)
MAP WORK 5(1) 5(1)
TOTAL (A) 11 (11) 3 (1) 6 (2) 10 (2) 5(1) 35 (17)
Population :
Distribution, Density,
I 1
Growth and
5(1) 5(1)
Composition
INDIA : PEOPLE &

II 2 Human Settlements 3 (1) 3 (1)

ECONOMY

Land Resources and

3 Agriculture 5(1)
4 Water Resources 1 (1)
Mineral and Energy
III 5 Resources 1 (1) 10 (4)
Planning and
Sustainable
6
Development in Indian
3 (1)
Context
Transport and
7 Communication 2 (2)
IV 7 (3)
8 International Trade 5(1)
Geographical
Perspective on
V 9
Selected Issues and
2 (2) 3 (1) 5(3)
Problems
MAP WORK 5(1) 5(1)
TOTAL (B) 6 (6) 3 (1) 6 (2) 15 (3) 5(1) 35 (13)
GRAND TOTAL (A + B) 17 (17) 6 (2) 12 (4) 25 (5) 10 (2) 70 (30)
 SAMPLE PAPER (1)–2024-2025
CLASS - XII
SUBJECT – GEOGRAPHY (THEORY)
Time: -3.00Hrs Max. Marks: - 70
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS-
1. This question paper contains 30 questions. All questions are compulsory.
2. This question paper is divided into 5 sections A, B, C, D and E
3. Section A - Question number1 to17are Multiple Choice type questions caring 1 mark
each.
4. Section B - Question number 18 and 19 are Source based questions caring 3 mark each.
5. Section C -Question number 20 to 23 are Short Answer type questions caring 3 mark
each. Answer to these questions shall be written in 80 to 100words
6. Section D- Question number 24 to 28 are Long Answer type questions caring 5 mark
each. Answer to these questions shall be written in 120 to 150 words.
7. Section E - Question number 29 and 30 are Map based questions

SECTION - A
1. निम्िलिखित कथिों पर विचार करें और दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही विकल्प चुिें।
कथि – संग्रहण सबसे पुरािी ज्ञात आर्थिक गनतविर्ि है ।
कारण- इस प्रकार की आर्थिक गनतविर्ि प्रौद्योर्गकी के बहुत निम्ि स्तर पर संचालित होती है ।
विकल्प -
A. कथि सत्य है िेककि कारण गित है |
B. कथि गित है और कारण सत्य है |
C. कथि और कारण िोिों सत्य हैं िेककि कारण, कथि की सही व्याख्या िहीं करता है |
D. कथि और कारण िोिों सत्य हैं एिं कारण, कथि की सही व्याख्या करता है |
Consider the following statements and choose correct option.
Assertion (A) – Gathering is the oldest economic activity known.
Reason (R) – This type of economic activity operates at a very low level of technology.
Options –
A. A is true but R is false
B. A is false and R is true
C. Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
D. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. कॉिम I को कॉिम II से लमिाएं और दिए गए कोड की सहायता से सही विकल्प चि

ु ें ।
कॉिम I कॉिम II
A. लिकार और संग्रहण करिा 1. िेतों में अभ्यास ककया जाता है
B. िािाबिोि पिुचारण 2. प्रनत इकाई क्षेत्र में कम उपज
C. िाखणज्ययक पिु पािि 3. ऋतप्र
ु िास
D. विस्तत
ृ िाखणज्ययक अिाज िेती 4. आदिम
Match the column I with column II and choose the correct options with the help of given
codes.

COLUMN I COLUMN II
A. Hunting and gathering 1. Practiced in ranches
B. Nomadic herding 2. Low yield per unit area
C. Commercial livestock rearing 3. Transhumance
D. Extensive Commercial grain cultivation 4. Primitive
A B C D
A. 4 2 1 3
B. 2 3 1 4
C. 3 4 2 1
D. 4 3 1 2

3. निम्िलिखित में से कौि सी वििेषता विनिमािण से संबंर्ित है –

A. विनिमािण का िाज्दिक अथि हाथ से बिािा है ।
B. उद्योग िदि का प्रयोग 'विनिमािण' के पयािय के रूप में भी ककया जाता है
C. द्वितीयक क्षेत्र की कुछ गनतविर्ियााँ जैसे 'मिोरं जि उद्योग' और पयिटि उद्योग कारिािों में िहीं की
जाती हैं
D. ये सभी
Which one of the following features is related to manufacturing?
A. Manufacturing literally means to make by hand.
B. The term industry is also used as synonymous with ‘manufacturing
C. Some secondary activities are not carried on in factories such as what is now called the
‘entertainment industry’ and Tourism industry.
D. All of these

4. कौि सी इकाई रोजगार प्रिाि करती है और स्थािीय क्रय िज्तत बढाती है -

A. घरे िू विनिमािण C. बडे पैमािे पर विनिमािण
B. छोटे पैमािे पर विनिमािण D. फुट िूज उद्योग
Which unit provides employment and raises local purchasing power –
A. Household manufacturing C. Large scale manufacturing
B. Small scale manufacturing D. Foot loose industries

5. आइसोक्रोि िे रे िाएाँ हैं जो समाि_______ िािे स्थािों को जोडती हैं:

A. ककमी िरू ी C. िागत िरू ी
B. समय िरू ी D. िाभ िरू ी
Isochrones are lines that join places of equal:
A. Kilometre distance C. Cost Distance
B. Time Distance D. Profit distance

6. चतथ
ु क
ि गनतविर्ियों में निम्िलिखित में से कौि िालमि है ?
A. सूचिा का संग्रह C. सूचिा का प्रसार
B. सूचिा का उत्पािि D. ये सभी
Quaternary activities involve which of the following?
A. Collection of Information C. Dissemination of information
B. Production of Information D. All of these

7. ककस िे ि में सडक घित्ि सिािर्िक है

A. चीि C. जापाि
B. ू ाइटे ड ककंगडम
यि D. संयत
ु त रायय अमेररका
Which country has the highest density of road network?
A. China C. Japan
B. United Kingdom D. United States of America

8. रे िम मागि, जो िम्बे मागि का आदिम उिाहरण है , निम्िलिखित में से ककस िे ि को जोडता है ?

A. चीि और इटिी C. चीि और मध्य एलिया
B. चीि और रोम D. चीि और यूिाि
Silk route, which is a primitive example of a long route, connects which of the following
countries?
A. China and Italy C. China and Central Asia
B. China and Rome D. China and Greece

9. एकमात्र रायय ज्जसिे सभी घरों में छत पर िषाि जि संचयि संरचिा अनििायि कर िी है :
A. आंध्र प्रिे ि C. किािटक D. पज्चचम
B. तलमििाडु बंगाि
The only state that has made rooftop rainwater harvesting structures compulsory to all
the houses is:
A. Andhra Pradesh C. Karnataka
B. Tamil Nadu D. West Bengal

10. निम्िलिखित कथि पर विचार करें और दिए गए विकल्पों की सहायता से सही उत्तर चि
ु ें ।
कथि I: हाि के िषों में भारत में पररिहि के सािि के रूप में एचिीजे, मुंबई हाई से कोयिी, सिाया
मथरु ा से जािंिर आदि पाइप िाइिें विकलसत की गई हैं।
कथि II: इन्हें तरि और गैसीय सामर्ग्रयों के लिए पररिहि में िे री को रोकिे और सरु क्षक्षत पररिहि
की मांग को पूरा करिे के लिए विकलसत ककया गया है ।
A. केिि कथि I सही है
B. केिि कथि II सही है
C. िोिों कथि सही हैं, और कथि II कथि I की सही व्याख्या करता है
D. िोिों कथि सही हैं िेककि एक िस ू रे से संबंर्ित िहीं हैं।
Consider the following statement and choose the correct answer with the help of the
given options.
Statement I: In recent years pipelines like HVJ, Mumbai High to Koyali, Salaya Mathura
to Jalandhar, etc. have been developed in India as a means of transportation.
Statement II: These have been developed to cater to the demand for transportation
delays and safe transportation for liquid and gaseous materials.
A. Only Statement I is correct
B. Only statement II is correct
C. Both the statements are correct, and statement II correctly explains statement I
D. Both the statements are correct but not related to each other.

11. कोयिा भंडार निम्िलिखित में से ककस िनिज बेल्ट में पाए जाते हैं?
A. उत्तर-पूिी पठारी क्षेत्र B. िक्षक्षण-पज्चचम पठारी क्षेत्र
C. उत्तर-पज्चचमी क्षेत्र D. उत्तर-पि
ू ी रायय
Coal reserves are found in which of the following Minerals Belts?
A. North-east plateau region C. North-western region
B. South-west plateau region D. North-eastern states

12. कोंकण रे ििे के अंनतम स्टे िि हैं -

A. मंगिौर से रोहा C. मंगिौर से पि
ू ा
B. मैसूर से रोहा D. मैसूर से पि
ू ा
The terminal station of Konkan Railway are -
A. Mangalore to Roha C. Mangalore to Pune
B. Mysore to Roha D. Mysore to Pune

13. निम्िलिखित में से कौि सी ििी अत्यर्िक प्रिवू षत है ?

A. ब्रह्मपुत्र C. यमुिा
B. सतिुज D. गोिािरी
Which one of the following rivers is highly polluted?
A. Brahamputra C. Yamuna
B. Satluj D. Godavari

14. अम्िीय िषाि के कारण की पहचाि कीज्जये

A. जि प्रिष
ू ण C. ध्िनि D. िायु प्रिष
ू ण
B. भलू म प्रिष
ू ण प्रिष
ू ण
Identify the cause of acid rain.
A. Water pollution C. Noise pollution
B. Land pollution D. Air pollution

दिए गए मािर्चत्र का अििोकि करें और प्रचिों के उत्तर िें |

Observe the given map and answer the following questions: [1+1+1=3]
15. मािर्चत्र में ििािया गया रे िमागि है :
A. ट्ांस साइबेररयि रे िमागि C. ट्ांस ऑस्ट्लियि रे िमागि
B. ट्ांस कैिेडडयि रे िमागि D. उपरोतत में से कोई िहीं
The transcontinental railway shown in the map is:
A. Trans-Siberian railway C. Trans Australian railway
B. Trans Canadian railway D. None of the above
16. मािर्चत्र में ‘A’ के रूप में र्चज्ह्ित स्टे िि का िाम:
A. पथि B. लसडिी C. कैिबेरा D. िन्िि
The name of the station marked with ‘A’ is
A. Perth
B. Sydney
C. Canberra
D. London
17. उपरोतत रे िमागि ककि िो सागरीय तटों को जोडता है ?
A. अटिांदटक ि प्रिांत महासागरीय तट
B. दहन्ि महासागरीय ि प्रिांत महासागरीय तट
C. अटिांदटक महासागरीय ि दहन्ि महासागरीय तट
D. आकिदटक महासागरीय तट ि दहन्ि महासागरीय तट
This transcontinental railway joins two coasts:
A. Atlantic coast and Pacific coast
B. Indian Ocean coast and Pacific coast
C. Atlantic Coast and Indian Ocean coast
D. Arctic coast and Indian Ocean coast

SECTION B
18. निम्िलिखित गद्यांि का अध्ययि करें और प्रचिों के उत्तर िें –
Read the paragraph carefully and answer the question followed -
ट्ॉिहै म िहर में सदिि यों का मतिब है भयंकर हिाएं और भारी बफिबारी। महीिों तक आसमाि
में अंिेरा छाया रहता है । कारी सुबह 8 बजे अंिेरे में काम पर जाता है । उसके पास सदिि यों के
लिए वििेष टायर हैं और िह अपिी िज्ततिािी कार की हे डिाइट्स चािू रिती है । उिके
कायाििय को कृत्रत्रम रूप से आरामिायक 23 डडग्री सेज्ल्सयस पर गमि ककया जाता है । िह
ज्जस विचिविद्यािय में काम करती है उसका पररसर एक वििाि कांच के गुंबि के िीचे बिा
हुआ है । यह गुंबि सदिि यों में बफि को िरू रिता है और गलमियों में िप
ू को अंिर आिे िे ता है ।
तापमाि साििािीपूिक ि नियंत्रत्रत ककया जाता है और पयािप्त रोििी होती है ।
Winters in the town of Trondheim mean fierce winds and heavy snow. The skies
are dark for months. Kari drives to work in the dark at 8 a.m. She has special tires
for the winter and keeps the headlights of her powerful car switched on. Her
office is artificially heated at a comfortable 23 degrees Celsius. The campus of the
university she works in is built under a huge glass dome. This dome keeps the
snow out in winter and lets in the sunshine in the summer. The temperature is
controlled carefully and there is adequate lighting.

A. गद्यांि में िखणित मािि-प्रकृनत संबंिों के प्रकार का िाम लिखिए|

Name the type of human nature relationship described in the passage.
B. ट्ॉिहै म िगर की कठोर जििायु में नििास करिे में तकिीक ककस प्रकार उपयोगी है ?
Explain how technology helps in living in harsh climate of Trondheim.
C. पयाििरणीय निचचयिाि की कोई िो वििेषताएं लिखिए|
Write any two features of environmental determinism.

19. दिए गए मािर्चत्र का अििोकि करें और प्रचिों के उत्तर िें |

[1+1+1=3]
Observe the given map and answer the following questions:
A. मािर्चत्र में दििाई गई िहर को पहचािें।
Identify the canal shown in the map.
B. उस ििी का िाम बताइए ज्जससे यह िहर निकिती है ।
Name the river from which this canal originates.
C. इस क्षेत्र में िहर लसंचाई की िुरूआत के कारण उभरी कोई िो समस्याएाँ लिखिए।
Write any two problems emerged due to introduction of canal irrigation in this region.

SECTION-C
Question numbers 20 to 23 are Short Answer type questions.

20. जिसंख्या के वितरण को प्रभावित करिे िािे आर्थिक और सामाज्जक राजिीनतक कारकों की
व्याख्या करें ।
Explain the economic & social political Factors which affect the distribution of
population.
[3]
अथिा (OR)
जिसांज्ख्यकीय संक्रमण लसद्िांत के तीि चरणों की वििेषताओं का िणिि करें ।
Describe the features of three stages of Demographic Transition Theory.
21. भम
ू ध्यसागरीय कृवष की मुख्य वििेषताओं का िणिि करें । विचि के ककि भागों में इस प्रकार
की कृवष की जाती है ?
[3]
Describe the main characteristics of Mediterranean agriculture. In which parts of
the world this type of agriculture is practiced?

22. ग्रामीण और िहरी बज्स्तयों के बीच कोई तीि अंतर लिखिए।

[3]
Write any three differences between rural and urban settlements.
अथिा (OR)
भारत में आिनु िक िहरों के विकास पर एक संक्षक्षप्त दटप्पणी लििें |
Write a short note on development of modern towns in India.

23. बढती िहरी जिसंख्या के कारण उत्पन्ि हुई समस्याओं का संक्षेप में िणिि करें ?
[3]
Briefly explain the problems that have arisen due to increasing urban
population?

SECTION D
Question numbers 24 to 28 are Long Answer Type questions.

24. मािि विकास से आपका तया आिय है ? मािि विकास के चार दृज्टटकोण बताइये।
[5]
What do you mean by Human Development? Explain four approaches of human
development.

25. मुतत व्यापार तया है ? िैचिीकरण एिं मुतत व्यापार के िटु पररणामों का िणिि कीज्जये।
[5]
What is free trade? Describe the adverse effects of globalisation and free trade.

26. जिसंख्या िद्

ृ र्ि तया है ? भारत में जिसंख्या िद्
ृ र्ि के चार चरणों की व्याख्या करें ।
[5]
What is population growth? Explain four stages of population growth in India.
अथिा (OR)
भारत में जिसंख्या के वितरण को प्रभावित करिे िािे कारकों की व्याख्या करते हुए भारत
में जिसंख्या के स्थानिक वितरण का िणिि करें ।
Describe the spatial distribution of population in India while explaining the
factors which affect the distribution of population in India.

27. स्ितंत्रता के समय भारत में कृवष की ज्स्थनत स्पटट करें ? कृवष के विकास के लिए तया किम
उठाए गए?
Explain the condition of agriculture in India at the time of independence? What steps
were taken to develop agriculture?
[5]
 अथिा (OR)
भारत में कृवष की समस्याओं की व्याख्या करें ।
Explain the problems of agriculture in India.

28. भारत के नियाित और आयात व्यापार की संरचिा का िणिि करें ।

[5]
Describe the composition of export and import trade of India.
अथिा (OR)
भारत के लिए समुद्री बंिरगाहों के तया फायिे हैं?
What are the advantages of seaports for India?

SECTION E
Question numbers 29 & 30 are Map based questions having 5 sub-parts
each.

29. विचि के दिए गए राजिीनतक मािर्चत्र पर, सात भौगोलिक वििेषताओं को A, B, C, D, E,

F और G के रूप में र्चज्ह्ित ककया गया है । निम्िलिखित जािकारी की सहायता से ककन्हीं
पांच की पहचाि कर उिके समक्ष िींची गयी रे िा पर सही िाम अंककत करें ।
A. एक प्रमुि बंिरगाह|
B. एक अंतरराटट्ीय हिाई अड्डा|
C. एक महत्िपूणि अंतिे िीय जि मागि|
D. उटणकदटबंिीय अफ़्रीका में नििािह संग्रहण का एक क्षेत्र।
E. एलिया का एक महत्िपूणि बंिरगाह|
F. घुमंतू पिुचारण का एक क्षेत्र|
G. विस्तत
ृ व्यािसानयक अिाज िेती का क्षेत्र|
On the given political map of the world, Seven geographical features have been
marked as A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Identify any five with the help of the following
information and write their correct names on the lines drawn near each feature.
A. A major seaport.
B. An international airport
C. An important Inland Waterway
D. An area of subsistence gathering in Tropical Africa.
E. An important seaport of Asia
F. An area of Nomadic Herding
G. Region of extensive commercial grain farming

प्रचि संख्या 29 के स्थाि पर निम्िलिखित प्रचि केिि दृज्टटबार्ित अभ्यर्थियों के लिए हैं।
A. ऑस्ट्े लिया के िक्षक्षण-पज्चचमी तट पर ज्स्थत एक प्रमुि बंिरगाह का िाम बताइए।
B. जापाि में एक महत्िपूणि अंतरराटट्ीय हिाई अड्डे का िाम बताइए।
C. यूरोप में सबसे महत्िपूणि अंतिे िीय ििी जिमागि कौि सा है ?
D. अफ़्रीका महाद्िीप में जीिि नििािह संग्रहण के एक क्षेत्र का िाम बताइये।
E. चीि के िक्षक्षण-पूिी तट पर ज्स्थत एक महत्िपूणि बंिरगाह का िाम बताइए।
F. यूरोप और एलिया के उत्तरी भाग में िािाबिोि चरिाहे के एक क्षेत्र का उल्िेि करें ।
G. उत्तरी अमेररका में व्यापक िाखणज्ययक अिाज कृवष के क्षेत्र का िाम बताइए।
The following questions are for visually Impaired Candidates only in lieu of
Question No.29.
A. Name a major seaport situated on the southwest coast of Australia.
B. Name an important international airport in Japan.
C. Which is the most important Inland River waterway in Europe
D. Name an area of subsistence gathering in Africa Continent.
E. Name an important seaport on the southeast coast of China.
F. Mention an area of nomadic herding in the northern part of Europe and Asia.
G. Name the area of extensive commercial grain agriculture in North America.

30. भारत के राजिीनतक रे िा मािर्चत्र पर निम्िलिखित में से ककन्हीं पांच भौगोलिक

वििेषताओं को ढूंढें और उपयुतत प्रतीकों के साथ िेबि करें :
A. गुजरात का एक महत्िपूणि बंिरगाह ।
B. तलमििाडु में एक महत्िपूणि कोयिा ििाि ।
C. राजस्थाि में एक तांबे की िाि ।
D. त्रबहार में एक तेि ररफाइिरी ।
E. सबसे कम जिसंख्या घित्ि िािा रायय ।
F. कॉफी में अग्रणी रायय. ।
G. पंजाब में एक अंतरराटट्ीय हिाई अड्डा ।
Locate and label any five of the following geographical features on the political
Outline map of India with appropriate symbols:
A. An important seaport in Gujarat
B. An important coal mine in Tamil Nadu
C. A copper mine in Rajasthan.
D. An oil refinery in Bihar
E. The state with the lowest Population density.
F. The state leading in Coffee.
G. An international Airport in Punjab.

प्रचि संख्या 30 के स्थाि पर निम्िलिखित प्रचि केिि दृज्टटबार्ित अभ्यर्थियों के लिए हैं।
A. गुजरात में एक महत्िपूणि बंिरगाह का िाम बताइए।
B. तलमििाडु में एक महत्िपूणि कोयिा ििाि का िाम बताएं।
C. राजस्थाि की एक महत्िपूणि तांबे की िाि का िाम बताइए।
D. त्रबहार में एक महत्िपूणि तेि ररफाइिरी का िाम बताएं।
E. भारत के सबसे कम जिसंख्या घित्ि िािे रायय का िाम बताइये।
F. भारत के उस रायय का िाम बताएं जो कॉफी में अग्रणी है ।
G. पंजाब में एक अंतरराटट्ीय हिाई अड्डे का िाम बताएं?
The following questions are for visually Impaired Candidates only in lieu of
Question No.30.
A. Name an important seaport in Gujarat.
B. Name an important coal mine in Tamil Nadu.
C. Name an important copper mine in Rajasthan.
D. Name an important oil refinery in Bihar.
E. Name the state of India with the lowest Population density.
F. Name the state of India which leading in Coffee.
G. Name an international Airport in Punjab.
 SAMPLE PAPER (1)–2024-2025
CLASS - XII
SUBJECT – GEOGRAPHY (THEORY)
Time: -3.00Hrs Max. Marks: - 70
ANSWER KEY
Q.1 D 1
Q.2 D 1
Q.3 D 1
Q.4 B 1
Q.5 B 1
Q.6 D 1
Q.7 D 1
Q.8 C 1
Q.9 B 1
Q.10 C 1
Q.11 A 1
Q.12 A 1
Q.13 C 1
Q14 D 1
Q.15 C 1
Q.16 A 1
Q.17 B 1
Q.18 Possiblism or Humanisation of Nature 1
[A]
Q.18 Technology helps in loosening the shackles of nature, electricity, artificial heating, 1
[B] tyres.

Q.18 Nature is powerful, Humans are slaves of nature, supported by Greek and German 1
[C] school of thought, any other relevant point.
Q.19 A Indira Gandhi Canal 1
B Sutlej River 1
C Salinisation, Water logging, any other relieving point. 1
Q.20 A. Economic Factors- 3
(A) Minerals- Ares famous for special minerals attract a higher population. For
example-Katanga Zambia for copper (Africa), Karlgoorly and Kulgardi for gold
(Australia).
(B) Urbanisation- Towns and cities provide better facilities regarding employment,
education and health etc. These attract the population from rural areas.
(C) Industrialization- Industrial areas provide job opportunities to a large number
of people.Example-Kobe Osaka region of Japan and Mumbai, Ahmedabad
region of India are densely populated .
Social and Cultural Factors-
Some areas of the world are densely or thickly populated due to their social,
religious and cultural significance . Example Ajmer, Makka Madina etc.
 OR
B Introduction- It is used to describe and predict about the future population of any
area. This theory describes that the population of any region changes from rural
agrarian, illiterate to advanced industrialized urban literate society.

Stages Of Demographic Transition Theory/ Model

(1) FIRST STAGE-
(i) High fertility and high mortality because people reproduce more to
compensate for deaths due to epidemics and variable food supply.
(ii) Population growth is slow and large families are assets.
(iii) Low Literacy and low level of technology. Two hundred years ago all the
countries were in this stage. (present example-Bangladesh)
(2) SECOND STAGE-
(i) High fertility and low mortality. result- Rapid growth /Population explosion
(ii) These decrease due to improvement in health and sanitation facilities.
(iii) Present examples- Peru, Srilanka and Kenya.
(3) THIRD STAGE-
(i) Both fertility and mortality decline considerably.
(ii) Population either is slow or stable.
(iii) The population becomes urbanised, Literate and has high technological
knowledge. examples- Japan, USA and Canada (Developed countries).
Q.21 Characteristics 3
1. Mainly citrus fruits (Orange, Lemons) are produced in it.
2. Viticulture or grape cultivation is a specialty of the Mediterranean region.
3. This region also produces olives and figs.
Distribution in the World: -
1. The countries on either side of the Mediterranean Sea in Europe and in north Africa
from Tunisia to Atlantic coast,
2. Southern California
3. Central Chile
4. South western parts of South Africa
5. South and south western parts of Australia.
Q.22 A. Difference between urban and rural settlements 3
 Criterion Urban Settlements Rural Settlements

Well-developed
Not much developed.
Development infrastructure and
Poor infrastructure.
connectivity

Density of Rural areas have less

Densely populated.
population population.

Employment land-based primary

Many opportunities.
Opportunities activities

Life is complex, formal People are less mobile

Social Relations
social relations. and close social ties
B Modern Towns:
1. British First developed trading ports such as Surat, Daman, Goa, Pondicherry, etc.
2. Later developed three principal nodes – Mumbai (Bombay), Chennai (Madras),
and Kolkata (Calcutta) – and built them in the British style.
3. Administrative centers, summer resorts, military towns
4. Industrial towns-Jamshedpur 1850
5. After independence administrative towns.
Q.23 Problems raised due to increasing urban population: 3
1. Congestion and overcrowding.
2. Inadequate facilities to support the fast-growing population
3. Poor sanitary conditions.
4. Environmental pollution by solid wastes has now got significance because of
enormous growth in the quantity of wastes generated from various sources.
5. Urban waste disposal.
6. Increasing number of slums.
Q.24 (a) The Income approach: - Oldest approach, links the development to income. 5
(b) The Welfare approach: - Emphasis on the welfare of the people by maximizing
expenditure on education, health and amenities.
(c) Basic need approach: - Proposed by the International Labour Organisation (ILO).
Emphasis is on six basic needs i.e.: health, education, food, water supply, sanitation, and
housing.
(d) Capability approach: - Focus on building human capabilities like health and
education Associated with Prof. Amartya Sen.
Q.25 1. The act of opening up economies for trading is known as free trade or trade 5
liberalisation.
2. This is done by bringing down trade barriers like tariffs.
3. Trade liberalisation allows goods and services from everywhere to compete with
domestic products and services.
4. Globalisation along with free trade can adversely affect the economies of developing
countries by not giving equal playing field by imposing conditions which are
unfavourable.
5. With the development of transport and communication systems goods and services
can travel faster and farther than ever before.
6. But free trade should not only let rich countries enter the markets, but allow the
developed countries to keep their own markets protected from foreign products.
Q.26 A. Growth of population: Change in the number of people living in a particular area between 5
two points of time. Its rate is expressed in percentage. Population growth has two components
namely; natural and induced.
 1. 1901-1921: Period of stagnant or stationary phase
growth rate was very low, negative growth rate during 1911-1921.
Birth rate and death rate were high
Poor health and medical services, illiteracy of people and inefficient distribution system
of food and lack of basic necessities.
2. 1921-1951: Period of steady population growth.
Improvement in health and Sanitation brought down the mortality rate.
Better transport and communication system improved distribution system.
Crude birth rate remained high leading to higher growth rate than the previous phase.
3. 1951-1981 Period of population explosion
Rapid fall in the mortality rate but a high fertility rate of population
Average annual growth rate was as high as 2.2 per cent.
Developmental activities, centralised planning process, Improvement of living
condition, increased international migration.
4. 1981 till present : growth rate started slowing down gradually .
Downward trend of crude birth rate.
Increase in the mean age at marriage, improved quality of life ,education of females.
B. Uttar Pradesh has the highest population followed by Maharashtra, Bihar and West
Bengal.
Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh along with Tamil Nadu, Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka and Gujarat, together account for about 76 per cent of
the total population.
Population is very small in the states like Jammu & Kashmir (1.04%), Arunachal
Pradesh (0.11%) and Uttarakhand (0.84%).
Close relationship between population and physical, socioeconomic and historical
factors.
physical factors: Climate along with terrain and availability of water largely determines
the pattern of the population distribution. Consequently, we observe that the North
Indian Plains, deltas and Coastal Plains have higher proportion of population than the
interior districts of southern and central Indian States, Himalayas, some of the north
eastern and the western states.
Development of irrigation (Rajasthan),
Availability of mineral and energy resources (Jharkhand)
Development of transport network (Peninsular States)
Socio-economic and historical factors: Evolution of settled agriculture and agricultural
development; pattern of human settlement; development of transport network,
industrialisation and urbanisation. It is observed that the regions falling in the river
plains and coastal areas of India have remained the regions of larger population
concentration.
Early history of human settlement and development of transport network.
On the other hand, the urban regions of Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, Pune,
Ahmedabad, Chennai and Jaipur have high concentration of population due to
industrial development and urbanisation.
Q.27 A. Indian agricultural was largely subsistence in nature. 5
It had dismal performance in the first half of twentieth century.
This period witnessed severe droughts and famines.
During partition about one-third of the irrigated land went to Pakistan.
After Independence, the immediate goal of the Government was to increase foodgrains
production by
(i) switching over from cash crops to food crops;
(ii) intensification of cropping over already cultivated land;
(iii) increasing cultivated area by bringing cultivable and fallow land under plough.
Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP) and Intensive Agricultural Area
 Programme (IAAP) were launched.
Green revolution in 1960-70.
B.
1. Uneven and unreliable rainfall
2. Low productivity
3. Poverty of the farmers
4. Lack of land reforms
5. Fragmentation of land holdings
6. Lack of commercialization
7. Vast under employment
8. Degradation of cultivable land
9. Illiteracy among farmers
Q.28 A: CHANGES IN COMPOSITION 5
1. The share of agriculture and allied products has declined
2. The share of petroleum products has increased
3. The share of ore-minerals and manufactured goods have largely remained
constant Increasing in India’s refining capacity also responsible for importing
petroleum
4. Declining in traditional goods is due to tough international competition
5. There is a great decline in coffee, spices, pulses, tea
6. Increase in floriculture products, marine products, sugar and fresh fruits
7. Manufacturing alone accounted for 73.6% of total export in 2016-17
8. Engineering goods have shown growth in export
9. China and east Asian countries are our competitors
10. Gems and jewellery contributed a large share in foreign trade
B: Importance of ports for India.
1. India is surrounded by sea from three sides and is bestowed with a long
coastline.
2. Water provides a smooth surface for very cheap transport provided there is
no turbulence.
3. Waterways are the cheapest means of transport for heavy and bulky goods
and it is more favored for international trading.
4. Indented coastline is suitable for ports.
5. Opening of Suez Canal also promotes encouraged seaports along the west
coast .
Q.29 A=PERTH
B=TOKYO
C=RHINE WATERWAYS
D=EQUATORIAL AFRICA
E=HONG KONG
F=NORTH EURASIA
G=PRAIRIES
Q.30 ON MAP
 SAMPLE PAPER (2)–2024-2025
CLASS - XII
SUBJECT – GEOGRAPHY (THEORY)
Time: -3.00Hrs Max. Marks: - 70
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS-
1. This question paper contains 30 questions. All questions are compulsory.
2. This question paper is divided into 5 sections A, B, C, D and E
3. Section A - Question number1 to17are Multiple Choice type questions caring 1
mark each.
4. Section B - Question number 18 and 19 are Source based questions caring 3
mark each.
5. Section C -Question number 20 to 23 are Short Answer type questions caring 3
mark each. Answer to these questions shall be written in 80 to 100words
6. Section D- Question number 24 to 28 are Long Answer type questions caring 5
mark each. Answer to these questions shall be written in 120 to 150 words.
7. Section E - Question number 29 and 30 are Map based questions

SECTION A

There are 17 questions in this section. All are mandatory.

इस िंड में .प्रचि हैं। सभी अनििायि हैं 17

1. Name two terminal stations connected by the blue train.

A. Angola to Zambia C. Cape Town to Pretoria
B. Botswana to Zimbabwe D. Cape Town to Durban
दिू ट्े ि से जड
ु े िो अंनतम स्टे ििों के िाम बताइए।
A. अंगोिा – जाज्म्बया C. केप टाउि – वप्रटोररया
B. बोत्सिािा ज्जम्बादिे- D. केप टाउि डरबि –

2. Which of the following pair is matched correctly?

Type of Port (Specialized Function) Name of the Country
A. Oil Port Singapore
B. Ports of Call Maracaibo
C. Entrepot Port Copenhagen
D. Naval Port Tripoli
निम्िलिखित में से कौि सा युग्म सही सुमेलित है ?
पत्ति के प्रकार )विलिटट कायि( िे ि का िाम
A. तेि पत्ति लसंगापरु
B. मागि पत्ति माराकैबो
C. आन््पो पत्ति कोपेिहे गि
D. िौ सेिा पत्ति त्रत्रपोिी
3. Which of the following statement is not correct?
A. Population change refers to the change in number of inhabitants of a territory
during a specific period of time.
B. Population change in an area is an important indicator of economic development,
social upliftment and historical and cultural background of the region.
C. This change is always positive.
D. The population growth can be expressed either in terms of absolute numbers or in
terms of percentage.
निम्िलिखित में से कौि सा कथि सही िहीं है ?
A. जिसंख्या पररितिि से तात्पयि एक निज्चचत अिर्ि के िौराि ककसी क्षेत्र के नििालसयों की
संख्या में पररितिि से है ।
B. ककसी क्षेत्र में जिसंख्या पररितिि आर्थिक विकास, सामाज्जक उत्थाि और क्षेत्र के ऐनतहालसक
और सांस्कृनतक पटृ ठभूलम का एक महत्िपूणि संकेतक है ।
C. यह पररितिि हमेिा सकारात्मक होता है ।
D. जिसंख्या िद्
ृ र्ि को या तो निरपेक्ष संख्या या प्रनतित के रूप में व्यतत ककया जा सकता है ।

4. Which of the following feature is related to the 2nd stage of demographic

transition theory?
A. High fertility, low mortality
B. High fertility, mortality decline with time.
C. Low fertility, high mortality
D. Low fertility, low mortality
निम्िलिखित में से कौि सी वििेषता जिसांज्ख्यकीय संक्रमण लसद्िांत के तीसरे चरण से
संबंर्ित है ?
A. उच्चजन्म िर, निम्ि मत्ृ यु िर
B. उच्च जन्म िर, मत्ृ यु िर समय के साथ घटती है ।
C. निम्िजन्म िर, उच्च मत्ृ यु िर
D. निम्िजन्म िर, निम्ि मत्ृ यु िर

5. Which port is also known as “Queen of the Arabian Sea”?

A. Kochchi B. Chennai C. Mumbai D. Kandla
ककस बंिरगाह को अरब सागर की रा"िीके रूप में भी जािा जाता है "?
A. कोज्च्च B. चेन्िई C. मंब
ु ई D. कांडिा

6. In case of major ports, the ……………. decides the policies and place regulatory
function?
A. State government C. State and central government both
B. Central government D. None of these
प्रमि
ु बंिरगाहों के मामिे में .……………िीनतयों को तय करता है और नियामक कायि करता है
|
A. रायय सरकार C. रायय और केंद्र सरकार िोिों
B. केंद्र सरकार D. इिमें से कोई िहीं
7. Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
Nuclear Power Project Name of the State
A. Tarapur Maharashtra
B. Rawatbhata Rajasthan
C. Narora U.P.
D. Kakrapara Karnataka

निम्िलिखित में से कौि गित सुमेलित है ?

परमाणु ऊजाि पररयोजिा रायय का िाम
A. तारापरु महाराटट्
B. राितभाटा राजस्थाि
C. िरोरा उत्तर प्रिे ि
D. काकरापारा किािटक

8. Which of the following diseases is caused by Water Pollution?

A. Conjunctivitis C. Respiratory Infections
B. Diarrhoea D. Bronchitis
निम्िलिखित में से कौि सी बीमारी जि प्रिष
ू ण के कारण होती है ?
A. िेत्रचिेटमिािोथ C. चिसि संक्रमण
B. िस्त D. ब्रोंकाइदटस

9. Which type of rural settlement is result from segregation or fragmentation of a

large compact village?
A. Clustered C. Hamlated
B. Semi-clustered D. Dispersed
ककस प्रकार की ग्रामीण बस्ती एक बडे संहत गााँि के अिगाि या वििंडि का
पररणाम है ?
A. गुज्च्छत C. पल्िी
B. अििगज्ु च्छत - D. पररक्षक्षप्त

10. Which of the following is not a feature of Smart City Mission of India?
A. To promote cities that provide core infrastructure, a clean and sustainable
environment
B. Go give a decent quality of life to its inhabitants
C. To apply smart solution to infrastructure and services in order to make them
better
D. The focus is on the development of hinterland area.
निम्िलिखित में से कौि सी एक भारत के स्माटि लसटी लमिि की वििेषता िहीं है ?
A. उि िहरों को बढािा िे िा जो बुनियािी ढांचा, स्िच्छ और दटकाऊ िातािरण प्रिाि करते हैं |
B. जो अपिे नििालसयों को बेहतर जीिि प्रिाि करते है |
C. बुनियािी ढांचे और सेिाओं को बेहतर बिािे के लिए स्माटि समािाि िागू करिा |
D. अपिे पटृ ठ प्रिे ि के विकास पर ध्याि केंदद्रत ककया गया है ।
 11. Choose the correct statement in context with objectives of Namami Gange
Programme-
I. Monitoring of industrial effluents
II. Cleaning of the river surface
III. Development of ‘Ganga Grams’ in Uttarakhand, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand and West
Bengal
IV. Creating public awareness to avoid adding pollutants in to the river even in the
form of rituals
िमालम गंगे कायिक्रम के उद्िे चयों के संिभि में सही कथि चि
ु ें-
I. औद्योर्गक अपलिटटों की निगरािी
II. ििी की सतह की सफाई
III. उत्तरािंड, यप
ू ी, त्रबहार, झारिंड और पज्चचम बंगाि में 'गंगा ग्राम' का विकास
IV. सामाज्जक रीनत ररिाज के रूप में भी ििी में प्रिष
ू कों को डाििे से बचिे के लिए साििजनिक
जागरूकता पैिा करिा
A. I, III & IV C. I, II & III
B. I, II & IV D. I, II, III & IV

12. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the given
options.
Statement I - Global trade affect many aspects of life – it can impact everything
from the environment to help and wellbeing the people around the world.
Statement II - As countries compete to trade more, production and the use of
natural resources spiral up, resources that used up faster than they can be
replenished.
A. Only statement I is correct.
B. Both the statements are true and statement II correctly present the reason for
statement I.
C. Only statement II is correct.
D. Both the statements are incorrect.
निम्िलिखित कथिों पर विचार करें और दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही विकल्प का चयि करें ।
कथि I - िैज्चिक व्यापार जीिि के कई पहिुओं को प्रभावित करता है यह पयाििरण से िेकर -
िनु िया भर के िोगों के स्िास््य और कल्याण तक सभी को प्रभावित करता है ।
कथि II - जैसजै
े से िे ि अर्िक व्यापार करिे के लिए प्रनतस्पिाि करते हैं-, उत्पािि और
प्राकृनतक संसाििों के उपयोग में िद्
ृ र्ि होती है , और संसाििों के िटट होिे की िर उिके
पुिभिरण की िर से तीव्र होती है |
A. केिि कथि I सही है ।
B. िोिों कथि सत्य हैं और कथि II कथि I के कारण को सही ढं ग से प्रस्तुत करता है ।
C. केिि कथि II सही है ।
D. िोिों कथि गित हैं।

13. Assertion: Cities act as nodes of economic growth.

Reason: It provides goods and services to urban dwellers as well as rural people.
A. Only assertion is correct.
B. Only reason is correct.
C. Both statements are correct. Reason correctly explains the assertion.
D. Both are correct but not related to each other.
अलभकथििहर आर्थिक विकास के िोड के रूप में कायि करते हैं। :
कारण ये :िगरीय नििालसयों के साथसाथ ग्रामीण िोगों को भीिस्तुएं और सेिाएं प्रिाि करता है -
A. केिि कथि सही है ।
B. केिि कारण सही है ।
C. िोिों कथि सही हैं। कारण कथि की सही व्याख्या करता है ।
D. िोिों सही हैं िेककि एक िस
ू रे से संबंर्ित िहीं हैं।

14. Assertion: The first stage of demographic transition has high fertility and low
mortality.
Reason: In the first stage of demographic transition People reproduce more to
compensate for the death due to epidemics and variable food supply.
A. Only assertion is correct.
B. Only reason is correct.
C. Both statements are correct. Reason correctly explains the assertion.
D. Both are correct but not related to each other.
कथि जिसांज्ख्यकीय संक्रमण की :पहिी अिस्था में उच्च प्रजिििीिता और निम्ि मत्ृ यु िर है ।
कारण जिसांज्ख्यकीय संक्रमण की :पहिी अिस्था में िोग महामारी और भोजि की अनिज्चचत
आपूनति के कारण अर्िक प्रजिि करते हैं।
A. केिि कथि सही है ।
B. केिि कारण सही है ।
C. िोिों कथि सही हैं। कारण कथि की सही व्याख्या करता है ।
D. िोिों सही हैं िेककि एक िस
ू रे से संबंर्ित िहीं हैं।

Read the following case study and answer question no 15 to 17.

निम्िलिखित केस अध्ययि पढें और प्रचि संख्या का उत्तर िें । 17 से 15
Jal Kranti Abhiyan (2015-16)

Water is a recyclable resource but its availability is limited and the gap between
supply and demand will be widening over time. Climate change at the global scale
will be creating water stress conditions in many regions of the world. India has a
unique situation of high population growth and rapid economic development with
high water demand. The Jal Kranti Abhiyan launched by the Government of India
in 2015–16 with an aim to ensure water security through per capita availability of
water in the country. People in different regions of India had practiced the
traditional knowledge of water conservation and management to ensure water
availability.

The Jal Kranti Abhiyan aims at involving local bodies, NGOs and citizens, at large,
in creating awareness regarding its objectives. The following activities have been
proposed under the Jal Kranti Abhiyan:
1. Selection of one water stressed village in each 672 districts of the country to
create a ‘Jal Gram’.
2. Identification of model command area of about 1000 hectares in different
parts of the country, for example, UP, Haryana (North), Karnataka, Telangana,
Tamil Nadu (South), Rajasthan, Gujarat (West), Odisha (East), Meghalaya
(North-East).
 3. Abatement of pollution:
• Water conservation and artificial recharge.
• Reducing groundwater pollution.
• Construction of Arsenic-free wells in selected areas of the country.
4. Creating mass awareness through social media, radio, TV, print media, poster
and essay writing competitions in schools. Jal Kranti Abhiyan is designed to
provide livelihood and food security through water security.

जि क्रांनत अलभयाि)16-2015(
जि एक पि
ु ः उपयोगी संसािि है , िेककि इसकी उपिदिता सीलमत है तथा आपनू ति और मााँग के
बीच अंतर समय के साथ बढता जाएगा। िैज्चिक स्तर पर जििायु पररितिि िनु िया के कई क्षेत्रों में
जि तिाि की ज्स्थनत पैिा कर िे गा। भारत की एक िास ज्स्थनत उच्च जिसंख्या िद्
ृ र्ि और तेजी
से आर्थिक विकास के साथ पािी की बढती मााँग है ।
जि क्रांनत अलभयाि भारत सरकार द्िारा 16-2015 में आरं भ ककया गया ज्जसका मुख्य उद्िे चय
िे ि में प्रनत व्यज्तत जि की उपिदिता को सुनिज्चचत करिा है । भारत के विलभन्ि क्षेत्रों में िोग
पारं पररक तरीकों से जि संरक्षण और प्रबंिि सुनिज्चचत करते हैं।
जि क्रांनत अलभयाि का िक्ष्य स्थािीय निकायों और सरकारी संगठि एिं िागररकों को सज्म्मलित
करके इस अलभयाि के उद्िे चय के बारे में जागरूकता फैिािा है । जि क्रांनत अलभयाि के अंतगित
निम्िलिखित गनतविर्ियााँ प्रस्तावित की गई -:
1. 'जि ग्राम' बिािे के लिए िे ि के 672 ज्जिों में से प्रत्येक ज्जिे में एक ग्राम ज्जसमें जि की
कमी है , उसे चि
ु ा गया है ।
2. भारत के विलभन्ि भागों में 1000 हे तटे यर मॉडि कमांड क्षेत्र की पहचाि की गई। उिाहरण के
लिए उत्तर प्रिे ि, हररयाणा( उत्तर )किािटक, तेिंगािा, तलमििाडु( िक्षक्षण )राययस्थाि,
गुजरात( पज्चचम )ओडडिा( पूि)ि , मेघािय( उत्तर-पूि)ि ।
3. प्रिष
ू ण को कम करिे के लिए
• जि संरक्षण और कृत्रत्रम पुिभिरण
• भूलमगत जि प्रिष
ू ण को कम करिा
• िे ि के चयनित क्षेत्रों में आसेनिक मुतत कुओं का निमािण|
4. िोगों में जागरूकता फैिािे के लिए जिसंचार माध्यम, जैसे -रे डडयो, टी.िी., वप्रंट मीडडया
पोस्टर प्रनतस्पिाि, निबंि प्रनतयोर्गता माध्यम है । जि क्रांनत अलभयाि इस तरह से बिाया
गया है कक जि सरु क्षा द्िारा िाद्य सरु क्षा और आजीविका प्रिाि की जाए।

15. Which one is not relevant to achieve aims of Jal Kranti Abhiyan?
A. Local Bodies C. NGOs
B. Private Companies D. Citizens
जि क्रांनत अलभयाि के उद्िे चयों में ककसको सज्म्मलित िहीं ककया गया है ?
A. स्थािीय निकाय
B. निजी कंपनियां
C. गैर सरकारी संगठि
D. िागररक
16. Jal Gram was to be created by…
A. Selecting a water surplus village.
B. Selecting a village with rivers and ponds.
C. Selecting a water stressed village.
D. Selecting a village for watershed development.
जि ग्राम हे तु निम्ि में से ककसका चयि ककया जािा होता है ?
A. जि अर्िकता से ग्रलसत गांि का चयि ।
B. िदियों और तािाबों िािे गााँि का चयि करिा।
C. पािी की कमी िािे गांि का चयि करिा।
D. िाटरिेड विकास के लिए एक गांि का चयि करिा।

17. Which statement is not correct about Jal Kranti Abhiyan?

A. Creating mass awareness through social media, radio, TV, print media etc.
B. Selecting a water stressed village as Jal Gram in all each 672 districts.
C. Jal Gram was launched in the year 2015-16.
D. Construction of multipurpose projects.
जि क्रांनत अलभयाि के बारे में कौि सा कथि सही िहीं है ?
A. सोिि मीडडया, रे डडयो, टीिी, वप्रंट मीडडया आदि के माध्यम से जि जागरूकता पैिा करिा।
B. सभी ज्जिों में जि की कमी िािे गांि को जि ग्राम के रूप में चि
ु िा। 672
C. जि ग्राम को िषि में िॉन्च ककया गया था। 16-2015
D. बहुउद्िे िीय पररयोजिाओं का निमािण।

SECTION B

Question 18 & 19 are Source based questions.

प्रचि 18 और 19 स्रोत आिाररत प्रचि हैं।

18. Read the given Passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
दिए गए गद्यांि को ध्याि से पढें और उसके बाि क्रमिः प्रचिों के उत्तर िें :-
Case Study
Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area
Indira Gandhi Canal, previously known as the Rajasthan Canal, is one of the largest canal
systems in India. Conceived by Kanwar Sain in 1948, the canal project was launched on
31March, 1958. The canal originates at Harike barrage in Punjab and runs parallel to
Pakistan border at an average distance of 40 km in Thar Desert (Marusthali) of Rajasthan.
The total planned length of the system is 9,060 km catering to the irrigation needs of a
total culturable command area of 19.63 lakh hectares. Out of the total command area,
about 70 per cent was envisaged to be irrigated by flow system and the rest by lift system.
The construction work of the canal system has been carried out through two stages. The
command area of Stage-I lies in Ganganagar, Hanumangarh and northern part of Bikaner
districts. It has a gently undulating topography and its culturable command area is 5.53
lakh hectares. The command area of Stage-II is spread over Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer,
Jodhpur, Nagaur and Churu districts covering culturable command area of 14.10 lakh ha.
It comprises desert land dotted with shifting sand dunes and temperature soaring to 50ºC
in summers. In the lift canal, the water is lifted up to make it to flow against the slope of
the land. All the lift canals of Indira Gandhi Canal system originate at the left bank of main
canal while all the canals on the right bank of main canal are flow channels.
Irrigation in Stage-I command area of the canal was introduced in early 1960s, whereas,
the command area of Stage-II began receiving irrigation in mid-1980s. The introduction of
canal irrigation in this dry land has transformed its ecology, economy and society. It has
influenced the environmental conditions of the region both positively as well as
negatively. The availability of soil moisture for a longer period of time and various
afforestation and pasture development programmes under CAD have resulted in greening
the land. This has also helped in reducing wind erosion and siltation of canal systems. But
the intensive irrigation and excessive use of water has led to the emergence of twin
environmental problems of waterlogging and soil salinity.

केस अध्ययि
इंदिरा गांिी िहर कमाि क्षेत्र

इंदिरा गांिी िहर, ज्जसे पहिे राजस्थाि िहर के िाम से जािा जाता था, भारत में सबसे बडे िहर तंत्रों
में से एक है । 1948 में कंिर सेि द्िारा संकज्ल्पत यह िहर पररयोजिा 31 माचि, 1958 को प्रारं भ हुई।
यह िहर पंजाब में हररके बााँि से निकिती है और राजस्थाि के थार मरुस्थि )मरुस्थिी( पाककस्ताि
सीमा के समािांतर 40 कक.मी. की औसत िरू ी पर बहती है । इस िहर तंत्र की कुि नियोज्जत िंबाई
9060 कक. मी. है और यह 19.63 िाि हे तटे यर कृवष योग्य कमाि क्षेत्र में लसंचाई की सुवििा प्रिाि
करे गी। कुि कमाि क्षेत्र में से 70 प्रनतित क्षेत्र प्रिाह िहर तंत्रों और िेष क्षेत्र लिफ्ट तंत्र द्िारा ककया
जाएगा। िहर का निमािण कायि िो चरणों में पूरा ककया गया है । चरण-I का कमाि क्षेत्र गंगािगर,
हिम
ु ािगढ और बीकािेर ज्जिे के उत्तरी भाग में पडता है । इस चरण के कमाि क्षेत्र का भत
ू ि थोडा
ऊबड-िाबड है और इसका कृवष योग्य कमाि क्षेत्र 5.53 िाि हे तटे यर है । चरण-II का कमाि क्षेत्र
बीकािेर, जैसिमेर, बाडमेर, जोिपुर, िागौर और चरू
ु ज्जिों में 14.10 िाि हे तटे यर कृवषयोग्य भूलम
पर फैिा है । इसमें स्थािांतररत बािू दटदबों िािा मरुस्थि हुआ भी सज्म्मलित है ; जहााँ स्थािांतरी िािू
दटदबे पाए जाते है और ग्रीटम ऋतु में तापमाि 50 सेज्ल्सयस तक पहुाँच जाता है । लिफ्ट िहर में ढाि के
विपरीत प्रिाह के लिए जि को बार-बार मिीिों से ऊपर उठाया जाता है इंदिरा गांिी िहर तंत्र में सभी
लिफ्ट िहरें मख्
ु य िहर के बाएाँ ककिारे से निकिती हैं जबकक मख्
ु य िहर के िाएाँ ककिारे पर सभी िहरें
प्रिाह प्रणाि हैं।

चरण-I के कमाि क्षेत्र में लसंचाई की िरु

ु आत 1960 के ििक के आरं भ में हुई जबकक चरण-II कमाि
क्षेत्र में 1980 के ििक के मध्य में लसंचाई आरं भ हुई। िहर लसंचाई के प्रसार िे इस िुटक क्षेत्र की
पाररज्स्थनतकी अथिव्यिस्था और समाज को रूपांतररत कर दिया है । इससे इस क्षेत्र को पयाििरणीय
पररज्स्थनतयों पर सकारात्मक और िकारात्मक िोिों प्रकार के प्रभाि पडे है । िंबी अिर्ि तक मि
ृ ा िमी
उपिदि होिे और कमाि क्षेत्र विकास के तहत िुरू ककए गए ििीकरण और चरागाह विकास कायिक्रमों
से यहााँ भूलम हरी भरी हो गई है । इससे िायु अपरिि और िहरी तंत्र में बािू निक्षेप की प्रकक्रयाएाँ भी
 िीमी पड गई हैं। परं तु सिि लसंचाई और जि के अत्यर्िक प्रयोग से जि भराि और मि
ृ ा ििणता की
िोहरी पयाििरणीय समस्याएाँ उत्पन्ि हो गई।

A. Who conceived for the first time about Indira Gandhi Canal?
इंदिरा गांिी िहर के बारे में पहिी बार ककसिे कल्पिा की थी?
B. Name any two districts covered under command area of Stage-II.
स्टे ज- II के कमांड क्षेत्रों में िालमि ककन्हीं िो ज्जिों के िाम लिखिए ?
C. Mention any two-positive result after construction of Indira Gandhi Canal in western
Rajasthan.
पज्चचमी राजस्थाि में इंदिरा गांिी िहर के निमािण के ककन्हीं िो सकारात्मक पररणामों का उल्िेि
कीज्जए।

19. Observe the given map and answer the following questions:
दिए गए मािर्चत्र को िे िें और निम्िलिखित प्रचिों के उत्तर िें :

A. Name the trans-continental railway shown in the map.

मािर्चत्र में दििाए गए पारमहाद्िीपीय रे ििे का िाम बताइए।

B. Name the stations marked as A and B.

Aऔर के रूप में र्चज्ह्ित स्टे ििों के िाम बताएं। B

C. What is the economic importance of this railway?

इस रे ििे का आर्थिक महत्ि तया है ?

For visually impaired students in lieu of Q. No. 19.

दृज्टटबार्ित छात्रों के लिए प्रचि संख्या के स्थाि पर। 19
A. Name the trans-continental railway of Canada.
किाडा के पारमहाद्िीपीय रे ििे का िाम बताइए।

B. Name the terminal stations connected by that railway.

उस रे ििे से जुडे सीमान्त स्टे ििों के िाम बताइए।

C. What is the economic importance of this railway?

इस रे ििे का आर्थिक महत्ि तया है ?
SECTION C
Question number 20 to 23 are Short Answer type questions.
प्रचि संख्या िघु उत्तरीय 23 से 20प्रचि हैं।

20. The What are the different types of environmental problems of land resources in India?
Suggest the measures to solve the issue.
भारत में भूलम संसाििों की विलभन्ि प्रकार की पयाििरणीय समस्याएं तया हैं? समस्या के समािाि के
उपाय सुझाइए।
OR
What are the important strategies for agricultural development followed in the post-
independence period in India?
भारत में स्ितंत्रता के बाि की अिर्ि में कृवष विकास के लिए अपिाई जािे िािी महत्िपूणि रणिीनतयााँ
तया हैं?

21. Examine the features of footloose industries.

स्िछन्ि उद्योगों की वििेषताओं का परीक्षण कीज्जए।

22. “Neither is there a situation of absolute necessity nor is there a condition of absolute
freedom”. Justify the statement with suitable example.
ि तो यहााँ नितांत आिचयकता की ज्स्थनत है और ि ही नित"ााांत स्ितंत्रता की ज्स्थनत है । उपयत
ु त"
उिाहरण के साथ कथि की पज्ु टट कीज्जए।
OR
Discontentment with quantitative revolution geography led to the emergence of three
new schools of thought of human geography in the 1970s. Explain the three schools of
thought.
मात्रात्मक क्रांनत से असंतोष के कारण भूगोि के अध्ययि में के ििक में मािि भूगोि 1970में तीि
िई विचारिाराओं का उिय हुआ। व्याख्या करें ।

23. What is land degradation? Examine the success of watershed management Programme
implemented in Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh.
भूलम निम्िीकरण तया है ? मध्य प्रिे ि के झाबुआ ज्जिे में कायािज्न्ित जिसंभर प्रबंिि कायिक्रम की
सफिता का परीक्षण कीज्जए।
 SECTION D

Question numbers 24 to 28 are Long Answer based questions.

प्रचि संख्या 24 से 28 िीघि उत्तरीय प्रचि हैं।

24. Elucidate the statement - “In a well-managed transport system, various modes
compliment each other”.
एक सुप्रबंर्ित पररिहि प्रणािी में विलभन्ि एक िस
ू रे की संपूरक होती है ,” इस कथि को स्पटट करें |

25. Discuss in brief about Extensive Commercial Grain Cultivation along with areas where it
is practiced.
विस्ततृ िाखणज्ययक अिाज कृवष के बारे में संक्षेप में चचाि करें तथा उि क्षेत्रों के बारे में बताइए जहां
इसका अभ्यास ककया जाता है ।
OR
What do you mean by transhumance? Name three important regions where the practice
often seen? Why area of it is shrinking? Mention any two reasons.
ऋतु प्रिास से आप तया समझते हैं? तीि महत्िपण ू ि क्षेत्रों के िाम बताएं जहां यह प्रायः पाया जाता है ?
इसका क्षेत्रफि तयों लसकुड रहा है ? कोई िो कारण बताइये।

26. What is human development? Describe the various approaches of human development.
मािि विकास तया है ? मािि विकास के विलभन्ि उपागमों का िणिि कीज्जए।
OR
How are countries classified on the basis of human development index? Discuss.
मािि विकास सूचकांक के आिार पर िे िों का िगीकरण ककस प्रकार ककया जाता है ?

27. What is outsourcing? Why is India chosen as preferred destination for outsourcing?
बाह्यस्रोति तया है ? भारत को बाह्यस्रोति के लिए पसंिीिा गंतव्य के रूप में तयों चि
ु ा गया है ?

28. If development is not engendered it is endangered’. Explain the statement in context with
Gender sensitivity in India.
'यदि विकास में सभी जेंडर सज्म्मलित िहीं है तो ऐसा विकास िप्ु तप्राय है '। भारत में िैंर्गक
असमािता के संिभि में इस कथि की व्याख्या कीज्जए।
OR
‘The agricultural sector has the largest share of Indian workers.’ Explain.
'कृवष क्षेत्र में भारतीय श्रलमकों का सबसे बडा दहस्सा है ।' स्पटट करें ।

SECTION E

Question numbers 29 & 30 are Map based questions having 5 sub-parts each.
प्रचि संख्या 29 और 30 मािर्चत्र आिाररत प्रचि हैं ज्जिमें प्रत्येक में 5 उपभाग हैं।-
29. On the given political map of the world, the following 7 features are shown. Identify any 5
of these features and write their correct names on the lines marked near each feature.
A. An area of Subsistence Gathering in South America
B. Area of Extensive Commercial Grain Farming
C. A shipping canal between North America and South America.
D. A Major Seaport
E. An international Seaport
F. A Major Airport
G. A Major Airport

विचि के दिए गए राजिीनतक मािर्चत्र पर निम्िलिखित 5 वििेषताएं ििािई गई हैं। इिमें से ककन्हीं 7
िक्षणों को पहचानिए और उिके सही िाम प्रत्येक वििेषता के पास अंककत रे िाओं पर लिखिए।
A. िक्षक्षण अमेररका में जीिि नििािह हे तु संग्रहण का एक क्षेत्र
B. विस्तत
ृ िाखणज्ययक अिाज की िेती का क्षेत्र
C. उत्तरी अमेररका और िक्षक्षण अमेररका के बीच एक िौ पररिहि िहर।
D. एक प्रमुि बंिरगाह
E. एक अंतरराटट्ीय बंिरगाह
F. एक प्रमुि हिाई अड्डा
G. एक प्रमुि हिाई अड्डा

For Visually Impaired Students In lieu of Q. No. 29 (Attempt Any 5)

A. Name An area of Subsistence Gathering in South America in South America

B. Name the area of extensive commercial farming in North America
C. Name a shipping canal between North America and South America.
D. Name a major seaport on western coast of Australia
E. Name a major seaport of Pakistan.
F. Name a major airport of Yemen.
G. Name a major airport of South Africa

दृज्टट बार्ित छात्रों के लिए प्रचि संख्या 29 )कोई भी 5 करें (

A. िक्षक्षण अमेररका में जीिि नििािह हे तु संग्रहण के एक क्षेत्र का िाम बताइए |

B. उत्तरी अमेररका में विस्तत
ृ िाखणज्ययक िेती के क्षेत्र का िाम बताएं
C. उत्तरी अमेररका और िक्षक्षण अमेररका के बीच एक िौ पररिहि िहर का िाम बताइए।
D. ऑस्ट्े लिया के पज्चचमी तट पर ज्स्थत एक प्रमुि बंिरगाह का िाम बताइए
E. पाककस्ताि के एक प्रमुि बंिरगाह का िाम बताइए।
F. यमि के एक प्रमुि हिाई अड्डे का िाम बताइए।
G. िक्षक्षण अफ्रीका के एक प्रमुि हिाई अड्डे का िाम बताइए
30. On the given political map of India, locate and label any five of the following with
appropriate symbols.
A. A leading producing state of Jute.
B. An iron ore mine in Odisha.
C. A coalmine in Tamil Nadu
D. An Oil Refinery in Gujarat
E. International airport in North-East.
F. State with lowest population density [2011]
G. A major seaport in Gujarat

भारत के दिए गए राजिीनतक मािर्चत्र पर, निम्िलिखित में से ककन्हीं पांच को उपयुतत र्चह्िों के
साथ िोजें और िेबि करें ।
A. जूट का एक प्रमुि उत्पािक रायय।
B. ओडडिा में एक िौह अयस्क ििाि।
C. तलमििाडु में एक कोयिा ििाि
D. गज
ु रात में एक तेि िोिििािा|
E. उत्तरपूिि में अंतरािटट्ीय हिाई अड्डा।-
F. सबसे कम जिसंख्या घित्ि िािा रायय ]2011[
G. गुजरात में एक प्रमुि बंिरगाह

For Visually Impaired Students In lieu of Q. No. 30 (Attempt Any 5)

A. Name the state which is leading producer of jute.

B. Name an iron ore mine in Odisha.
C. Name a coalmine in Tamil Nadu
D. Name An Oil Refinery in Gujarat
E. Name an international airport of North-East
F. Name the state with lowest population density [2011]
G. Name a major seaport of Gujarat

दृज्टट बार्ित छात्रों के लिए प्रचि संख्या 30 )कोई भी 5 करें (

A. उस रायय का िाम बताइए जो जूट का प्रमुि उत्पािक है ।
B. ओडडिा में एक िौह अयस्क ििाि का िाम बताइए।
C. तलमििाडु में एक कोयिा ििाि का िाम बताइए
D. गज
ु रात अिज्स्थत एक तेि िोिििािा का िाम बताइए|
E. उत्तरपूिि के एक अंतरराटट्ीय हिाई अड्डे का िाम बताएं-
F. सबसे कम जिसंख्या घित्ि िािे रायय का िाम बताएं ]2011[
G. गुजरात के एक प्रमुि बंिरगाह का िाम बताइए|
 SAMPLE PAPER (2)–2024-2025
CLASS - XII
SUBJECT – GEOGRAPHY (THEORY)
Time: -3.00Hrs Max. Marks: - 70
ANSWER KEY
1 c) Cape Town to Pretoria 1
2 c) Entrepot Port - Copenhagen 1
3 c) This change is always positive 1
4 b) High fertility, mortality decline with time. 1
5 a) Kochchi 1
6 b) Central government 1
7 d) Kakrapara Karnataka 1
8 b) Diarrhoea 1
9 b) Semi-clustered 1
10 d) The focus is on the development of hinterland area. 1
11 d) I, II, III & IV 1
12 b) Both the statements are true and statement II correctly present the 1
reason for statement I.
13 c) Both statements are correct. Reason correctly explains the assertion. 1
14 b) Only reason is correct. 1
15 b) Private Companies 1
16 c) Selecting a water stressed village. 1
17 d) Construction of multipurpose projects. 1
18 1) Kanwar Sain 3
2) The command area of Stage-II is spread over Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer,
Jodhpur, Nagaur and Churu districts
3) (any two)
• The availability of soil moisture for a longer period of time.
• Afforestation and pasture development.
• Greening the land.
Helped in reducing wind erosion and siltation of canal systems.
19 1) Trans-Canadian Railway 3
2) A) Vancouver B) Halifax
3)
• Economic artery of Canada.
• Connects Quebec-Montreal industrial regions with Prairie and
coniferous forests.
For visually impaired students
1) Trans-Canadian Railway
2) Vancouver to Halifax
3)
• Economic artery of Canada.
• Connects Quebec-Montreal industrial regions with Prairie and
 coniferous forests.
20 The different types of environmental problems of land resources in 3
India are:
• Depletion of soil fertility.
• Alkalization and salinisation of soil
• Waterlogging
• Concentration of toxics in soil profile due to chemicals.
• Soil erosion by water and wind.
• Obliteration in the process of natural fertilization like nitrogen
fixation.
Sustainable agriculture practices are needed to overcome the
environmental problems of land resources in India.
• Use of efficient irrigation techniques such as drip and sprinkle
irrigation methods.
• Optimum use of chemical fertilization.
• Use of green manure and bio-manure.
• Using Crop rotation practices
• Prevent soil erosion by afforestation, contour binding, etc.
OR
The important strategies for agricultural development followed in the post-
independence period in India are:
• After Independence, the immediate goal of the Government was to
increase food grains production by
1. switching over from cash crops to food crops
2. intensification of cropping over already cultivated land
3. increasing cultivated area by bringing cultivable and fallow land
under plough
• Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP) and Intensive
Agricultural Area Programme (IAAP) were launched
• The Green Revolution in India - adoption of modern methods and
technology such as high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, tractors,
pump sets, etc.
• This strategy made the country self-reliant.
• The Planning Commission of India focused its attention on the
problems of agriculture in rainfed areas in 1980s.
• It initiated agro-climatic planning in 1988 to induce regionally
balanced agricultural development in the country.
• Diversification of agriculture as development of dairy farming,
poultry, horticulture, livestock rearing and aquaculture.
21 Foot loose industries (any three points) 3
• Can be located in a wide variety of places.
• They are not dependent on any specific raw material, weight losing
or otherwise.
• They largely depend on component parts which can be obtained
 anywhere.
• They produce in small quantity and also employ a small labour
force.
• These are generally not polluting industries.
• The important factor in their location is accessibility by road
network.
22 “Neither is there a situation of absolute necessity nor is there a condition 3
of absolute freedom”.
• It is nondeterminism/stop and go philosophy.
• Given by Griffith Taylor.
• Human being can capture nature by obeying it.
• Possibilities can be created within the limits.
• There is no free run without accidents.
• The free run attempted by the developing countries resulted in
global warming, climate change etc.
OR
Three new schools of thought of human geography in the 1970s.
• Welfare school of thought – human geography concerns with
different aspects of social well-being as housing, Health and
education.
• Radical school of thought – employed Marxian theory to explain
basic cause of poverty, social inequality which were related to the
development of Capitalism.
• Behavioral school of thought – emphasized on lived experience
and perceptions of space by social categories as ethnicity, race and
religion.
23 Land degradation is either as a temporary or a permanent decline in 3
productive capacity of the land.
The success of Watershed Management programme in Jhabua
district:
• About 20% of the total area has treated by the watershed
programmes.
• Degradation of land is controlled.
• Helped to improve soil quality.
• Planted fodder grass on the pasture land.
• Adopted social fencing for at least two years ensuring controlled
grazing.
• No open grazing but stall feeding of cattle.
To sustain pastures for their cattle in future.
24 The principal modes of world transportation, as already mentioned are 5
land, water, air and pipelines. These are used for inter-regional and intra-
regional transport, and each one (except pipelines) carries both
passengers and freight. The significance of a mode depends on the type of
goods and services to be transported, costs of transport and the mode
available. International movement of goods is handled by ocean freighters.
 Road transport is cheaper and faster over short distances and for door-to
door services. Railways are most suited for large volumes of bulky
materials over long distances within a country. High-value, light and
perishable goods are best moved by airways. In a well-managed transport
system, these various modes complement each other.
Commercial
25 grain cultivation is practised in the interior parts of semi-arid lands 5
of the midlatitudes. Wheat is the principal crop, though other crops like
corn, barley, oats and rye are also grown. The size of the farm is very large,
therefore entire operations of cultivation from ploughing to harvesting are
mechanised. There is low yield per acre but high yield per person.
This type of agriculture is best developed in Eurasian steppes, the Canadian and
American Prairies, the Pampas of Argentina, the Velds of South Africa, the
Australian Downs and the Canterbury Plains of New Zealand.
OR
Movement in search of pastures is undertaken either over vast horizontal
distances or vertically from one elevation to another in the mountainous
regions. The process of migration from plain areas to pastures on
mountains during summers and again from mountain pastures to plain
areas during winters is known as transhumance. In mountain regions,
such as Himalayas, Gujjars, Bakarwals, Gaddis and Bhotiyas migrate from
plains to the mountains in summers and to the plains from the high-
altitude pastures in winters. Similarly, in the tundra regions, the nomadic
herders move from south to north in summers and from north to south in
winters.
Pastoral nomadism is associated with three important regions. The core region
extends from the Atlantic shores of North Africa eastwards across the
Arabian Peninsula into Mongolia and Central China. The second region
extends over the tundra region of Eurasia. In the southern hemisphere
there are small areas in South-west Africa and on the island of
Madagascar.
The number of pastoral nomads has been decreasing and the areas operated by
them shrinking. This is due to (a) imposition of political boundaries; (b)
new settlement plans by different countries.
26 The concept of HUMAN DEVELOPMENT was introduced by Dr Mahbub- 5
ul-Haq and he described human development as development that
enlarges people’s choices and improves their lives.
The basic goal of development is to create conditions where people can
live meaningful lives.
APPROACHES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
a. The income approach- This is one of the oldest approaches to human
development. The level of income reflects the level of freedom an
individual enjoys. Higher the level of income, the higher is the level of
human development.
b. The welfare approach- human beings as targets of all development
activities. The approach argues for higher government expenditure on
education, health, social secondary and amenities.
 c. Minimum needs approach- This approach was initially proposed by
the International Labour Organisation (ILO). Six basic needs i.e.: health,
education, food, water supply, sanitation, and housing were identified
d. Capabilities approach- This approach is associated with Prof. Amartya
Sen. Building human capabilities in the areas of health, education and
access to resources is the key to increasing human development.
OR
Countries can be classified into four groups on the basis of the human
development scores earned by them -
• Very High (above 0.808)- 59 countries
• High (between 0.700 up to 0.807)- 53 countries
• Medium (between 0.556 up to 0.699)-39 countries
• Low (below 0.555)- 38 countries
Countries with high human development index are those which have a
score of over 0.701. This indicates a lot of investment in the social sector
and good governance. Many of the countries with a high human
development score are located in Europe and represent the industrialised
western world. Countries with high levels of human development invest
more in the social sectors and are generally free from political turmoil and
instability.
Examples- Norway, Switzerland. Australia.
Medium level of human development- Most of these are countries which
have emerged in the period after the Second World War. Many of these
countries have been rapidly improving their human development score by
adopting more people-oriented policies and reducing social
discrimination.
Examples- India, Nepal, Pakistan.
Low levels of human development- It indicates a large proportion of these
are small countries which have been going through political turmoil and
social instability in the form of civil war, famine or a high incidence of
diseases. Countries with low levels of human development tend to spend
more on defence rather than social sectors.
Examples- Niger, Nigeria, Sudan.
27 Outsourcing is giving work to an outside agency to reduce costs. 5
When outsourcing involves transferring work to overseas locations, it is
off – shoring.
India is chosen as preferred destination for outsourcing because
India has-
• IT skilled staff.
• Good English language communication skills.
• Lower wages employee.
• Skilled labour at a cheaper rate.

28 • In its HDR Report 1995, UNDP recognised Gender discrimination as 5

a serious issue.
• It says that gender discrimination is a crime against humanity.
• The exclusion of half of population becomes a serious challenge to
any developing or civilized society.
• If the mother is not given proper nourishment, then the life expects
 any declines and so ultimately it would to a scarcity of working
population incoming time.
• The government of India has duly acknowledged the adverse effect
of these discrimination and launched a nationwide campaign called
– Beti Bachao – Beti Padhao.
OR
• The occupational composition of India’s population shows a large
proportion of primary sector workers compared to secondary and
tertiary sectors.
• In India about 58.2 per cent - cultivators and agricultural labourers,
4.2% of workers - household industries
• 37.6 % are other workers - non-household industries, trade,
commerce, construction and repair and other services.
• In other sectors workers are limited due to low rate of
infrastructural development.
Workers are declining in agriculture over the last few decades
(from 66.85% in 1991 to 58% in 2001) due to gradual shifting of
economy from primary to service sector, leading to rise in share of
tertiary sector.
29 A) An area of subsistence gathering in South America – Amazon Basin. 5
B) Area of Extensive Commercial Grain Farming – Prairies.
C) A shipping canal between north America and south America – Panama Canal.
D) A Major Seaport – Perth.
E) an international Seaport - Karachi
F) A Major Airport- Aden
G) A Major Airport – Johannesburg.
30 A) A leading producing state of Jute. – West Bengal. 5
B) An iron ore mine in Odisha – Mayurbhanj/Sundergarh/Kendujhar.
C) A coalmine in Tamil Nadu – Neyveli.
D) An oil refinery in Gujarat - Jamnagar
E) International airport in North-East – Guwahati.
F) State with lowest population density [2011] – Arunachal Pradesh.
G) A major seaport in Gujarat – Kandla.
 SAMPLE PAPER (3)–2024-2025
CLASS - XII
SUBJECT – GEOGRAPHY (THEORY)
Time: -3.00Hrs Max. Marks: - 70
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS-
This question paper contains 30 questions. All questions are compulsory.
This question paper is divided into 5 sections A, B, C, D and E
Section A - Question number1 to17are Multiple Choice type questions caring 1 mark each.
Section B - Question number 18 and 19 are Source based questions caring 3 mark each.
Section C -Question number 20 to 23 are Short Answer type questions caring 3 mark each.
Answer to these questions shall be written in 80 to 100words
Section D- Question number 24 to 28 are Long Answer type questions caring 5 mark each.
Answer to these questions shall be written in 120 to 150 words.
Section E - Question number 29 and 30 are Map based questions

SECTION A
1. Which mode carries high-value, light and perishable goods?
A. Railways B. Roads C. Airways D. Waterways
कौि सा माध्यम उच्च मल्
ू य िािे हल्के, जल्िी िराब होिे िािे सामाि को पररिहि करता है ?
A. रे ििे B. सडक C. िायु मागि D. जिमागि

2. Which of the following is a Port of Call?

A. Aden B. Karachi C. Goa D. Chennai
निम्ि में से पोटि ऑफ कॉि कौिसा है ?
A. अिि B. कराची C. गोिा D. चेन्िई

3. Change in size of population in a particular area between two points of time is known as
A. Growth rate C. Negative growth of population
B. Birth rate D. Population growth
ककसी िो समय अंतराि के बीच ककसी स्थाि की जिसंख्या के पररितिि को तया कहते हैं?
A. िद्
ृ र्ि िर C. िकारात्मक िद्
ृ र्ि
B. जन्मिर D. जिसंख्या िद्
ृ र्ि

4 Migrates who move into a new place are called?

A. Emigrants C. Immigrants
B. NRI D. None
ककसी िए स्थाि पर जािे िािे प्रिासी कहिाते है ?
A. अप्रिासी C. उत्प्रिासी
B. एि.आई.आर. D. कोई िहीं

5 What was the reason for the decline of import of food grains in India?
A. Green revolution B. Decline in population
C. Decrease in the birth rate D. Import duty
भारत में िाद्यान्ि के आयात में कमी का तया कारण था?
A. हररत क्रांनत C. जन्मिर में कमी
B. जिसंख्या में र्गरािट D. आयातिल्
ु क

6 Which among the following deepest port in India?

A. Mangalore C. Paradwip
B. Cochin D. Kandla
निम्ि में से भारत में सबसे गहरा बंिरगाह कौिसा है ?
A. मंगिौर C. पाराद्िीप
B. कोचीि D. कांडिा

7 Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer with the help of given
options;
Statement I: In recent years- ropeways, cableways and pipelines were developed as a
means of transport
Statement II: They were developed to cater the demands of transporting specific goods
under special circumstances.
A. Only I is correct
B. Only II is correct
C. Both statements are correct and statement II is correctly explaining statement I
D. Both statements are true but not related with each other.
निम्िलिखित कथिों में से एक सही विकल्प दिए गए विकल्पों की सहायता से चनु िये -
कथि I- ितिमाि िषों में रोपिे ,केबििे और पाइप िाइिों को पररिहि के सािि के रूप में विकलसत
ककया गया है
कथि II - इन्हें वििेष पररज्स्थनतयों में विलिटट िस्तुओं के पररिहि की मांगो को पूरा करिे के लिए
विकलसत ककया गया था |
A. केिि कथि I सही हैं
B. केिि कथि II सही हैं
C. िोिों कथि सही हैं एिम ् कथि II कथि I की सही व्याख्या करता हैं
D. िोिों कथि सही हैं ककन्तु एक िस
ू रे से संबंर्ित िहीं हैं

8. By what name was the Sher Shah Suri Highway named in the British period?
A. Grand Trunk Road C. G. T. Karnal Road
B. National Highway D. Mathura Road
त्रब्रदटि काि में िेर िाह सूरी राजमागि का िाम ककस िाम से रिा गया था ?
A. ग्रान्ड ट्क सडक C. जी .टी .करिाि सडक
B. राटट्ीय राजमागि D. मथरु ा सडक
9. Which Settlements are locally called Panna?
A. Isolated B. Clustered
C. Semi Clustered D. Hamlated
स्थािीय रूप से ककि इकाइयों को पन्िा कहा जाता है ?
A. एकाकी C. अििगज्ु च्छत
B. गुज्च्छत D. पुरिा

10. Which one of the following towns is a modern town?

A. Varanasi C. Patna
B. Chandigarh D. Mathura
निम्िलिखित में से कौिसा िहर एक आिुनिक िहर है ?
A. िाराणसी C. पटिा
B. चंडीगढ D. मथरु ा

11. Which one out of the following states has major oil fields?
A. Assam C. Rajasthan
B. Bihar D. Tamil Nadu
निम्िलिखित में से ककस रायय में प्रमुि तेि क्षेत्र हैं?
A. असम C. राजस्थाि
B. त्रबहार D. तलमििाडु

12. The headquarters of WTO is located at?

A. Geneva C. New York
B. Delhi D. Moscow
विचि व्यापार संगठि का मुख्यािय कहााँ ज्स्थत है ?
A. जेिेिा C. न्यूयॉकि
B. दिल्िी D. मास्को

13. In which one of the following environments does one not expect the presence of
dispersed rural settlements?
A. Alluvial plains of Ganga C. Lower valleys of Himalaya
B. Arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan D. Forests and hills in north-east
निम्िलिखित में से ककस िातािरण में प्रक्षक्षप्त ग्रामीण बज्स्तयों की उपज्स्थनत की उम्मीि िहीं की
जाती है ?
A. गंगा के जिोढ मैिाि C. दहमािय की निचिी घादटयााँ
B. राजस्थाि के िटु क और अिि-िटु क क्षेत्र D. उत्तरपि
ू ि में िि और पहाडडयााँ-

14. Which country has the highest density of population?

A. China C. Singapore
B. India D. Indonesia
ककस िे ि में जिसंख्या का घित्ि सबसे अर्िक है ?
A. चीि B. भारत C. लसंगापूर D. इंडोिेलिया
 Read the following case study and answer question no. 15-17
Need for irrigation is very high in India due to the spatial and temporal variation of
rainfall. As winter and summer season are more or less dry in most parts of India. So,
without irrigation agriculture cannot be practiced in these parts. Some crops like rice,
sugarcane, jute and other are water intensive and require more water to grow.
Irrigation helps to grow multiple crops, gives more agricultural productivity, and along
with HYV seeds gives more yield at fast rate. For e.g. Punjab Haryana and Western Uttar
Pradesh which have more than 85% of net sown area under irrigation. Total net
irrigated area in Punjab under wells and tube wells is 76.1% where as it is 51.3% in
Haryana.
These states utilize a large share of their groundwater resources and thus, it is the
major cause behind the depletion of these resources. Besides these in Rajasthan and
Bihar, the concentration of fluoride in groundwater is also increasing due to over
withdrawal of this resource. Whereas in West Bengal and Bihar, the concentration of
arsenic has been increased because of the same reason.

15. Which crops need much water for irrigation?

A. Rice B. Sugarcane C. Jute D. All of the above

16. Which states utilise large share of their ground water?

A. Punjab B. Haryana C. Rajasthan D. All of these

17. Why has fluoride been increased in the ground water of Rajasthan and Maharashtra?
A. Over withdrawal of water resource C. Abundant quantity of water
B. Increase in level of Ground Water D. None of these

निम्िलिखित केस स्टडी को पढें और प्रचि संख्या के उत्तर िें । 17 से 15

िषाि की स्थानिक और िौककक लभन्िता के कारण भारत में लसंचाई की आिचयकता बहुत अर्िक
है ।चकूं क भारत के अर्िकांि दहस्सों में सदिि यों और गलमियों का मौसम कमोबेि िुटक होता है ।इसलिए,
लसंचाई के त्रबिा इि दहस्सों में कृवषकायि िहीं ककया जा सकता है ।चािि, गन्िा, जूट जैसी और अन्य
कुछ फसिें पािी की गहि होती हैं और उन्हें उगािे के लिए अर्िक पािी की आिचयकता होती है ।
लसंचाई कई फसिों को उगािे में मिि करती है , अर्िक कृवष उत्पािकता िे ती है ,एिंHYV बीजों के
साथ उच्च िर से अर्िक उपज िे ती है । उिाहरण के लिए पंजाब ,हररयाणा और पज्चचमी उत्तर प्रिे ि
जहां लसंचाई के तहत िुद्ि बुिाई क्षेत्र का %85से अर्िक है ।पंजाब में कुओं और िि कूपों से कुि
िुद्ि लसंर्चत क्षेत्र %76.1है , जबकक हररयाणा में यह %51.3है ।ये रायय अपिे भूजि संसाििों का
एक बडा दहस्सा उपयोग करते हैं और इस प्रकार, यह जि संसाििों की कमी के पीछे प्रमुि कारण है ।
इिके अिािा राजस्थाि और त्रबहार में भी जि संसािि के अर्िक निकासी के कारण भूजि में
फ्िोराइड की सांद्रता बढ रही है ,जबकक पज्चचम बंगाि औरत्रबहार में आसेनिक की सांद्रता इसी िजह से
बढी है |

15. ककि फसिों को लसंचाई के लिए अर्िक पािी की आिचयकता होती है ?

A. चािि C. जूट D. उपरोतत
B. गन्िा सभी
16. कौि से रायय अपिे भू जि के बडे दहस्से का उपयोग करते हैं?
A. पंजाब C. राजस्थाि
B. हररयाणा D. उपरोतत सभी
17. राजस्थाि और महाराटट् के भू जि में फ्िोराइड तयों बढ गया है ?
A. जि संसाििों की अत्यर्िक निकासी
B. भू जि के स्तर में िद्
ृ र्ि
C. प्रचरु मात्रा में पािी
D. इिमें से कोई िहीं
 SECTION - B
Question 18 & 19 are source-based questions.
प्रचि स्रोत आिाररत प्रचि हैं । 19 और 18

18. Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follows:
दिए गए गद्यांि को ध्यािपूिक ि पदढए और निम्िलिखित प्रचिों के उत्तर िीज्जए:
The ecological sustainability of Indira Gandhi Canal Project has been questioned by
various scholars. Their point of view has also largely been validated by the course
of development this region has taken during the last four decades, which has
resulted in degradation of physical environment. It is a hard fact that attaining
sustainable development in the command area requires major thrust upon the
measures to achieve ecological sustainability. Hence, five of the seven measures
proposed to promote sustainable development in the command area are meant to
restore ecological balance.
(i) The first requirement is strict implementation of water management policy. The
canal project envisages protective irrigation in Stage-I and extensive irrigation of
crops and pasture development in Stage-II.
(ii) In general, the cropping pattern shall not include water intensive crops. It shall
be adhered to and people shall be encouraged to grow plantation crops such as
citrus fruits.
(iii) The CAD programmes such as lining of water courses, land development and
levelling and warabandi system (equal distribution of canal water in the command
area of outlet) shall be effectively implemented to reduce the conveyance loss of
water.
(iv) The areas affected by water logging and soil salinity shall be reclaimed.
(v) The eco-development through afforestation, shelterbelt plantation and pasture
development is necessary particularly in the fragile environment of Stage-II.
(vi) The social sustainability in the region can be achieved only if the land allottees
having poor economic background are provided adequate financial and
institutional support for cultivation of land.
(vii) The economic sustainability in the region cannot be attained only through
development of agriculture and animal husbandry. The agricultural and allied
activities have to develop along with other sectors of economy. This shall lead to
diversification of economic base and establishment of functional linkages between
basic villages, agro-service centers and market centers.

A. What is the first and most important requirement of this project?

B. Which program was started to reduce transportation losses of water?
C. Which activities are helpful to achieve ecological development?

जैसा कक हमिे िे िा है कक इंदिरा गांिी िहर पररयोजिा िे क्षेत्र की पाररज्स्थनतक ज्स्थरता और

भौनतक पयाििरण को बुरी तरह प्रभावित ककया है । इसलिए, कमाि क्षेत्र में सतत विकास के
िक्ष्य को प्राप्त करिे के लिए ऐसे उपायों की आिचयकता होती है जो पाररज्स्थनतक, सामाज्जक
 और आर्थिक ज्स्थरता को एक साथ प्राप्त कर सकें। इसलिए, इस संबंि में सात उपायों में से
पांच प्रस्तावित ककए गए हैं जैसजि
े प्रबंिि िीनत का कठोर कायािन्ियि इस पररयोजिा की :
पहिी और सबसे महत्िपूणि आिचयकता है । चरण और 1 चरण में क्रमिः िहर 2पररयोजिा के
अिुसार फसिों और चरागाह विकास के लिए सुरक्षात्मक लसंचाई और व्यापक लसंचाई िालमि है
। कुि लमिा कर पािी की गहि फसिों से बचा जाएगा और फिों जैसी िक्ष
ृ ारोपण फसिों को
िोगों द्िारा प्रोत्सादहत ककया जाएगा। पािी के पररिहि हानि को कम करिे के लिए, सीएडी
कम(ााांड एररया डेििपमें टकायिक्रमों यािी जि की िाइनिंग भूलम विकास और )
समतिीकरण जैसे कुछ महत्िपूणि कायिक्रमों पर विचार ककया जाएगा। िारबंिी प्रणािी कमांड (
।)क्षेत्र में िहर के पािी का समाि वितरण है जिभराि और लमट्टी की ििणता से प्रभावित क्षेत्रों
को पुिरुद्िार ककया जािा चादहए। वििेष रूप से चरण II के िाजुक िातािरण में , ििीकरण,
आश्रयबेल्ट, िक्ष
ृ ारोपण और चरागाह विकास गनतविर्ियों के माध्यम से पाररज्स्थनतकीविकास -
आिचयक है , भलू म की िेती के लिए पयािप्त वित्तीय औरसंस्थागत सहायता प्रिाि करके, गरीब
आर्थिक पटृ ठभूलम िािे आिंदटयों को इस क्षेत्र में सामाज्जक ज्स्थरता प्राप्त करिे की दििा में
एक सकारात्मक किम सात्रबत ककया जा सकताहै । आर्थिक ज्स्थरता आर्थिक क्षेत्र के विस्तार के
माध्यम से प्राप्त की जा सकती है ज्जसमें समग्र रूप से अन्य आर्थिक क्षेत्रों के साथ कृवष और
संबद्ि गनतविर्ियां िालमि होिी चादहए। इसलिए, हम आर्थिक आिार का विवििीकरण और
बुनियािी,मूि आबािी गांिों, कृवषसेिा केंद्रों और बाजार केंद्रों के बीच कायाित्मक -
सम्पकि स्थावपत करिा होगा।/लिंकेज

A. इस पररयोजिा की पहिी और सबसे महत्िपण

ू ि आिचयकता तयाहै ?
B. पािी के पररिहि हानि को कम करिे के लिए कौिसा कायिक्रम िुरू ककया गया था?
C. पाररज्स्थनतकी विकास प्राप्त करिे के लिए कौि सी गनतविर्ियााँ सहायक हैं?

19. Observe the given map and answer the following questions-
दिए गए मािर्चत्र का अििोकि कीज्जये और निम्िलिखित प्रचिों के उत्तर िीज्जये-
1. Name the Railway line shown in above map and name the country where it is
situated?
मािर्चत्र में प्रिलिित इस रे ििे िाइि का िाम बताइए और उस िे ि का िाम बताइए जहां यह ज्स्थत
है ।
2. Name the eastern most terminal station marked in the map.
मािर्चत्र में र्चज्ह्ित सबसे पूिी टलमििि स्टे िि का िाम बताइए।
3. State two reasons why it is the most important route in the country?
िो कारण बताएं कक यह इस िे ि में सबसे महत्िपण ू ि मागि तयों है ?
19. For visually impaired students in lieu of Q.no. 19
प्रचि19 के बििे दृज्टट बार्ित छात्रों के लिए।
A. Name the trans Continental railways lies in Australia.
ऑस्ट्े लिया के पार महाद्िीपीय रे ििे मागि का िाम बताइए |
B. Name the eastern most terminal station of this railway.
ऑस्ट्े लिया के रे ि िाइि पर पूिी िहर का िाम बताइए।
C. Give two reasons why it is the most important route in Australia?
िो कारण बताएं कक यह ऑस्ट्े लिया में सबसे महत्िपण ू ि मागि तयों है ?
SECTION-C
Question numbers 20 to 23 are Short Answer type questions.

20. In rural India, land resource is considered for economic value as well as social
status. Discuss.
ग्रामीण भारत में , भलू म संसािि को आर्थिक मल्
ू य के साथसाथ सामाज्जक सम्माि का- सूचक मािा
जाता है । कथि की व्याख्या कीज्जए ।
OR
Give a detailed account of agricultural development strategy in India.
भारत में कृवष विकास रणिीनत का विस्तत ृ वििरण िीज्जए।

21. Discuss the major trends of modern industrial activities especially in the developed
countries of the world.
विचि के विकलसत िे िों में आिनु िक औद्योर्गक गनतविर्ियों की प्रमि
ु प्रिवृ त्तयों पर चचाि
कीज्जए।
22. Differentiate any two differences between determinism, possibilism and Neo-
determinism.
निचचयिाि, संभििाि और ििनिचचयिाि के बीच कोई िो अंतर लिखिए।
OR
Describe the concept of naturalisation of human and humanisation of nature with
suitable examples.
मािि के प्रकृनतकरण और प्रकृनत के माििीकरण की अििारणा का उपयत
ु त उिाहरणों के साथ िणिि
करें ।
23. Which agency is responsible for development and maintenance of waterways in
India? Briefly describe any two national inland waterways of India.
भारत में जि मागों के विकास और रिरिाि के लिए कौिसी एजेंसी ज्जम्मेिार है ? भारत के ककन्हीं िो
अंतिे िीय राटट्ीय जिमागों का संक्षेप में िणिि कीज्जए।

SECTION D
Question numbers 24 to 28 are Long Answer Type questions.

24. Describe the important characteristic features of plantation farming with examples
of different plantation crops from Africa and Asia.
अफ्रीका और एलिया की विलभन्ि िक्ष ृ ारोपण फसिों के उिाहरणों के साथ िक्ष ृ ारोपण कृवष की
महत्िपूणि वििेषताओं का िणििकीज्जए।

25. Oceans are ten times noisier today than 40 years ago. Discuss noise pollutions and
their impacts on human being.
साि पहिे की तुििा में आज महासागर िस गुिा अर्िक िोर कर रहे हैं। ध्िनि प्रिष
ू ण और मािि 40
पर उिके प्रभािों की व्याख्या कीज्जए।

26. What are four approaches to assess human development? Explain.

मािि विकास का आकिि करिे के लिए कौि कौि से चार उपागम हैं? िणिि कीज्जए।
OR
Why Human Poverty Index is more reliable in comparison of Human Development
Index? Discuss.
मािि विकास सूचकांक की तुििा में मािि गरीबी सूचकांक अर्िक विचिसिीय तयों है ?
व्याख्या कीज्जए।

27. Distinguish between quaternary and quinary activities. What is role of BPOs and
KPOs in outsourcing of human resources?
चतुथि और पचम कक्रया किापों में अंतर लिखिए । मािि संसाििों की आउटसोलसिंग में बीपीओ और
केपीओ की भूलमका तया है ?

28. What is meant by the density of population? Explain the physical and economic
factors with examples which affect population distribution in India.
जिसंख्या के घित्ि से तया तात्पयि है ? भारत में जिसंख्या वितरण को प्रभावित करिे िािे भौनतक
और आर्थिक कारकों को उिाहरणों के साथ समझाइए।
OR
Discuss about the religious and linguistic composition of Population of India.
भारत की जिसंख्या की िालमिक एिम ् भाषाई संरचिा के बारे में चचाि कीज्जए ।

SECTION – E
Question number 29 & 30 are map based questions having 5 sub parts each.
 प्रचिसंख्या उपभागहैं। 5 मािर्चत्र आिाररत प्रचि हैं ज्जिमें से प्रत्येक में 30 और 29

29. On the given political map of the world the following seven features are
shown. Identify any five of these features and write their correct names on the
lines marked near each feature.
विचि के दिए गए राजिीनतक मािर्चत्र पर निम्िलिखित सात वििेषताएाँ ििािई गई हैं। इिमें से
ककसी भी पांच वििेषताओं की पहचाि करें और प्रत्येक र्चज्ह्ित िाइिों पर उिके सही िाम
लििें।

C
A B
F

E G
D

A. Shipping Canal एक लिवपंग िहर

B. An international airport एक अंतरराटट्ीय हिाई अड्डा
C. An international sea port एक अंतर राटट्ीय समुद्री बंिरगाह
D. An area of extensive commercial grain farming. एक व्यापक िाखणज्ययक अिाज कृवष
क्षेत्र।
E. A nomadic herding area एक िािा बिोि चरिाहा क्षेत्र
F. An area of mixed farming लमर्श्रत कृवष िािा क्षेत्र
G. A major sea port. एक प्रमि
ु समद्र
ु ी बंिरगाह

For visually impaired students in lieu of q. no 29(Attempt any five)

प्रचि29 के बििे दृज्टटबार्ित छात्रों के लिए )ककसी भी पांच का प्रयास करें (
A. Name the shipping canal between Red sea and Mediterranean Sea.
िाि सागर और भूमध्यसागर के बीच लिवपंग िहर का िाम ।
B. Name the busiest International airport of Japan
जापाि के सबसे व्यस्त अंतरािटट्ीय हिाई अड्डे का िाम बताइए
C. Name the international trading port of Germany
 जमििी के अंतरािटट्ीय व्यापार बंिरगाह का िाम बताएं
D. Name the area of extensive commercial grain farming in New Zealand.
न्यूजीिैंड में व्यापक िाखणज्ययक अिाज की िेती के क्षेत्र का िाम बताइए।
E. Write the name of the nomadic herding area of south Africa
िक्षक्षण अफ्रीका के िािा बिोि चरिाहे क्षेत्र का िाम लिखिए
F. Name the area of mixed farming
लमर्श्रत कृवष िािा क्षेत्र
G. Name the important sea port located on the western coast of Australia.
ऑस्ट्े लिया के पज्चचमी तट पर ज्स्थत महत्िपूणि समुद्री बंिरगाह का िाम बताइए।

30. On the given political map of India locate and label any five of the following with
appropriate symbols.
भारत के दिए गए राजिीनतक मािर्चत्र पर निम्िलिखित में से ककन्हीं पांच को उपयुतत र्चन्हों
के साथ ढूंढें और िेबि करें ।
A. Northern most sea port on the western coast of India.
भारत के पज्चचमी तट पर सबसे उत्तरी समुद्री बंिरगाह।
B. copper mine in Jharkhand झारिंड में तांबे की ििाि
C. An oil refinery in Uttar Pradesh उत्तरप्रिे ि में एक तेि ररफाइिरी
D. State with highest population density सबसे अर्िक जिसंख्या घित्ि िािा रायय
E. Largest Jute producing state सबसे बडा जूट उत्पािक रायय
F. An international airport of Gujarat गुजरात का एक अंतरराटट्ीय हिाई अड्डा
G. An iron mines of Maharashtra. महाराटट् रायय की एक िौह अयस्क की िाि

For visually impaired students in lieu of Q.no. 30 (Attempt any 5)

प्रचि 30 के बििे दृज्टटबार्ित छात्रों के लिए )ककसी भी पांच का प्रयास करें (
A. Northern most sea port on the western coast of India.
भारतकेपज्चचमीतटपरसबसेउत्तरीसमुद्रीबंिरगाह।
B. Name A copper mine in Jharkhand
झारिंड में तांबे की ििाि
C. Write An oil refinery in Uttar Pradesh
उत्तर प्रिे ि में एक तेि ररफाइिरी
D. Name State with highest population density
सबसे अर्िक जिसंख्या घित्ि िािा रायय
E. Write Largest Jute producing state
सबसे बडा जूट उत्पािक रायय
F. Write an international airport of Gujarat
गुजरात का एक अंतर राटट्ीय हिाई अड्डा
G. An iron mines of Maharashtra.
महाराटट् रायय की एक िौह अयस्क की िाि |
 SAMPLE PAPER (3)–2024-2025
CLASS - XII
SUBJECT – GEOGRAPHY (THEORY)
Time: -3.00Hrs Max. Marks: - 70
ANSWER KEY
1 (C) Airways 1
2 (A) Aden 1
3 (D)Population Growth 1
4 (A) Emigrants 1
5 (A) Green revolution 1
6 (C) Paradwip 1
7 (C) Both statements are correct and statement II is correctly explaining statement I 1
8 (A) Grand Trunk Road 1
9 (D) Hamleted 1
10 (B) Chandigarh 1
11 (A) Assam 1
12 (A) Genewa 1
13 (A) Alluvial plains of Ganga 1
14 (C) Singapore 1
15 (D) All the above 1
16 (D) All of these 1
17 (A) Over withdrawal of water resource 1
18 (i)Rigorous implementation of water management program. 3
(ii)CAD. Command area development program.
(iii)Afforestation, shelterbelt, plantation and pasture development activities.
19 . (i)Trans Australian railways in Australia. 3
(ii)Sydney
(iii)
• To supply industrial and agricultural products to west and minerals to east.
 • Strategic importance
20 (i) Agriculture is a purely land based activity. Lack of access to land is directly 3
correlated with incidence of poverty in rural areas.
(ii) Quality of land has a direct bearing on the productivity of agriculture,
which is not true for other activities.
(iii) In rural areas, land ownership has a social value and serves as a security
for credit, natural hazards or life contingencies, and also adds to the social status .
(Any other relevant points )
OR
The following points highlight the top ten features of new agricultural strategy of
India. They are:
1. Consolidation of land holdings
2. Improved Variety of Seeds
3. Greater Intensity of Cropping
4. Extension of Irrigation
5. Modern Farm Machinery
6. Role of Public Institutions
7. Package of Inputs
8. Guaranteed Minimum Prices
9. Intensive agricultural area program
10. Intensive agricultural district program
(Describe Any other relevant points)
21 (1) Modern industrial activities are the most complex and capital-intensive 3
industries in which large-scale industrial production is carried out by the most
sophisticated methods.
(2) Such industrial activities are mostly carried out in the developed countries
of the regions of North America, Europe, and Asia.
(3) Some examples of modern industries are the heavy machinery industry,
electrical and electronics industry, automobile industry, defence machinery
industry, and space industry. These industries are equipped with skilled and
specialised workers and based on research and development using CAD
computer aided design.
22 Determinism: When nature dominates man, it is called determinism. Determinism 3
asserts that development of human history, culture, society, lifestyle, etc., are
shaped by their physical environment.

Possibilism: When man dominates nature, it is called possibilism. Due to

intelligence, man makes changes in the natural environment.

Neo Determinism: The British geographer, Griffith Taylor, introduced the concept
of neo-determinism .Neither does nature control us completely (as propounded by
environmental determinism) nor does it give us complete freedom to modify the
environment (as propounded by possibilism thought)

OR
Naturalization of human:
• During the early periods of human history, men and women were greatly
influenced by their surrounding environment as they used a low level of
technology.
• Humans were dictated by nature and its forces. Thus, humans were naturalized
 because they were afraid of nature and worshipped it. This is known as the
naturalization of humans.
• This naturalization of humans is termed environmental determinism.
Environmental determinism considers humans as passive agents as their
decisions, attitudes, and way of life are affected by nature.
• For example, forest dwellers and tribal societies who live deep in the forest
or in secluded mountainous regions
Humanisation of Nature:
• Humanisation of Nature With the passage of time, humans began to understand
their natural surroundings and the forces of nature.
• As humans began to form social groups and settled at a place, they developed
new and efficient means of technology which helped them to use natural
resources. Humans create possibilities with the resources obtained from nature.
• For example, they create orchards and entertainment resorts near
adventurous places. This humanization of nature is termed possibilism

23 Inland Waterways Authority of India is primarily responsible for development, 3

maintenance and regulation of those waterways which have been declared as NWs
under National Waterways Act.
• The Ganga - Bhagirathi - Hooghly river system between Haldia (Sagar)
and Allahabad (1620 km) was declared as National Waterway-1 (NW-
1) in 1986.
• The river Brahmaputra having a length of 891 Km between Sadiya to
Dhubri was declared as National Waterway no. 2 (NW-2).
(Any two out of 5 national water ways.)
24 (1) Plantation agriculture is primarily carried out for commercial purposes. 5
(2) In big fields, a significant volume of a single crop is grown.
(3) Plantations grow a variety of crops, including tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew,
rubber, bananas, and cotton.
(4) Plantation development is aided by a well-developed transportation and
communication network connecting plantation processing enterprises and
markets.
(5) Ownership of majority of plantations has passed in to the hands of the
nationals of the countries concerned.
25 • Global shipping has contributed a lot to increased undersea noise 5
pollution. Findings revealed a tenfold increase in underwater ocean
noise as compared with the 1960s.
• Vast increase in the global shipping trade, the number of ships plying the
oceans and higher speed of vessels.
Noise pollution occurs when unwanted sounds enter the environment.
• The potential health effects of noise pollution include increased stress
levels, sleep disturbance, or hearing damage. Some examples of noise
pollution sources include : construction, sound of jets and planes.
26 Easy formula for remembering approaches: CBI W (See highlighted words) 5
(a) The Income approach: - This is one of the oldest approacheswhich links
the development to income.
(b) The Welfare approach: - This approach gives emphasis on the welfare of
the people by maximizing expenditure on education, health and amenities.
(c) Basic need approach: - This approach was initially proposed by the
International Labour Organisation (ILO). In this approach emphasis is on
 providing six basic needs i.e.: health, education, food, water supply,
sanitation, and housing.
(d) Capability approach: - This approach focus on building human
capabilities like health and education This approach is associated with
Prof. Amartya Sen.
OR
HUMAN POVERTY INDEX
• It is non-income measure.
• The probability of not surviving till the age of 40, the adult illiteracy rate,
the number of people who do not have access to clean water, and the
number of small children who are underweight are all taken into account to
show the shortfall in human development in any region.
• The human development index reflects what has been achieved in the key
areas of human development. Yet it is not most reliable measure. This is
because it does not say anything about the distribution.
• The human poverty index is related to the human development.
• Looking at both these measures of human development together gives an
accurate picture of the human development situation in a country.

27 (i) Quaternary activities refer to those activities where the task is to think, research 5
and develop ideas. .
(ii) Confined to research, training and education.
(iii) Software developers, statisticians, hospital staff, teachers, financial planners
tax consultants, people working in theatres, etc., comes under quaternary
activities.

(i) Quinary activities involve work related to administration

(ii) Confined to the highest level decision taking and policy making.
(iii) Senior business executives, government officials, scientists, judges, etc., comes
under quinary activities

KPO, as compared BPOs, represents the high-end value-added services wherein

firms leverage expertise, skill, experience, and domain knowledge of the
professionals handling such superior tasks. It also deals with extremely
information-intensive activities and tasks that require judgment, knowledge, and
expertise of knowledge-based service providers. Call center, on the contrary, deals
with the improvisation of the process efficiency of a business. It is focused on a
single process, efficiency, and size volume.
28 • The density of population is a measure of human and land 5
relationship. It is expressed as the number of persons per unit area. It
helps in getting a better understanding of spatial distribution of population
in relation to land.
• The physical factors like climate, terrain and availability of
water affects population distribution. For example, the north India plains,
Deltas and coastal plains have a higher proportion of population than other
regions of the country.
• Economic factors like industrial, urbanisation and development of
transport networks cause high concentration of population in urban
regions of Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Poona etc.
 OR
• The preamble of Indian constitution states that India is a secular state.
• The Indian subcontinent is the birthplace of four of the world's major
religions; namely Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism.
• According to the 2011 census, 79.8% of the population of India practices
Hinduism, 14.2% adheres to Islam, 2.3% adheres to Christianity, 1.7%
adheres to Sikhism, 0.7% adheres to Buddhism and 0.4% adheres to
Jainism.
• The spatial distribution of religious communities in the country shows that
there are certain states and districts having large numerical strength of one
religion, while the same may be very negligibly represented in other states.

• Linguistic Composition
India is a land of linguistic diversity. According to Grierson (Linguistic
Survey of India, 1903-1928) there were 179 languages and as many as 544
dialects in India. But now, there are 22 scheduled languages and number of
non-scheduled languages.
• Linguistic Classification
The speakers of major Indian languages belong to four language families,
which have their sub-families and branches or groups.
• Family
Austric (Nishada-1.38%)
Dravidian (Dravida-20%)
Sino-Tibetan (Kirata-0.85%)
Indo-European (Aryan-73%)

29 A. A shipping Canal – SWEZ CANAL 5

B. An international airport - Tokyo
C. An international sea port - London
D. An area of extensive commercial grain farming. - Canterbury
E. A nomadic herding area- South Africa
F. A mixed farming area- USA
G. A major sea port – Malbourne
(Note- For blind students answers as above.)
30 A. Northern most sea port on the western coast of India - Kandla 5
B. A copper mine in Jharkhand- Hazaribagh
C. An oil refinery in Uttar Pradesh- Mathura
D. State with highest population density- Bihar
E. Largest Jute producing state-West Bengal
F. An international airport of Gujarat- Ahmedabad
G. Ratnagiri
(Note- For blind students answers as above.)
 SAMPLE PAPER (4)–2024-2025
CLASS - XII
SUBJECT – GEOGRAPHY (THEORY)
Time: -3.00Hrs Max. Marks: - 70
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS-
This question paper contains 30 questions. All questions are compulsory.
This question paper is divided into 5 sections A, B, C, D and E
Section A - Question number1 to17are Multiple Choice type questions caring 1 mark each.
Section B - Question number 18 and 19 are Source based questions caring 3 mark each.
Section C -Question number 20 to 23 are Short Answer type questions caring 3 mark each.
Answer to these questions shall be written in 80 to 100words
Section D- Question number 24 to 28 are Long Answer type questions caring 5 mark each.
Answer to these questions shall be written in 120 to 150 words.
Section E - Question number 29 and 30 are Map based questions

SECTION – A

1. Which one of the following best describe development?

A. An increase in size C. A constant in size
B. A positive change in quality D. A simple change in the quantity
निम्िलिखित में से कौि सा विकास का सबसे सटीक िणिि करता है ?
A. आकार में िद्
ृ र्ि C. आकार में एक ज्स्थरांक
B. गुणित्ता में सकारात्मक पररितिि D. मात्रा में एक सामान्य पररितिि

2. Patterns of population distribution and density of population help us to

understand-
A. Regional imbalances of an area
B. Demographic characteristics of any area
C. Uneven topography of an area
D. Developmental level of an area
जिसंख्या वितरण का प्रारूप और जिसंख्या घित्ि से हमें समझिे में मिि लमिती है -
A. ककसी क्षेत्र का क्षेत्रीय असंतुिि
B. ककसी भी क्षेत्र की जिसांज्ख्यकीय वििेषताएाँ
C. ककसी क्षेत्र की असमाि स्थिाकृनत
D. ककसी क्षेत्र का विकासात्मक स्तर

3. In which of the following year the General Agreement on Trade and Tariff was
transformed in WTO?
A. June 1995 C. January 1996
B. January 1995 D. December 1995
निम्िलिखित में से कब जिरि एग्रीमें ट ऑि ट्े ड एंड टै ररफ को डदल्यूटीओ में बिि दिया गया
था?
A. जूि 1995 C. जििरी 1996
B. जििरी 1995 D. दिसंबर 1995
4. Arabica, Robusta and Liberica are the varieties of which of the following crops?
A. Coffee B. Tea C. Sugarcane D. Cotton.
अरे त्रबका, रोबस्टा और िाइबेररका निम्िलिखित में से ककस फसि की ककस्में हैं?
A. कॉफी B. चाय C. गन्िा D. कपास

5. Which of the following is an important aspect of Human Development?

A. Quality of life people enjoy in a country
B. Availability of opportunities
C. They enjoy Freedoms
D. All the above
निम्िलिखित में से कौि सा मािि विकास का एक महत्िपण ू ि पहिू है ?
A. ककसी िे ि में िोग ज्जस गुणित्तापण
ू ि जीिि का आिंि िेते हैं
B. अिसरों की उपिदिता
C. िे स्ितंत्रता का आिंि िेते हैं
D. उपरोतत सभी

6. Which of the following feature is not related to First stage of demographic

Transition?
A. Improvements in sanitation and health conditions.
B. Life expectancy is low.
C. People are mostly illiterate and have low level of technology.
D. People are engaged in agriculture where large families are an asset.
निम्िलिखित में से कौि सी वििेषता जिसांज्ख्यकीय संक्रमण के प्रथम चरण से संबंर्ित िहीं
है ?
A. स्िच्छता और स्िास््य ज्स्थनतयों में सि
ु ार।
B. निम्ि जीिि प्रत्यािा
C. अर्िकांि जिसंख्या अलिक्षक्षत एिम ् उिका निम्ि तकिीक स्तर
D. आर्िकांि जिसंख्या कृवष में संिग्ि जहां बडे पररिार एक संपवत्त हैं।

7. Consider and evaluate the following statements and choose the correct answer
with the help of given options.
I. Densely populated countries have large volume of internal trade but little external
trade.
II. Most of the agricultural and industrial production of these countries consumed in
the local Market due to large size of population.
Options: -
A. Only statement II is correct
B. Both the statements I and II are correct but statement II does not explain statement
I correctly
C. Both the statements are true and statement II correctly explains statement I
D. Both the statements are incorrect.
दिए गए विकल्पों की सहायता से निम्िलिखित कथिों पर विचार करें और सही उत्तर चि ु ें -
I. घिी आबािी िािे िे िों में बडी मात्रा में आंतररक व्यापार होता है िेककि बाहरी व्यापार बहुत कम
होता है
II. जिसंख्या के बडे आकार के कारण इि िे िों के अर्िकांि कृवष एिं औद्योर्गक उत्पािि की
िपत स्थािीय बाजार में ही हो जाती है
विकल्प :
A. केिि कथि II सही है
B. कथि I और II िोिों सही हैं िेककि कथि II कथि I की सही व्याख्या िही करता है
C. िोिों कथि सत्य हैं और कथि II कथि I की सही व्याख्या करता है
D. िोिों कथि गित हैं

8. Jobs that involve high degrees and level of innovations are known as:
A. Secondary activities C. Quinary activities
B. Quaternary activities D. Primary activities
ऐसे व्यिसाय ज्जसमें उच्च डडग्री और ििाचार के स्तर िालमि होते हैं , कहिाते हैं ?
A. द्वितीयक व्यिसाय C. चतथ
ु क
ि व्यिसाय
B. तत
ृ ीयक व्यिसाय D. प्राथलमक व्यिसाय

9. The land that is left uncultivated for more than five years is called as.
A. Fallow other than current fallow C. Culturable wasteland
B. Current fallow D. None of the above
िह भूलम ज्जसमें पााँच िषि से अर्िक समय के लिए कृवष कायि िहीं ककया गया है कहिाती है –
A. ितिमाि परती के अिािा अन्य परती B. ितिमाि परती
C. कृवष योग्य बंजर भूलम D. उपरोतत में से कोई िहीं
10. Make the correct pairs from the following and choose the correct option from the
given codes.
MODE OF TRANSPORT SIGNIFICANCE
I Air Transport 1. International movement of goods is handled.
II Rail Transport 2. Cheaper and faster over short distances and for
door-to- door services
III Ocean route 3. Most suitable for large volumes of bulky material
over long distances within a country
IV Road Transport 4. High value, light and perishable goods are best
Moved.
निम्िलिखित में से सही जोडे बिाइए और दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही विकल्प चनु िए-
पररिहि का महत्ि
I I िायु पररिहि 1. िस्तुओं का अंतरािटट्ीय व्यापार होता है

II रे ि पररिहि 2. कम िरू ी के लिए सस्ता और तेज तथा द्िार से द्िार तक

सेिा प्रिाि करता है |
III समन्
ु द्री मागि 3. अर्िक मात्रा की सामग्री तथा िे ि के अंिर ही िंबी िरू ी के
लिए उपयत
ु त
IV सडक पररिहि 4. उच्च मूल्य, हल्के और िराब होिे िािे सामािों के पररिहि
हे तु सबसे उपयुतत |
CODES: -
I II III IV
A. 3 4 2 1
B. 1 2 3 4
C. 4 3 1 2
D. 3 2 1 4
11. Which of the following is an example of ferrous minerals?
A. Copper C. Bauxite
B. Manganese D. Gold
निम्िलिखित में से कौि सा िौह िनिज का उिाहरण है ?
A. तांबा C. बॉतसाइट
B. मैंगिीज D. सोिा

12. Which one the following types describe water as a resource?

A. Abiotic resource C. Non-renewable resource
B. Biotic resource D. Cyclic resource
निम्िलिखित में से कौि सा प्रकार जि को एक संसािि के रूप में िखणित करता हैं?
A. अजैविक संसािि C. अििीकरणीय संसािि
B. जैविक संसािि D. चक्रीय संसािि
13. Which of the following is an apex body to improve the quality of the roads
designated as National Highways?
A. National Highway Authority of India C. Public Works Department
B. Central Public Works Department D. Border Road Organisation.
निम्िलिखित में से कौि राटट्ीय राजमागि के रूप में िालमत सडकों की गण
ु ित्ता में सि
ु ार करिे
के लिए एक िीषि निकाय है ?
A. भारतीय राटट्ीय राजमागि प्रार्िकरण C. िोक निमािण विभाग
B. केंद्रीय िोक निमािण विभाग D. सीमा सडक संगठि।

14. Which of the following strategies have been adopted to protect the drought prone
areas of Punjab, Haryana and Northern Rajasthan?
A. Expansion of irrigation
B. Rain water harvesting technique
C. Water shed development program
D. Arrangement of water tankers on rental basis.
पंजाब हररयाणा और उत्तरी राजस्थाि के सि
ू ाग्रस्त क्षेत्रों की सरु क्षा के लिए निम्िलिखित में से
कौि सी रणिीनत अपिाई गई ?
A. लसंचाई का विस्तार
B. िषाि जि संचयि तकिीक
C. िाटर िेड विकास कायिक्रम
D. ककराये के आिार पर पािी के टैंकरों की व्यिस्था।

15. The population growth or population change refers to the--------------of inhabitants

of a territory during a specific period of time.
A. Decrease in number C. Increase in number
B. Change in number D. huge migration
जिसंख्या िद्ृ र्ि या जिसंख्या पररितिि से तात्पयि एक विलिटट अिर्ि के िौराि ककसी क्षेत्र के
नििालसयों की -------------------------------- से है ।
A. संख्या में कमी C. संख्या में िद्
ृ र्ि
B. संख्या में पररितिि D. बडी संख्या में प्रिास

16. Consider and evaluate the following statements and choose the correct answer
from the given options.
I. India’s Population is larger than the total population of North America, South
America and Australia put together.
II. Such a large population invariably puts pressure on its limited resources and is
also responsible for many socio-economic problems in the country.
Options: -
A. Both the statements are correct
B. Both the statements I and II are correct and statement II explain statement I
correctly
C. Both the statements I and II are correct but statement II does not explain statement
I correctly
D. Both the statements are incorrect.

निम्िलिखित कथिों पर विचार करें और मूल्यांकि करें और दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर
चि
ु ें।
I. भारत की जिसंख्या उत्तरी अमेररका, िक्षक्षण अमेररका और ऑस्ट्े लिया की कुि जिसंख्या से
अर्िक है ।
II. इतिी बडी आबािी अपिे सीलमत संसाििों पर हमेिा िबाि डािती है और िे ि में कई
सामाज्जक-आर्थिक समस्याओं के लिए भी ज्जम्मेिार है ।
विकल्प:-
A. िोिों कथि सही हैं
B. िोिों कथि सही हैं और कथि II कथि I के लिए सही व्याख्या करता है |
C. िोिों कथि सही हैं और कथि II कथि I के लिए सही व्याख्या िहीं करता है |
D. िोिों कथि गित हैं|

17. Which one of the following is not an area of sparse population?

A. The Atacama C. South-east Asia
B. Equatorial region D. Polar region
निम्िलिखित में से कौि सा एक क्षेत्र विस्तत
ृ जिसंख्या िािा क्षेत्र िहीं हैं?
A. अटाकामा
B. भूमध्यरे िीय प्रिे ि
C. िक्षक्षणी पूिी एलिया
D. ध्रि
ु ीय प्रिे ि
 SECTION B

18. Read the given Passage carefully and answers the questions that follow:
Air transport is the fastest means of transportation, but it is very costly. Being fast, it is
preferred by passengers for long-distance travel. Valuable cargo can be moved rapidly
on a world-wide scale. It is often the only means to reach inaccessible areas. Air
transport has brought about a connectivity revolution in the world. The frictions
created by mountainous snow fields or inhospitable desert terrains have been
overcome. The accessibility has increased. The airplane brings varied articles to the
Eskimos in Northern Canada unhindered by the frozen ground. In the Himalayan region,
the routes are often obstructed due to landslides, avalanches or heavy snow fall. At such
times, air travel is the only alternative to reach a place. Airways also have great strategic
importance. The air strikes by U.S. and British forces in Iraq bears testimony to this fact.
The airways network is expanding very fast. The manufacturing of aircrafts and their
operations require elaborate infrastructure like hangars, landing, fueling, and
maintenance facilities for the aircrafts. The construction of airports is also very
expensive and has developed more in highly industrialised countries where there is a
large volume of traffic.
A. Which is the known as faster mode of transportation?
B. Which means is mostly used for transportation in inaccessible area?
C. Which are the facilities requiring for the air transportation?
दिए गए गद्यांि को ध्याि से पढें और निम्िलिखित प्रचिों के उत्तर िें :
िायु पररिहि, पररिहि का तीव्रतम सािि है , िेककि यह अत्यंत महंगा है । तीव्रगामी होिे के कारण
िंबी िरू ी की यात्रा के लिए यात्री इसे पसंि करते हैं। मूल्यिाि माििाहक जहाज को तेजी के साथ पुरे
विचि में भेजा जा सकता है | यह प्रायः िग
ु म
ि क्षेत्रों तक पहुाँचिे का एकमात्र सािि है । िायु पररिहि िे
िनु िया में संपकि क्रांनत िा िी है । पिितों, दहमक्षेत्रों विषम मरुस्थिीय भूभागों पर विजय प्राप्त कर िी
गई है | गम्यता में िद्
ृ र्ि हुई है | हिाई जहाज उत्तरी किाडा में एज्स्कमो िोगों के लिए जमी हुई
जमीि के कारण त्रबिा ककसी बािा के विलभन्ि िस्तुएं िाता है । दहमािय क्षेत्र में अतसर भूस्ििि,
दहमस्ििि या भारी बफिबारी के कारण मागि बार्ित हो जाते हैं। ऐसे समय में ककसी स्थाि तक
पहुंचिे के लिए हिाई यात्रा ही एकमात्र विकल्प है । िायुमागि का सामररक महत्ि भी बहुत है । इराक में
अमेररकी और त्रब्रदटि सेिा के हिाई हमिे इस त्य के साक्षी हैं | िायुमागि का तंत्र बहुत तेजी से फेि
रहा है | विमािों के निमािण और उिकी कायि प्रणािी के लिए अत्यंत विकलसत अिस्थापिात्मक
सवु ििाओं, जैसे विमाििािा, भलू म पर उतारिे, ईंिि तथा रि रिाि की सवु ििाओं की आिचयकता
होती है | हिाई अड्डों का निमािण भी बहुत महं गा है और यह अत्यर्िक औद्योर्गकरण और अर्िक
संख्या में यातायात उपिदि है ,विकलसत हुआ है |
A. पररिहि का तीव्रतम सािि ककसे कहा जाता है ?
B. िग
ु म
ि क्षेत्र में पररिहि हे तु सिािर्िक ककस सािि का प्रयोग ककया जाता है ?
C. हिाई पररिहि के लिए ककि सुवििाओं की आिचयकता होती है ?

19. Observe the given table and answer the following questions -
A. In which year India’s population growth rate was lowest?
भारत की जिसंख्या िद्ृ र्ि िर ककस िषि सबसे कम थी?
B. In which year the absolute number of Population was maximum?
ककस िषि जिसंख्या की निरपेक्ष संख्या सिािर्िक रही?
C. In which year India’s population growth rate was highest?
भारत की जिसंख्या िद्ृ र्ि िर ककस िषि सिािर्िक थी?

The following questions are for Visually Impaired Candidates only in lieu of
question no. 19.
A. In which year India’s population growth rate was negative?
भारत की जिसंख्या िद्ृ र्ि िर ककस िषि िकारात्मक रही?
B. In which year India’s population growth rate was highest ?
ककस िषि भारत की जिसंख्या िद् ृ र्ि िर सिािर्िक रही?
C. What is the population growth rate in year 2011.
िषि 2011 में भारत की जिसंख्या िद् ृ र्ि िर ककतिी रही?

SECTION C

20. Explain the statement “Human is a slave of nature”?

“मिटु य प्रकृनत का एक िास” कथि की व्याख्या कीज्जए|
OR
Write a short notes on Neo determinism?
िि नियनतिाि पर एक संक्षक्षप्त दटपण्णी लििें |

21. Explain the Indicators of Human development?

मािि विकास के संकेतकों की व्याख्या करें |
22. What is the meaning of The Digital Divide?
अंकीय विभाजि से तया तात्पयि है ?
OR
Write any three differences between the Retail trading and Wholesale trading?
फूटकर व्यापार और थोक व्यापार के बीच कोई तीि अंतर लिखिए|

23. Define the population density and write the name of its other types?
जिसंख्या घित्ि को पररभावषत करें एिम ् इसके िस
ू रे प्रकारों के िाम लििे ?

SECTION D

24. Mention any six characteristics of plantation agriculture?

रोपण कृवष की कोई छ: वििेषताए बताइए |

25. Formulate the guideline to promote Sustainability in the Indira Gandhi canal Command
area?
इंदिरा गांिी िहर कमाि क्षेत्र में सतत पोषणीयता को बढािा िे िे के लिए सुझाि िीज्जये |

26. Suggest measures for reduction of land degradation (any five)?

भूलम क्षरण को काम करिे के लिए उपाय सुझाइए) कोई पााँच ( ?
OR
Why is conservation of water resources necessary? Explain any five reasons?
जि संसाििों का संरक्षण तयों आिचयक है ? कोई पांच कारण बताएं|

27. Discuss “Why the manufacturing Industries are distributed unevenly”.

चचाि करें "विनिमािण उद्योग असमाि रूप से वितररत तयों हैं”?
OR
Write the characteristics of modern large scale manufacturing.
आिनु िक िह ृ त उद्योगों की वििेषताओं को लिखिए |

28. Explain any five steps taken by the government of India to Promote international
Trade?
अंतरािटट्ीय व्यापार को बढािा िे िे के लिए भारत सरकार द्िारा उठाए गए ककन्ही पााँच किमों की
व्याख्या कीज्जए ?

SECTION E

29. On the given political map of the world, seven geographical features have been marked
as A, B, C, D, E, F And G. Answer any five questions out of the following:
A. An area of Nomadic Herding.
B. An area of subsistence gathering in Africa.
C. Major area of extensive commercial grain agriculture.
D. A major sea port of North America
E. An International airport.
 F. An Important Shipping Canal.
G. An important airport of South America.
दिए गए विचि के राजनिनतक मािर्चत्र में निम्िांककत सात भौगोलिक िक्षणों को A,B,C,D,E,F और
G से अंककत ककया गया है | उिमें से ककन्ही पांच की पहचाि निम्िलिखित जािकारी की सहायता से
कीज्जये और उिके सही िाम उिके पास खिंची गई रे िाओं पर लिखिए :
A. चििासी पिुचारण का क्षेत्र
B. अफ्रीका में भोजि संग्रह का क्षेत्र
C. विस्तत
ृ िाखणयय अिाज कृवष का क्षेत्र
D. उत्तरी अमेररका का एक बंिरगाह
E. एक अंतरािटट्ीय िायुपत्ति
F. एक महत्िपूणि िौ पररिहि िहर
G. िक्षक्षणी अमेररका का एक अंतरािटट्ीय िायुपत्ति
The following Questions are for visually Impaired Candidates only in lieu of
question no. 29 (Attempt Any 5)
A. Name the area of Nomadic Herding in Eurasia
B. Name the area of subsistence gathering in Africa.
C. Name the area of extensive commercial grain agriculture in Australia
D. Name a major seaport of North America
E. Name a major airport of Japan.
F. Name a shipping canal between North America and South America.
G. Name a major airport of South America.

निम्िलिखित प्रचि केिि दृज्टटबार्ित परीक्षार्थियों के लिए प्रचि संख्या 29 के स्थाि पर है |ककन्ही
पांच प्रचिों के उत्तर लिखिए |
A. यूरेलिया अिज्स्थत चििासी पिुचारण का क्षेत्र E
B. अफ्रीका में जीिि नििािह संग्रहण क्षेत्र C
C. ऑस्ट्े लिया अिज्स्थत विस्तत
ृ िाखणयय अन्ि उत्पािि कृवष क्षेत्र
D. उत्तरी अमेररका अिज्स्थत एक प्रमि
ु बंिरगाह
E. जापाि अिज्स्थत एक िायुपत्ति
F. उत्तरी ि िक्षक्षणी अमेररका एक महत्िपण
ू ि िौ पररिहि िहर
G. िक्षक्षण अफ्रीका का मख्
ु य िायप
ु त्ति
30. On the given political map of India locate and label any five of the following with
appropriate symbols
B. Northern most sea port on the western coast of India.
C. A copper mine in Rajasthan.
D. An oil refinery in Bihar.
E. State with lowest population density.
F. Largest Jute producing state.
G. An international airport of Maharashtra.
H. A lignite coal mine.
भारत के दिए गए राजिीनतक रे िा – मािर्चत्र में निम्िलिखित में से ककन्हीं पांच भौगोलिक िक्षणों को
उपयत
ु त र्चन्हों द्िारा अंककत कीज्जये और उिका िाम लिखिए-
A. भारत के पज्चचमी तट का सबसे उत्तरी बंिरगाह
B. राजस्थाि की एक तांबा िाि
C. त्रबहार का तेििोिि कारिािा
D. न्यि
ू तम जिसाँख्या घित्ि िािा रायय
E. जट
ू का सिािर्िक उत्पािि िािा रायय
F. महाराटट् का एक अंतरािटट्ीय िायु पत्ति
G. लिग्िाइट की एक कोयिा ििाि
For visually impaired students in lieu of Q.no. 30 (Attempt any 5)
A. Name the northern most sea port on the western coast of India.
B. Name A copper mine in Rajasthan
C. Name An oil refinery in Bihar
D. Name State with lowest population density
E. Name largest Jute producing state
F. Name an international airport of Maharashtra
G. Name a lignite coal mine
निम्िलिखित प्रचि केिि दृज्टट बार्ित परीक्षार्थियों के लिए प्रचि संख्या 30 के स्थाि पर है ककन्ही पांच |
| प्रचिों के उत्तर लिखिए
A. भारत के पज्चचमी तट का सुिरू उत्तरी बंिरगाह
B. राजस्थाि की एक तांबा िाि
C. त्रबहार अिज्स्थत तेि िोिि कारिािा
D. न्यूितम जिसंख्या घित्ि िािा रायय
E. जूट का सिािर्िक उत्पािि िािा रायय
F. महाराटट् का एक अंतरािटट्ीय िायु पत्ति
G. लिग्िाइट की एक कोयिा ििाि

SAMPLE PAPER (4)–2024-2025

CLASS - XII
SUBJECT – GEOGRAPHY (THEORY)
Time: -3.00Hrs Max. Marks: - 70
ANSWER KEY
1 B. A positive change in quality 1
2 B. Demographic characteristics of any area 1
3 B. January 1995 1
A.
4 A. Coffee 1
5 D. All the above 1
6 A. Improvements in sanitation and health conditions. 1
7 C. Both the statements are true and statement II correctly explains statement I 1
8 C. Quinary activities 1
9 C. Culturable waste land 1
10 C. 4 3 1 2 1
11 B. Manganese 1
12
D. D. Cyclic resource 1
13 A. National Highway Authority of India 1
14
A. A. Expansion of irrigation 1
15
B. B. Change in number 1
16
B. B. Both the statements I and II are correct and statement II explain statement I 1
correctly
17
C. C. South-east Asia 1
18 18.1 Air Transportation 3
18.2 Air Transportation
 18.3 Hangars, landing, fuelling, and maintenance facilities
for the aircrafts
19 19.1 1921 3
19.2 2001
19.3 1971
The following questions are for Visually Impaired Candidates only in lieu
of question no. 19.
19.1 - 1921
19.2 - 1971
19.3 - 17.64 %
20 Naturalization of Humans - Nature is Powerful, Humans are slave of Nature, 3
E C Semple.
Because the level of technology was very low and the stage of human social
development was also primitive. This type of interaction between
primitive human society and strong forces of nature was termed as
Environmental Determinism.
OR
The concept shows that neither is there a situation of absolute necessity nor is
there a condition of absolute freedom
• Humans can conquer nature by obeying it.
• Give equal importance to both Human and Nature for sustainable
development.
• Possibilities can be created within the limits which do not damage the
environment.
• Reflects a middle path between two ideas of environmental determinism
and possibilism.

21 (1) Health: - life expectancy at birth indicates better health. 3

(2) Education: - Two aspects are included-(a) Adult literacy rate (b) Gross
Enrolment Ratio.
(3) Access to Resources/Per Capita income: - It is measured in terms of
purchasing power (in U.S. dollars).
22 The Opportunities emerging from the Information and Communication Technology 3
based development is unevenly distributed across the globe. While developed
countries in general have surged forward, the developing countries have lagged
behind and this is known as the digital divide.
Or
Introduced by Griffith Taylor,
Reflects the middle path between the ideas of Environmental determinism and
possibilism
Emphasis solving the problems without damaging the environment
It believes in the concept of stop and go determinism.
23 Density of population, is expressed as number of persons per unit area. It helps in 3
getting a better understanding of the spatial distribution of population in relation to
land.
Physiological density = total population / net cultivated area
 Agricultural density = total agricultural population / net cultivable area
Characteristics
24 of Plantation agriculture 5
1. Plantation agriculture was introduced by the Europeans in colonies
situated in tropics.
2. This type of farming is practiced on large scale estates.
3. It requires large capital investment.
4. It is a scientific method of cultivation.
5. It is not possible without managerial and technical support.
6. This is a single crop specialisation.
7. It requires cheap labour and a good system of transportation.
25seven measures proposed to promote sustainable development in the command area are 5
The
meant to restore ecological balance.
(i) The first requirement is strict implementation of water management policy. The
canal project envisages protective irrigation in Stage-I and extensive irrigation of
crops and pasture development in Stage-II.
(ii) In general, the cropping pattern shall not include water intensive crops. It shall be
adhered to and people shall be encouraged to grow plantation crops such as citrus
fruits.
(iii) The CAD programmes such as lining of water courses, land development and
levelling and warabandi system (equal distribution of canal water in the command
area of outlet) shall be effectively implemented to reduce the conveyance loss of
water.
(iv) The areas affected by water logging and soil salinity shall be reclaimed.
(v) The eco-development through afforestation, shelterbelt plantation and pasture
development are necessary particularly in the fragile environment of Stage-II.
(vi) The social sustainability in the region can be achieved only if the land allottees
having poor economic background are provided adequate financial and institutional
support for cultivation of land.
(vii) The economic sustainability in the region cannot be attained only through
development of agriculture and animal husbandry. The agricultural and allied
activities have to develop along with other sectors of economy. This shall lead to
diversification of economic base and establishment of functional linkages between
basic villages, agro-service centres and market centres.
26 Land degradation Land degradation is generally understood is either as a 5
temporary or a permanent decline in productive capacity of the land.
(i) Farmers should be trained for proper use of chemicals and fertilizers.
(ii) Soil erosion should be minimized by planting more and more trees.
(iii) Avoid water-logging by providing proper way to remove stagnant
water to other places.
(iv) Methods should be adopted to remove siltation of salts.
(v) Use of Alkaline metals should be discouraged in industry and daily life
and search alternatives of them.
(vi) Water Obtained from industries should be recycle before reuse in
various purposes such as irrigation and gardening.
(vii) Use of plastic should be restricted as it is not decomposed even after
long time and induce degradation land.
(viii) Waste vegetable and human waste should be converted into manure
before pouring in to land.
Or
It gives priority to Drinking, Irrigation, hydro-power, navigation, industrial
other uses. Key features of policy:
 1. Providing drinking water to people and animals is first priority
and multi-purpose projects
2. Control on overuse of groundwater.
3. Quality of water be Monitored/Maintaining both surface and
groundwater.
4. Awareness of water as limited resources be ensured.
5. Awareness about Water Conservation be promoted.
27 ●Access to Raw Material: Industries that use heavy and weight-losing 5
raw materials tend to be closer to raw material sources such as the
steel, sugar and cement industries.
●Access to Labour Supply: Industries are generally more concentrated in
areas of cheap and skilled labour where the cost of production is
reduced.
●Access to Sources of Energy: Industries that use more power tend to be
concentrated closer to sources of energy supply, such as the aluminium
industry.
●Access to Transportation and Communication Facilities: Quick and
efficient transportation and communication facilities are needed to
transport the raw materials to the factory and the finished goods to the
market. Thus, quick transportation is also important in industrial
location.
●Government Policy: Governments adopt ‘regional policies’ to promote
‘balanced’ economic development so it promotes setting up of industries in
particular areas.
●Access to Agglomeration Economies / Links between Industries :
Many industries benefit from nearness to a leader-industry and other
industries. Savings are derived from the linkages which exist between
different industries.
Or
●Specialisation of Skills/Methods of Production - Production takes
place at large scale. Each worker performing only one task repeatedly.
●Mechanisation - In mechanisation machines and gadgets are used for
production of goods. Automation is the advanced stage of
mechanisation.
●Technological Innovation - Technological innovation has become an
essential feature of manufacturing industry. Technology aims at
improving quality, controlling pollution and eliminating wastes.
●Organisational Structure and Stratification - Modern manufacturing
is characterised by:
a. a complex machine technology.
b. extreme specialisation and division of labour for producing
more goods with less effort, and low costs.
c. vast capital.
d. large organisations.
e. executive bureaucracy.
● Uneven Geographic Distribution - Major concentrations of modern
manufacturing have flourished in a few numbers of places. These cover
less than 10 per cent of the world’s land area.
28 Many changes have taken place to promote India’s international trade. They 5
are as follows :-
• India has expanded biliteral trade relations to the most of the
developing countries of the world.
• Western European countries and OPEC are still major trading partners
of India.
• India’s trade was increased to 19.4% in 2001 with USA.
• India has under gone considerable change in composition during last
four decades.
• Largest positive change was made in petroleum and petroleum
products.
• Import of food and allied products such as cereals, pulses, dairy
products and vegetables were decline very rapidly.
29 A. Northen Eurasia 5
B. Tropical Africa
c. Downs
D. New Orleans
E. Tokyo
F. Panama Canal
G. Santiago

30 A. Kandla 5
B. Khetri
C. Barauni
D. Arunachal Pradesh
E. West Bengal
F. Mumbai
G. Neyveli.
 SAMPLE PAPER (5)–2024-2025
CLASS - XII
SUBJECT – GEOGRAPHY (THEORY)
Time: -3.00Hrs Max. Marks: - 70
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS-
1. This question paper contains 30 questions. All questions are compulsory.
2. This question paper is divided into 5 sections A, B, C, D and E
3. Section A - Question number1 to17are Multiple Choice type questions caring 1 mark
each.
4. Section B - Question number 18 and 19 are Source based questions caring 3 mark each.
5. Section C -Question number 20 to 23 are Short Answer type questions caring 3 mark
each. Answer to these questions shall be written in 80 to 100words
6. Section D- Question number 24 to 28 are Long Answer type questions caring 5 mark
each. Answer to these questions shall be written in 120 to 150 words.
7. Section E - Question number 29 and 30 are Map based questions

SECTION – A

1. There are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason(R). Mark your answer as
per the codes provided below-
Assertion: Assertion: The value of development is always positive.
Reason: Development cannot take place unless there is an addition.
Options:
A. Both (A)and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
B. Both (A)and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
C. Both (A)and (R) are incorrect.
D. (A)is correct but (R)is incorrect.
िो कथि अलभकथि )A( और कारण )R( के रूप में र्चज्ह्ित हैं। िीचे दिए गए कोड के अिुसार अपिा
उत्तर र्चज्ह्ित करें -
अलभकथि: विकास का मूल्य हमेिा सकारात्मक होता है ।
कारण िद्
ृ र्ि / जब तक जोड :ि हो तब तक विकास िहीं हो सकता।
विकल्प:
A. कथि और कारण िोिों सत्य हैं िेककि (R( )Aका सही स्पटटीकरण िहीं है । )
B. कथि और कारण िोिों सत्य हैं और (R( )Aका सही स्पटटीकरण है । )
C. कथि और कारण िोिों गित हैं।
D. कथि सही है िेककि कारण गित है ।

2. Consider the following and choose the correct answer with the help of given codes-
निम्िलिखित पर विचार करें और दिए गए कोड की सहायता से सही उत्तर चिु ें-

Religious groups Total population in million 2011

1. Jains A. 8.4
2. Muslims B. 4.5
3. Buddhists C. 172.2
4. Sikhs D. 20.8

िालमिक समह
ू कुि जिसंख्या )लमलियि(
1.जैि A. 8.4
B.4.5
2.मुसिमाि
C.172.2
3.बौद्ि D.20.8
4.लसि

Options:
A B C D
A. 2 3 1 4
B. 3 1 2 4
C. 4 1 2 3
D. 4 2 1 3

3. Which product is transported through Big Inch pipeline?

A. Milk B. Water C. Petroleum D. L.P.G
त्रबग इंच पाइपिाइि के माध्यम से ककस उत्पाि का पररिहि ककया जाता है ?
A. िि
ू B. पािी C. पेट्ोलियम D. एि.पी.जी

4 Assertion: The serious problem that arises out of faulty strategy of irrigation and
agricultural development is degradation of land resources.
Reason: Degradation of land may lead to depletion of soil fertility.
Options:
A. Both (A)and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
B. Both (A)and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
C. Both (A)and (R) are incorrect.
D. (A)is correct but (R)is incorrect.
 कथि : लसंचाई और कृवष विकास की िोषपूणि रणिीनत से उत्पन्ि होिे िािी गंभीर समस्या भूलम
संसाििों का क्षरण है ।
कारण: भलू म के निम्िीकरण से लमट्टी की उििरता कम हो सकती है I
विकल्प:
A. कथि और कारण िोिों सत्य हैं िेककि (R( )A का सही )स्पटटीकरण िहीं है ।
B. कथि और कारण िोिों सत्य हैं और (R( )Aका सही स्पटटीकरण है । )
C. कथि और कारण िोिों गित हैं।
D. कथि सही है िेककि कारण गित है ।

5 Who among the following economists introduce the term human development?
A. Mahub-UL-Haque. C. Adam Smith
B. Amartya Sen D. Both (A) and (B)
निम्िलिखित में से कौि अथििास्त्री मािि विकास िदि का पररचय िे ते हैं?
A. महबूब-उि-हक।
B. अमत्यि सेि
C. एडम ज्स्मथ
D. िोिों )A( और )B(

6 Which one of the following states has the largest population?

A. Uttar Pradesh C. Maharashtra
B. Haryana D. Bihar
निम्िलिखित में से ककस रायय की जिसंख्या सबसे अर्िक है ?
A. उत्तर प्रिे ि B. हररयाणा C. महाराटट् D. त्रबहार

7 In which year was GATT transformed into WTO?

GATT ककस िषि WTO में पररिनतित हुआ?
A. 1995 B. 1996 C. 1994 D. 1993

8 What type of occupation is manufacturing industry?

A. Secondary C. Tertiary
B. Primary D. None of these
विनिमािण उद्योग ककस प्रकार का व्यिसाय है ?
A. माध्यलमक C. तत
ृ ीयक
B. प्राथलमक D. इिमें से कोई िहीं

9 Which of the following crops can be grown in Plantations?

A. Wheat C. Tea
B. Rice D. Pulses
निम्िलिखित में से कौि सी फसि बागािों में उगाई जा सकती है ?
A. गेहूं C. चाय
B. चािि D. िािें

10 Assertion: Roadways are more suitable for large volume bulky materials over long
distances.
Reason: As compared to railways, road transport is economical for short distances.
Options:
A. Both (A)and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
B. Both (A)and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
C. Both (A)and (R) are incorrect.
D. (A)is in correct but (R)is correct.
अलभकथि: िंबी िरू ी पर बडी मात्रा में भारी सामग्री के लिए सडक मागि अर्िक उपयत
ु त हैं।
कारण: रे ििे की तुििा में , सडक पररिहि छोटी िरू ी के लिए ककफायती है ।
विकल्प:
A. कथि और कारण िोिों सत्य हैं िेककि (R( )A का सही )स्पटटीकरण िहीं है ।
B. कथि और कारण िोिों सत्य हैं और (R( )Aका सही स्पटटीकरण है । )
C. कथि और कारण िोिों गित हैं।
D. कथि सही है िेककि कारण गित है ।

11 Which one of the following is not a metallic mineral?

A. Copper C. Mica
B. Bauxite D. Iron

निम्िलिखित में से कौि सा एक िाज्त्िक िनिज िहीं है ?

A. तांबा B. बॉतसाइट C. अभ्रक D. िोहा

12 The river that does not flow in Rajasthan is:

A. Chambal B. Berach C. Gambhri D. Narmada
िह ििी जो राजस्थाि में िहीं बहती है :
A. चम्बि B. बेराच C. गंभीरी D. िमििा

13 When was B.R.O. formed in India?

बी.आर.ओ. का भारत मे गठि कब हुआ था?
A. 1960 B. 1954 C. 1965 D. 1962

14 The highest proportion of the total water used in the country is in which one of the
following sectors?
A. Irrigation C. Domestic use
B. Industries D. None of the above
िे ि में उपयोग ककये जािे िािे कुि जि का सिािर्िक अिुपात निम्िलिखित में से ककस क्षेत्र में है ?
A. लसंचाई B. उद्योग
C. घरे िू उपयोग D. उपरोतत में से कोई िहीं

Read the following graph and answer question no. 15- 17.
निम्िलिखित ग्राफ को पढें और प्रचि संख्या 15- 17 का उत्तर िें ।

15 Name the stage which shows high fluctuating rates of population growth.
A. Stage -I C. Stage- III
B. Stage-II D. None of these
उस चरण का िाम बताइए जो जिसंख्या िद् ृ र्ि की उच्च उतार-चढाि िर को ििािता है ।
A. चरण-I C. चरण- III
B. चरण- II D. इिमें से कोई िहीं

16 Why is the population growth of Sri Lanka expanding?

A. High birth rate C. High birth rate and low mortality rate
B. High death rate D. None of these

श्रीिंका की जिसंख्या िद्

ृ र्ि तयों बढ रही है ?
A. उच्च जन्म िर C. उच्च जन्म िर और निम्ि मत्ृ यु िर
B. उच्च मत्ृ यु िर D. इिमें से कोई िहीं

17 Which country has low fluctuation in third stage?

A. Peru C. Bangladesh
B. Kenya D. USA
ककस िे ि में तीसरे चरण में उतार-चढाि कम होता है ?
A. पेरू C. बंगिािे ि
B. केन्या D. यए
ू सए

SECTION B
18 Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: -
The objective of the Smart Cities Mission is to promote cities that provide core
infrastructure, a clean and sustainable environment and give a decent quality of
life to its citizens. One of the features of Smart Cities is to apply smart solutions
to infrastructure and services in order to make them better. For example, making
areas less vulnerable to disasters, using fewer resources and providing cheaper
services. The focus is on sustainble and inclusive development and the idea is to
look at compact areas, create a replicable model, which will act like a lighthouse
to other aspiring cities.
A. What is the objective of the smart city mission?
B. Write any one feature of the smart city mission?
C. What will act like a light house to other aspiring cities?
दिए गए गद्यांि को ध्यािपि ू क
ि पढें और उसके बाि आिे िािे प्रचिों के उत्तर िें :-
स्माटि लसटी लमिि का उद्िे चय ऐसे िहरों को बढािा िे िा है जो मख्
ु य बनु ियािी ढांचा, स्िच्छ
और दटकाऊ िातािरण प्रिाि करते हैं और अपिे िागररकों को जीिि की सभ्य गुणित्ता
प्रिाि करते हैं। स्माटि लसटी की एक वििेषता बुनियािी ढांचे और सेिाओं को बेहतर बिािे के
लिए उिमें स्माटि समािाि िागू करिा है । उिाहरण के लिए, क्षेत्रों को आपिाओं के प्रनत कम
संिेिििीि बिािा, कम संसाििों का उपयोग करिा और सस्ती सेिाएाँ प्रिाि करिा। फोकस
दटकाऊ और समािेिी विकास पर है और विचार कॉम्पैतट क्षेत्रों को िे ििे, एक अिुकरणीय
मॉडि बिािे का है , जो अन्य महत्िाकांक्षी िहरों के लिए एक प्रकािस्तंभ की तरह काम
करे गा।
A. स्माटि लसटी लमिि का उद्िे चय तया है ?
B. स्माटि लसटी लमिि की कोई एक वििेषता लिखिए?
C. अन्य महत्िाकांक्षी िहरों के लिए िाइट हाउस की तरह तया काम करे गा?

19 Observe the given map and answer the following questions: -

दिए गए मािर्चत्र का अििोकि करें और निम्िलिखित प्रचिों के उत्तर िें :-
A. Name the railway line and the country where it lies?
B. Name the terminal stations of this railway line.
C. Why is it lies in the southern part of the continent.
A. रे ििे िाइि और उस िे ि का िाम बताइए जहां यह ज्स्थत है ?
B. इस रे ििे िाइि के टलमििि स्टे ििों के िाम बताएं।
C. यह महाद्िीप के िक्षक्षणी भाग में तयों ज्स्थत है ?
 SECTION-C
Question numbers 20 to 23 are Short Answer type questions.

20 Explain any three features of welfare approach to human development.

मािि विकास के लिए कल्याणकारी दृज्टटकोण की ककन्हीं तीि वििेषताओं की व्याख्या करें ।
OR
Explain the key areas of human development.
मािि विकास के प्रमिु क्षेत्रों की व्याख्या करें ।

21 What is occupational composition? Write any three occupational categories.

व्यािसानयक संरचिा ककसे कहते है ? कोई तीि व्यािसानयक श्रेखणयााँ लिखिए।

22 Differentiate between naturalization and humanization of nature.

प्रकृनत के प्राकृनतकीकरण और माििीकरण के बीच अंतर बताइये।
OR
Explain the concept of possibilism with suitable examples.
संभाििािाि की अििारणा को उपयुतत उिाहरणों सदहत समझाइए।

23 Explain the concept of high technology industry with suitable examples.

उच्च प्रौद्योर्गकी उद्योग की अििारणा को उपयुतत उिाहरण सदहत समझाइये |

SECTION D
Question numbers 24 to 28 are Long Answer Type questions.

24 Explain any five features of intensive commercial grain farming.

सघि व्यािसानयक अिाज िेती की कोई पााँच वििेषताएाँ समझाइए।

25 Describe any five main points of integrated tribal development project

implemented in Bharmaur region.
भरमौर क्षेत्र में कक्रयाज्न्ित एकीकृत जिजानत विकास पररयोजिा के ककन्हीं पााँच मुख्य
त्रबन्िओ
ु ं का िणिि करें ।
26 What is environmental pollution? State the four types of pollution with suitable
example from India.
पयाििरण प्रिष
ू ण तया है ? भारत से उपयतु त उिाहरण सदहत प्रिष ू ण के चार प्रकार बताइये।
OR
How do slums develop in India? Explain any four conditions of the residents of slum
areas.
भारत में मलिि बज्स्तयााँ कैसे विकलसत होती हैं? स्िम क्षेत्रों के नििालसयों की कोई चार
ज्स्थनतयााँ स्पटट कीज्जए।

27. Describe characteristics of modern large scale manufacturing industries.

आिनु िक बडे पैमािे के विनिमािण उद्योगों की वििेषताओं का िणिि ककज्जये I
OR
Describe the merit and demerit of Outsourcing.
बाह्यस्रोति के गण
ु एिं िोषों का िणिि कीज्जये।

28 Describe the role of roads in the economic development of India.

भारत के आर्थिक विकास में सडकों की भलू मका का िणिि करें ।
OR
What is pipeline? describe any four merits of pipeline transport.
पाइपिाइि तया है ? पाइपिाइि पररिहि के ककन्हीं चार गुणों का िणिि करें ।

SECTION E
Question numbers 29 & 30 are Map based questions having 5 sub-parts each.

29 On the given political map of the world seven geographical features have been
marked as A, B, C, D, E, F, G. identify any five with the help of the following
information and write their correct names on the lines drawn near each feature.
A. A major seaport
B. An important sea way
C. An international airport
D. An area of nomadic herding.
E. An area of subsistence gathering.
F. A region of commercial grain agriculture.
G. An area of mixed farming.
िनु िया के दिए गए राजिीनतक मािर्चत्र पर सात भौगोलिक वििेषताओं को ए, बी, सी, डी, ई,
एफ, जी के रूप में र्चज्ह्ित ककया गया है । निम्िलिखित जािकारी की सहायता से ककन्हीं
पााँच को पहचािें और प्रत्येक वििेषता के पास िींची गई रे िाओं पर उिके सही िाम लििें।
A. एक मख्
ु य बंिरगाह
B. एक महत्िपण
ू ि समद्र
ु ी मागि
C. एक अंतरािटट्ीय हिाईअड्डा
D. घुमतकड पिुपािि का क्षेत्र
E. जीिि यापि एकत्रण क्षेत्र
F. व्यापाररक अिाज कृवष क्षेत्र
G. लमर्श्रत कृवष क्षेत्र
30. Locate and label any five of the following geographical features on the political
outline map of India with appropriate symbols.
A. The state leading in the production of jute.
B. The state with highest population density
C. An oil refinery in Gujarat.
D. Iron ore mine of Orissa.
E. An important coal mine in Tamilnadu.
F. An Important airport In Punjab.
G. A copper mine of Rajasthan
भारत के राजिीनतक रूपरे िा मािर्चत्र पर निम्िलिखित भौगोलिक वििेषताओं में से ककन्हीं
पााँच को उपयत
ु त प्रतीकों के साथ िोजें और िेबि करें ।
A. जट
ू उत्पािि में अग्रणी रायय।
B. सिािर्िक जिसंख्या घित्ि िािा रायय ।
C. गुजरात की एक तेि पररिोिििािा
D. तलमििाडु की महत्िपूणि कोयिा ििाि
E. ओडडसा की एक िोह अयस्क ििाि
F. पंजाब का महत्िपूणि हिाई अड्डा
G. राजस्थाि की तांबा ििाि
 SAMPLE PAPER (5)–2024-2025
CLASS - XII
SUBJECT – GEOGRAPHY (THEORY)
Time: -3.00Hrs Max. Marks: - 70
ANSWER KEY
1 A 1
2. B 1
3. C 1
4. A 1
5. D 1
6. A 1
7. A 1
8. A 1
9. C 1
10. D 1
11. C 1
12. D 1
13. A 1
14. A 1
15. A 1
16. C 1
17. D 1
18. 1. Smart Cities Mission is to promote cities that provide core 3
infrastructure, a clean and sustainable environment and give a decent
quality of life to its citizens.
2. apply smart solutions to infrastructure and services in order to make
them better.
3. inclusive development and the idea is to look at compact areas, create
a replicable model
19. 1. TRANS AUSTRALIAN RAILWAY , AUSTRALIA 3
2. PERTH AND SYDNEY
3. SOUTHERN PART OF AUSTRALIA IS MORE POPULUS AS
COMPARED TO NORTHERN PART
20. This approach support for higher government expenditure on 3
education, health and amenities government is responsible for
increasing level of human development by maximizing
expenditure welfare.
Or
Key areas of Human development are as follows – a health, education
and excess to resources.
21. Occupational structure refers to the aggregate distribution of 3
occupations in society, defined by skill level, economic function, or
social rank. Occupational categories are Cultivators, Agricultural
 laborers and house hold industrial workers.

22. Humanization of nature – 3

1.man is treated as independent and active agent.
2. every where there are possibilities. Man is master for these
possibilities.
3.human transforms nature by cultural and technological knowledge.
Naturalization of human-
1. Human were greatly influenced by nature.
2. The level of technology was very low.
3. Human was dependent and worshipped of nature.
Or
Man posses the desire technology and able to expert the physical
environment or on benefits.by the time human started to
understand the environment and forces of nature. Socio
technologiacal and cultural development made human more
efficient. Nature provode more opportunities and human makes
use of these.
23. This is the latest generation of manufacturing industries. this is based 3
on R&D. these highly skilled specialists greatly out number the
actual production workers. This uses CAD and electronic
controls on smelting and refining processes. Neatly spaced, low,
modern dispersed office plant, lab building rather than
massembly structures , business parks are best examples of hi-
tech industries.
24. 1. size of farms are very large. 5
2. per capita production is high. but per hectare production is low.
3. modern tools machines HYVs are used, production is for market and
profit purpose.
4. farms are equipped with godowans and other infrastructure.
5. only one crop is sown on the same farm and large investments are
required .
25. 1. this program was implemented in 1974. 5
2. the aim was to improve the quality of life of the Gaddis and to
narrowing the gap in the level of development between
bharmaur and other regions of Himachal Pradesh
3. transport and communication, agriculture and other allied activities
were given priority for improvement.
4. healthcare education , potable water roads development was given
special emphasis.
5. this program increase literacy rate, improved gender ratio and
declined child marriage.
26. Detoriation in the quality is environmental pollution. 5
1. Are pollution
2. Water pollution
3. Land pollution
4. Noise pollution
Or
Jhuggis – jhoparis are known as slums. Rural area people move to
urban areas where they creates pressure on land/ settlement water and
transport services and tend to live in very small shanty structures for
 their livelihoods as they cannot afford proper housing due to high rent
and high cost of land.
27. Modern manufacturing is characterized by: 5
1. complex machine technology
2. Extreme specialization and division of labor for producing more
goods with less effort,
3. Low costs. Vast capital.
4. Large organizations.
5. Administrative stratification.
Or
Merits –
1.Focus on attention
2. cost reduction
3. stimulate entrepreneurship
4. quest for excellence
5. growth of alliances
Demerits –
1. The information of a firm may link through outsourcing partner.
2. It may be against the firm.
3. Outsourcing partner may start business in the same line after getting
leaked information.
4. Outsourcing countries are facing resistance from job seeking
youths in their respective countries.
28.
1.Roads carry goods and passengers from one place to another 5
2. about 85% of passengers and 70 % freight traffic are carried by roads
every year.
3. roads provide door to door services.
4. roads accelerate and strengthen defence preparedness through rapid and
coordinated improvement of strategically important roads along with
boarder areas.
5. roads are more suitable for short distance journey.
Or
Pipeline is the cheapest mean of transport specially for petroleum, LPG and
liquid materials.
Merits –
1. It can lay through difficult terrain and under water also.
2. It involves low energy consumption.
3. It is suitable for transport of liquids and gases.
4. It solves the problem of loading and unloading of raw materials
and finished goods.
5. It is most efficient and convenient mode of transportation with
low cost.
29. A. London 5
B. Panama canal
C. Mumbai
D. central Asia
E. Brazil
F. Praries
G. Europe
30. A. West Bengal 5
B. Bihar
C. Jamnagar
D. Mayurbhanj
E. Neyveli
F. Amritsar
G. Khetri

UNSOLVED SAMPLE PAPER (1) –2024-2025

CLASS - XII
SUBJECT – GEOGRAPHY (THEORY)
Time: -3.00Hrs Max. Marks: - 70
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS-
1. This question paper contains 30 questions. All questions are compulsory.
2. This question paper is divided into 5 sections A, B, C, D and E
3. Section A - Question number1 to17are Multiple Choice type questions caring 1
mark each.
4. Section B - Question number 18 and 19 are Source based questions caring 3
mark each.
5. Section C -Question number 20 to 23 are Short Answer type questions caring 3
mark each. Answer to these questions shall be written in 80 to 100words
6. Section D- Question number 24 to 28 are Long Answer type questions caring 5
mark each. Answer to these questions shall be written in 120 to 150 words.
7. Section E - Question number 29 and 30 are Map based questions

SECTION – A

1. There are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason(R). Mark your
answer as per the codes provided below-
Assertion (A): Many of the medium level countries as per HDI are improving their
human development score.
Reason(R): They are reducing social discrimination.
A. Both A and R true and R does not explain A correctly.
B. Both A and R true and R explain A correctly.
C. A and R both wrong.
D. A is true and R is wrong.
अलभकथि: मािि विकास इंडत े स के अिुसार मध्यम स्तर के अंक प्राप्त करिे िािे कई िे ि
अपिे
अंकों में सुिार कर रहे है |
कारण: िे सामाज्जक भेिभाि को कम कर रहे हैं |
A. अलभकथि और कारण िोिों सत्य हैं और कारण अलभकथि की सही व्याख्या िहीं करता है ।
B. िोिों सत्य हैं, और कारण अलभकथि की सही व्याख्या करता है ।
C. अलभकथि और कारण िोिों गित हैं।
D. अलभकथि सत्य है और कारण गित है ।

2. Match the following:

 लमिाि कीज्जए-

List I List II
(Religious Group) (% of Total population)
1 Hindu A 2.3%
2 Muslim B 80%
3 Christians C 14%
4 Sikhs D 1.7%
सारणी 1 सारणी 2
)िालमिक समूह( )कुि जिसंख्या का प्रनतित(
1 दहन्ि ू A 2.3%
2 मुज्स्िम B 80%
3 ईसाई C 14%
4 लसति D 1.7%
Options- )विकल्प(
A B C D A B C D
A 4 3 2 1 C 3 1 4 2
B 3 1 2 4 D 2 3 4 1

3. In ancient time the silk Route connected:

A Rome and China C Berlin and India
B Tehran and India D Kabul and China
प्राचीि काि में रे िम मागि से जुडे हुए थे :
A. रोम और चीि C. बलििि और भारत
B. तेहराि और भारत D. काबि
ु और चीि

4. Assertion (A): The contribution of agriculture has declined over time but the
pressure on land for agriculture has not declined
Reason (R): The number of people in India is increasing day by day.
A. Both A and R true and R does not explain A correctly.
B. Both A and R true and R explain A correctly.
C. A and R both wrong.
D. A is true and R is wrong.
अलभकथि: समय के साथ कृवष का योगिाि कम हुआ है िेककि कृवष के लिए भूलम पर िबाि
कम िहीं हुआ है ।
कारण: भारत में िोगों की संख्या दििदिि बढती जा रही है ।
A. अलभकथि और कारण िोिों सत्य हैं और कारण अलभकथि की सही व्याख्या िहीं करता है ।
B. िोिों सत्य हैं, और कारण अलभकथि की सही व्याख्या करता है
C. अलभकथि और कारण िोिों गित हैं।
D. अलभकथि सत्य है और कारण गित है ।

5. Which approach of Human development was proposed by international labour

organisation (ILO)?
A. Income C. Basic need
B. Welfare D. Capability
अंतरािटट्ीय श्रम संगठि )ILO) द्िारा मािि विकास का कौि सा उपागम प्रस्तावित ककया गया
था?
A. आय उपागम C. आिारभूत आिचयकता उपागम
B. कल्याणपरक उपागम D. क्षमता उपागम

6. In which year, was the first census conducted in India?

भारत में पहिी जिगणिा ककस िषि आयोज्जत की गई थी?
A. 1945 B. 1851 C. 1872 D. 1951

7. Which one of the following is example of Entrepot port

A. Mumbai B. Karachi C. Singapore D. Kolkata
निम्िलिखित में से कौि सा आन्त्रपो पत्ति का उिाहरण है ?
A. मंब
ु ई B. कराची C. लसंगापरु D. किकता

8. Which one of the following is a tertiary activity?

A. Farming B. Trading C. Weaving D. Hunting
निम्िलिखित में से कौि सी एक तत ृ ीयक कक्रया है ?
A. कृवष B. व्यापार C. बुिाई D. लिकार

9. Aus, Aman and Boro are variety of which crop?

A. Wheat B. Rice C. Cotton D. Mustard
अमि, औस और बोरो ककस फसि की ककस्में है ?
A. गेहु B. चािि C. कपास D. सरसों

10. Assertion (A): Water transport is the cheapest of transport.

Reason (R): India has 17500 km. of navigable waterways.
A. Both A and R true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R true and A is the correct explanation of R.
C. A and R both wrong.
D. A is correct and R is wrong.
अलभकथि (A ):जि पररिहि सबसे सस्ता पररिहि है ।
कारण ( R ) :भारत में 17500 ककिोमीटर िौगम्य जिमागि है |
A. अलभकथि और कारण िोिों सत्य हैं और कारण अलभकथि की सही व्याख्या िहीं करता है ।
B. िोिों सत्य हैं, और कारण अलभकथि की सही व्याख्या िहीं करता है ।
C. अलभकथि और कारण िोिों गित हैं।
D. अलभकथि सत्य है और कारण गित है ।
11. The North-Eastern plateau region consists of mainly which of the following
minerals?
1. Iron ore 2. Coal 3. Zink 4. Granite
A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3 C. 3 and 4 D. 1 and 3
उत्तरपि
ू ी पठारी क्षेत्र में मुख्य रूप से निम्िलिखित में से कौि सा िनिज िालमि है -?
1. िौह अयस्क 2. कोयिा 3.ज्जंक 4.ग्रेिाइट
A. 1 और 2 B. 2 और 3 C. 3 और 4 D. 1 और 3

12. Kund or tanka a covered underground tank is constructed rain water harvesting
mainly in which of these states?
A. Haryana C. Punjab
B. Rajasthan D. Tamil Nadu
कंु ड या टांका एक ढका हुआ भूलमगत टैंक है ज्जसका निमािण िषाि जि संचयि के लिए मुख्य
रूप से इिमें से ककस रायय में ककया जाता है ?
A. हररयाणा B. राजस्थाि C. पंजाब D. तलमििाडू

13. On which river and between which two places does the National water way No.2
lie?
A. The Brahmaputra, Sadiya to Dhubri
B. The Ganga, Haldia to Allahabad
C. West Coast canal, Kottapuram to Kollam
D. None of the above
राटट्ीय जिमागि संख्या 2 ककस ििी पर और ककि िो स्थािों के बीच ज्स्थत है ?
A. ब्रह्मपुत्र सादिया से िब
ु री तक
B. गंगा हज्ल्िया से इिाहाबाि तक
C. पज्चचम तट िहर कोट्टापुरम से कोल्िम तक
D. उपरोतत में से कोई िहीं

14. Which of these options correctly define watershed management?

A A method to capture and store rain water
B Recycling and reuse of water
C Efficient management and conservation of water resources
D Awareness generation programs.
इिमें से कौि सा विकल्प जि संभर प्रबंिि को सही ढं ग से पररभावषत करता है ?
A. िषाि जि को एकत्र करिे और संग्रदहत करिे की एक विर्ि
B. पािी का पुिचिक्रण और पुि: उपयोग
C. जि संसाििों का कुिि प्रबंिि एिं संरक्षण
D. जागरूकता सज
ृ ि कायिक्रम।

Read the following graph and answer question no. 15 to 17

 15. How does the natural increase in population occur as per the graph?
A. Birth rate - death rate C. Growth rate - birth rate
B. Death rate + Birth rate D. Birth rate + Migration
ग्राफ के अिस ु ार जिसंख्या में प्राकृनतक िद्
ृ र्ि ककस कारण से होती है ?
A. जन्म िर - मत्ृ यु िर C. िद्
ृ र्ि िर - जन्म िर
B. मत्ृ यु िर + जन्म िर D. जन्म िर + प्रिास
16. What does the transaction from high fluctuating stage to low fluctuating stage
indicate?
A. Shift from urban industrial economy to rural agrarian economy
B. Shift from rural agrarian economy to urban industrial economy.
C. Low birth and death rate to high birth and death rate.
D. Migration from urban to rural areas.
उच्च उतार-चढाि िािी अिस्था से निम्ि उतार-चढाि िािी अिस्था तक का िेि-िे ि तया
ििािता है ?
A. िहरी औद्योर्गक अथिव्यिस्था से ग्रामीण कृवष अथिव्यिस्था की ओर बििाि
B. ग्रामीण कृवष अथिव्यिस्था से िहरी औद्योर्गक अथिव्यिस्था की ओर बििाि।
C. निम्ि जन्म और मत्ृ यु िर से उच्च जन्म और मत्ृ यु िर।
D. िहरी से ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों की ओर प्रिासि।

17. From the given graph what condition can you guess about the least developed
countries?
A. High birth rate and high death rate. C. High birth rate and low death rate.
B. Low birth rate and low death rate. D. Low birth rate and high death rate
दिए गए ग्राफ़ से आप विकलसत िे िों की सूची के बारे में ककस ज्स्थनत का अिुमाि िगा सकते हैं?
A. उच्च जन्म िर और उच्च मत्ृ यु िर। D. निम्ि जन्म िर और उच्च मत्ृ यु िर
B. निम्ि जन्म िर और निम्ि मत्ृ यु िर।
C. उच्च जन्म िर और निम्ि मत्ृ यु िर।
 SECTION – B

18. Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The clustered rural settlement is a compact or closely build up area of houses in this
type of village the generally living area is distinct and separated from surrounding
farms, Barns and pastures. the closely built-up area and its intervening streets
present some recognisable pattern or geometric shape such, as rectangular, radial,
liner etc. such settlement is generally found in fertile alluvial plain and the north
eastern states. sometimes people live in compact village for security or defence
reasons such as in the Bundelkhand region of Central India and in Nagaland.in
Rajasthan scarcity of water has necessitated compact settlement for maximum
utilization of available water resources.
A. Write any one features of clustered rural settlement?
B. Write any two patterns of clustered rural settlement?
C. What is cause of compact settlement found in Rajasthan?
दिए गए गद्यांि को ध्याि से पढें और उसके बाि आिे िािे प्रचिों के उत्तर िें :
गज्ु च्छत ग्रामीण बस्ती घरों का एक िहर अथिा संकूलित रूप से निलमित क्षेत्र होता है इस प्रकार
के गांि में रहि-सहि का सामान्य क्षेत्र स्पटट और चारों ओर फैिे िेत और िलियािों द्िारा
गांि से पथ
ृ क होता है संकूलित निलमित क्षेत्र और इसकी मध्यिती गलियां कुछ जािे पहचािे
प्रारूप अथिा ययालमतीय आकृनतयााँ प्रस्तत
ु करते हैं जैसे आयताकार, रे िीय इत्यादि | ऐसी
बज्स्तयां प्राय उपजाऊ जािोढ मैिाि और उत्तर पि
ू ी राययों में पाई जाती है , कई बार िोग सरु क्षा
अथिा प्रनतरक्षा के कारण ऐसे गांि में रहते हैं, जैसे कक मध्य भारत के बंि
ु े ििंड प्रिे ि और
िागािैंड में | राजस्थाि में जि के अभाि में उपिदि जि संसाििों के अर्िकतम उपयोग में
ऐसी बज्स्तयों को अनििायि बिा दिया है ।
A. गुज्च्छत ग्रामीण बज्स्तयों का एक िक्षण लिखिए?
B. गुज्च्छत ग्रामीण बज्स्तयों के िो प्रनतरूप लिखिए?
C. राजस्थाि में गुज्च्छत ग्रामीण बज्स्तयां तयों पाई जाती है ?

19. Observe the given map and answer the following questions:
दिए गए मािर्चत्र का निरीक्षण करते हुए निम्िांककत प्रचिों का उत्तर िीज्जए –

190
A. Name the Railway line and the country where it lies.
यह रे ि मागि कौि सा है तथा ककस िे ि में ज्स्थत है ।
B. Name the station marked as ‘A’ and ‘B’.
तारांककत केंद्र A तथा B का िाम लिखिए।
C. State two reasons why it is the most important route in Asia?
यह एलिया के लिए तयों महत्िपूणि है , िो कारणों को स्पटट कीज्जए।

SECTION-C
Question numbers 20 to 23 are Short Answer type questions.

20. Write any three differences between Growth and Development?

िद्
ृ र्ि और विकास में कोई तीि अंतर लिखिए?
OR
‘Equity is one of the most important pillars of human development.’ Explain any
three human values that are required to give equal access to opportunities to
everyone.
समािता मािि विकास का एक मुख्य आिारभूत स्तंभ है । उि तीि माििीय मूल्यों को स्पटट
कीज्जए जो सभी को समाि अिसर उपिदि कराते हैं ?

21. Define the term growth of population. Explain any two causes for the steady growth
of population in India into decade of 1921-1951.
जिसंख्या िद्ृ र्ि को पररभावषत कीज्जए और भारत में 1921 से 1951 ििक के बीच ज्स्थत
जिसंख्या िद्
ृ र्ि के िो कारणों को स्पटट कीज्जए |

22. Explain any three features of welfare approach to Human Geography.

भूगोि के लिए कल्याणकारी उपागम के तीि िक्षणों को स्पटट कीज्जए |

191
 OR
How is the knowledge of nature important to develop technology? Explain with
suitable example.
तकिीकी विकास के लिए प्रकृनत का ज्ञाि कैसे जरूरी है ? उपयत
ु त उिाहरणों से स्पटट कीज्जए।

SECTION D
Question numbers 24 to 28 are Long Answer Type questions.

23. Explain any three characteristics of Quaternary activities.

चतुथक
ि कक्रयाओं की तीि वििेषताओं को स्पटट कीज्जए |

24. What is difference between Nomadic Herding and Commercial livestock rearing?
चििासी पिु चारण एिं िाखणयय पिुपािि में तया अंतर है ?

25. ‘The introduction of irrigation in the Indira Gandhi canal command area has
transform its ecology and economy’. Analyse the statement.
इंदिरा गांिी कमांड क्षेत्र में लसंचाई व्यिस्था को िागू करिे से पाररज्स्थनतकी एिं आर्थिक
पररितिि हुआ। इस कथि की समािोचिा कीज्जए ।

26. Union government has launched the Namami Gange program. Explain the major
objective of this programme.
केंद्र सरकार के द्िारा िमालम गंगे कायिक्रम िागू ककया गया | इस कायिक्रम के मुख्य उद्िे चयों
को स्पटट कीज्जए |
OR
Slums are residential areas of serious health and social environmental hazards
support the statement?
गंिी बज्स्तयां गंभीर स्िास््य एिं सामाज्जक पयाििरणीय आपिा के रूप में अर्ििालसत क्षेत्र हैं।
इस कथि की वििेचिा कीज्जए।

27. Define manufacturing. Classify manufacturing industries on the basis of size into 3
categories and explain important characteristics of each type?
विनिमािण को पररभावषत कीज्जए एिं आकार के आिार पर विनिमािण उद्योगों की तीि श्रेखणयां
का िगीकरण करते हुए प्रत्येक श्रेणी के महत्ि को स्पटट कीज्जए
OR
Describe any five factors influencing industrial location in the world?
विचि में विचि में उद्योगों की अिज्स्थनत को प्रभावित करिे िािे पांच कारकों का िणिि कीज्जए |

28. What are changes in nature of the international trade in India?

भारत में अंतरािटट्ीय व्यापार की प्रिवृ त्त में तया पररितिि हुए ?
OR
Explain any five steps taken by the government of India to promote international
trade?

192
 अंतरािटट्ीय व्यापार को प्रोत्सादहत करिे के लिए भारत सरकार के द्िारा उठाए गए पांच प्रयासों
को स्पटट कीज्जए ?

SECTION E
Question numbers 29 & 30 are Map based questions having 5 sub-parts each.
प्रचि संख्या | उपभाग हैं 5 मािर्चत्र आिाररत प्रचि हैं ज्जसमें प्रत्येक के 30 और 29
29. On the given political map of the world, the following seven features are shown.
Identify any five of these features and write their correct names on the lines marked
near each feature.
A. A Shipping Canal.
B. An International Seaport.
C. An International Airport.
D. An area of Extensive Commercial Grain farming.
E. A Nomadic Herding area in Island situated near by South- East Africa.
F. An International Airport.
G. A Major Seaport.
विचि के दिए गए राजिीनतक मािर्चत्र पर निम्िलिखित सात िक्षण ििािए गए हैं। इिमें से
ककन्हीं पााँच िक्षणों को पहचानिए तथा प्रत्येक िक्षण के निकट अंककत रे िाओं पर उिके सही
िाम लिखिए।
5
A. एक िौ पररिहि िहर
B. एक अंतरािटट्ीय समुद्री पत्ति
C. एक अंतरािटट्ीय हिाई पत्ति
D. विस्तत
ृ िाखणज्ययक अिाज कृवष का एक क्षेत्र
E. िक्षक्षण-पूिी अफ्रीका के पास ज्स्थत द्िीप में एक िािाबिोि चरिाहा क्षेत्र।
F. एक अंतरािटट्ीय हिाई पत्ति
G. एक प्रमुि बंिरगाह

193
30. On the given political map of India, locate and label any five of the following with
appropriate symbols:
A. A Land –locked Sea port of India
B. A Manganese mine in Karnataka
C. An oil Refineries located in Uttar-Pradesh
D. A Coal mine of west Bengal.
E. Largest sugarcane producing state
F. An international airport of Assam
G. A state with lowest level of population density.
भारत के दिए गए राजिीनतक मािर्चत्र पर, ककन्हीं पांच िक्षणों को उपयुतत र्चन्हों से ििािइए
और उिका िाम लिखिए |
A. भारत का एक भू - आबद्ि समुद्री पत्ति |
B. किािटक में ज्स्थत एक मैंगिीज ििाि|
C. उत्तर प्रिे ि में ज्स्थत एक तेि िोिि कारिािा |
D. पज्चचम बंगाि की एक कोयिा ििाि ।
E. गन्िे का सिािर्िक उत्पािि करिे िािा रायय
F. असम का एक अंतरराटट्ीय हिाई पत्ति |
G. न्यूितम जिसंख्या घित्ि िािा रायय।

194
 UNSOLVED SAMPLE PAPER (02)–2024-2025
CLASS - XII
SUBJECT – GEOGRAPHY (THEORY)
Time: -3.00Hrs Max. Marks: - 70
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS-
1. This question paper contains 30 questions. All questions are compulsory.
2. This question paper is divided into 5 sections A, B, C, D and E
3. Section A - Question number1 to17are Multiple Choice type questions caring 1 mark
each.
4. Section B - Question number 18 and 19 are Source based questions caring 3 mark
each.
5. Section C -Question number 20 to 23 are Short Answer type questions caring 3 mark
each. Answer to these questions shall be written in 80 to 100words
6. Section D- Question number 24 to 28 are Long Answer type questions caring 5 mark
each. Answer to these questions shall be written in 120 to 150 words.
7. Section E - Question number 29 and 30 are Map based questions

SECTION – A

There are 17 questions in this section. All are mandatory.

1. In which continent is the reindeer used as pack animal?
A. South Americas C. Eurasia
B. Africa D. Australia.

195
 रें डडयर का उपयोग भारिाहक पिु के रूप में ककस महाद्िीप में ककया जाता है ?
A. िक्षक्षण अमेररका C. यरू े लिया
B. अफ्रीका D. ऑस्ट्े लिया।

2. Most of the world’s important ports can be classified as_______

A. Oil port C. Naval port
B. Industrial port D. Comprehensive port.
िनु िया के अर्िकांि महत्िपूणि बंिरगाहों)पत्तिों( को ककस रूप में िगीकृत ककया जा सकता है .......
A. तेि बंिरगाह C. िौ सेिा बंिरगाह
B. औद्योर्गक बंिरगाह D. विस्तत
ृ बंिरगाह

3. Read the statements given below and choose the correct answer.
Assertion (A): China is the most populous country of the world.
Reason (R): Its density of population is much lower than that of India.
Codes:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
िीचे दिए गए कथिों को पदढए और सही उत्तर चनु िए।
अलभकथि )A) : चीि विचि का सिािर्िक जिसंख्या िािा िे ि है ।
कारण )R) : इसका जिसंख्या घित्ि भारत की तुििा में बहुत कम है ।
A. A और R िोिों सही हैं और R, A की सही व्याख्या करता है ।
B. A और R िोिों सही हैं, िेककि R, A की सही व्याख्या िहीं करता है ।
C. A सत्य है , िेककि R असत्य है ।
D. A असत्य है , िेककि R सत्य है ।

4. Population increased by difference between births and deaths in a particular region

between two points of time.
A. Natural Growth of Population C. Positive Growth of Population
B. Population Growth Rate D. Negative Growth of Population
ककसी वििेष क्षेत्र में िो समय के बीच जन्म और मत्ृ यु के अंतर से जिसंख्या में हुई िद्
ृ र्ि है -
A. जिसंख्या की प्राकृनतक िद्
ृ र्ि C. जिसंख्या की ििात्मक िद्
ृ र्ि
B. जिसंख्या िद्
ृ र्ि िर D. जिसंख्या की िकारात्मक िद्
ृ र्ि

5. Which sea port has been constructed to reduce the pressure of Mumbai port?
A. Kandla C. JNU Nava seva
B. Surat D. New Mangalore

196
 मुंबई बंिरगाह)पत्ति( के िबाि को कम करिे के लिए ककस समुद्री बंिरगाह)पत्ति( का निमािण
ककया गया है ?
A. कांडिा C. जेएियू न्हािािेिा
B. सूरत D. न्यू मैंगिोर

6. Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the given
options:
I. Indian ports are handling large volumes of domestic, as well as, overseas trade.
II. Most of the ports are equipped with modern infrastructure.
III. Private entrepreneurs have been invited for the modernization of ports in India.
A. Only statement I is correct B. All the statements are true
C. Only Statement III is correct
D. All the statements I, II and III are correct.
निम्िलिखित कथिों पर विचार करें और दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही विकल्प का चयि करें :
I. भारतीय बंिरगाह बडी मात्रा में घरे िू और साथ ही वििे िी व्यापार को संभाि रहे हैं।
II. अर्िकांि बंिरगाह आिनु िक बनु ियािी ढांचे से िैस हैं।
III. भारत में बंिरगाहों के आिनु िकीकरण के लिए निजी उद्यलमयों को आमंत्रत्रत ककया गया है ।
A. केिि कथि सही है
B. सभी कथि सत्य हैं
C. केिि कथि iii सही है
D. सभी कथि i, ii और iii गित हैं|
7. Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
State Mines
A. Orrisa Gurumahisani
B. Jharkhand Gua
C. Tamil nadu Neyveli
D. Karnataka Durg
निम्ि में से कोिसा युग्म सही सुमेलित िही है ?
रायय ििि क्षेत्र
A. ओडीिा गुरुमदहसािी
B. झारिंड गआ
ु
C. तलमििाडु िेिेिी
D. किािटक िग
ु ि

8. Which of the following pair is correctly matched?

A. Central railway zone : New Delhi
B. Northern railway zone :Mumbai (CST)
C. North Central railway zone : Allahabad
D. North-east frontier railway zone : Bilaspur
निम्िलिखित में से कौि सा यग्ु म सही समु ेलित है ?

197
A. मध्य रे ििे मंडि िई दिल्िी
B. उत्तरी रे ििे मंडि मंब
ु ई )सी एस टी (
C. उत्तरी मध्य रे ििे मंडि इिाहाबाि
D. उत्तरी पि
ू ी सीमान्त रे ििे मंडि त्रबिासपरु

9. Which of the following waterway is used by both India and Bangladesh?

A. National waterway no 4 C. National waterway no 2
B. National waterway no 3 D. National waterway no 5
निम्िलिखित में से ककस जिमागि का उपयोग भारत और बांग्िािे ि िोिों के द्िारा ककया जाता
है
A. राटट्ीय जिमागि क्रम. 4 C. राटट्ीय जिमागि क्रम. 2
B. राटट्ीय जिमागि क्रम. 3 D. राटट्ीय जिमागि क्रम. 5

10. Which among the following is not a responsible factor for declining population
growth since 1981 in India?
A. Increase in average age of marriage C. More Freedom
B. Improvement in literacy rate D. Improvement in life quality
निम्िलिखित में से कौिसा कारक सि 1981 से भारत में जिसाँख्या िर्ृ ि िर कम करिे के
लिये उत्तरिायी िहीं है ?
A. वििाह की औसत आयु में िर्ृ ि C. अर्िक स्ितंत्रता
B. साक्षरता िर में सुिार D. जीिि की गण
ु ित्ता में सि
ु ार

11. What is physiological density?

A. Total population / total Area
B. Total Population/ Net cultivated area
C. Total agricultural population/ total area
D. Total agricultural population/ net cultivated area
कानयक घित्ि ककसे कहते हैं ?
A. कुि जिसाँख्या / कुि क्षेत्रफि
B. कुि जिसाँख्या / कुि बोया गया क्षेत्रफि
C. कुि कृवष जिसाँख्या / कुि क्षेत्रफि
D. कुि कृवष जिसाँख्या / कुि बोया गया क्षेत्रफि

12. In the following statements, which is not true about international trade?
A. After the Industrial Revolution the demand for raw materials like grains, meat, wool
expanded.
B. Monetary value of raw materials also increases in relation to the manufactured
goods.
C. The industrialized nations imported primary products as raw materials and
exported the value-added finished products back to the non-industrialized nations.

198
D. During the World Wars I and II, countries-imposed trade taxes and quantitative
restrictions for the first time.
निम्िलिखित कथिों में से अंतरािटट्ीय व्यापार के बारे में कौि सा सत्य िहीं है ?
A. औद्योर्गक क्रांनत के बाि अिाज, मांस, ऊि जैसे कच्चे माि की मांग का विस्तार हुआ है ।
B. विनिलमित िस्तुओं के संबंि में कच्चे माि का मौदद्रक मूल्य भी बढता है ।
C. औद्योर्गक राटट्ों िे प्राथलमक उत्पािों को कच्चे माि के रूप में आयात ककया और मूल्य िर्िित
तैयार उत्पािों को गैर-औद्योर्गक राटट्ों को िापस नियाित ककया।
D. प्रथम और द्र्ितीय विचि युद्ि के िौराि िे िों िे पहिी बार व्यापार कर और मात्रात्मक प्रनतबंि
िगाए।

13. Match the following correctly and choose the correct option.
List 1(Crops) List 2 (Leading producer states)
a. Wheat 1. West Bengal
b. Rice 2. Maharashtra
c. Tea 3. Uttar Pradesh
d. Cotton 4. Assam
निम्िलिखित को सुमेलित कीज्जये
सूची 1 )फसि( सूची 2 )प्रमुि उत्पािक रायय (
a. गें हू 1. पज्चचम बंगाि
b. चािि 2. महाराटट्
c. चाय 3. उत्तर प्रिे ि
d. कपास 4. आसाम
A. a-3, b-1, c-4, d-2 C. a-3, b-1, c-2, d-4
B. a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3 D. a-3, b-4, c-1, d-2

14. Which are the economic factor that affect the distribution of population?
A. Industrialization C. Urbanization
B. Landform D. Both (A) and (C)
निम्िलिखित में से कौि से आर्थिक कारक जिसंख्या के वितरण को प्रभावित करते हैं?
A. औद्योगीकर B. उच्चािच D. िोिों अ ि स
ण C. िहरीकरण

Read the case study given below and answer the question no 15 to 17.
Available water resources are degrading rapidly. The major rivers of the country
generally retain better water quality in less densely populated upper stretches in
hilly areas. In plains, river water is used intensively for irrigation, drinking,
domestic and industrial purposes. The drains carrying agricultural (fertilizers and
insecticides), domestic (solid and liquid wastes), and industrial effluents join the
rivers. The concentration of pollutants in rivers, especially remains very high during
the summer season when flow of water is low. The Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB) in collaboration with State Pollution Control Boards has been monitoring
199
 water quality of national aquatic resources at 507 stations. The data obtained from
these stations show that organic and bacterial contamination continues to be the
main source of pollution in rivers. The Yamuna River is the most polluted river in
the country between Delhi and Etawah. Other severely polluted rivers are: the
Sabarmati at Ahmedabad, the Gomti at Lucknow, the Kali, the Adyar, the Cooum
(entire stretches), the Vaigai at Madurai and the Music of Hyderabad and the Ganga
at Kanpur and Varanasi. Ground water pollution has occurred due to high
concentrations of heavy/toxic metals, fluoride and nitrates at different parts of the
country.

15. Why the available water resources are degrading rapidly?

A. Border conflicts
B. Concentration of pollutants is very high
C. Drying up of water bodies
D. None of the Above

16. The Yamuna River is the most polluted river in the country between ________.
A. Delhi and Etawah C. Mathura and Etawah
B. Delhi and Kanpur D. Kanpur and Etawah

17. What is the main role of CPCB?

A. Environmental assessments and research
B. Maintaining national standards under a variety of environmental laws
C. conduct monitoring of water quality
D. All of the Above

िीचे दिए गए अिच्

ु छे ि को पढें और िीचे दिए गए 15 -17 क प्रचिों के उत्तर िें :
उपिदि जि संसाििों का तेजी से क्षरण हो रहा है । िे ि की प्रमुि िदियााँ आमतौर पर पहाडी
क्षेत्रों में कम घिी आबािी िािे ऊपरी दहस्सों में बेहतर पािी की गुणित्ता बिाए रिती हैं। मैिािी
इिाकों में , ििी के पािी का उपयोग लसंचाई, पीिे, घरे िू और औद्योर्गक उद्िे चयों के लिए गहि
रूप से ककया जाता है । कृवष उििरक और कीटि(ाािक), घरे िू और )ठोस और तरि अपलिटट(
औद्योर्गक अपलिटटों को िे जािे िािी िालियााँ िदियों मे लमि जाती हैं। िदियों में प्रिष
ू कों की
सांद्रता, वििेष रूप से गमी के मौसम में जब पािी का प्रिाह कम होता है , बहुत अर्िक रहता है ।
केंद्रीय प्रिष
ू ण नियंत्रण बोडि सीपीसी(बी रायय प्रिष
ू ण नियंत्रण बोडों के सहयोग से )507 स्टे ििों
पर राटट्ीय जिीय संसाििों की जि गुणित्ता की निगरािी कर रहा है । इि स्टे ििों से प्राप्त
आंकडों से पता चिता है कक िदियों में प्रिष
ू ण का मुख्य स्रोत जैविक और जीिाणु संिष
ू ण बिा
हुआ है । यमुिा ििी दिल्िी और इटािा के बीच िे ि की सबसे प्रिवू षत ििी है । अन्य गंभीर रूप से
प्रिवू षत िदियााँ हैंअहमिाबाि में साबरमती :, िििऊ में गोमती, कािी, अड्यार, कूम संपूणि (
)िंड, मिरु ै में िैगई और है िराबाि की मुसी और कािपुर और िाराणसी में गंगा। िे ि के विलभन्ि
दहस्सों में भारी/विषातत िातुओं, फ्िोराइड और िाइट्े ट्स की उच्च सांद्रता के कारण भूजि

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 प्रिष
ू ण हुआ है |
15. उपिदि जि संसाििों का तेजी से क्षरण तयों हो रहा है ?
A. सीमा वििाि C. जिाियों का सूििा
B. प्रिष
ू कों की सांद्रता बहुत अर्िक होती है D. उपरोतत में से कोई िहीं

16. यमुिा ििी ________ के बीच िे ि की सबसे प्रिवू षत ििी है ।

A. दिल्िी और इटािा C. मथरु ा और इटािा
B. दिल्िी और कािपरु D. कािपरु और इटािा

17. सी.पी.सी.बी. की मख्

ु य भलू मका तया है ?
A. पयाििरण आकिि और अिुसंिाि C. पािी की गुणित्ता की निगरािी करिा
B. विलभन्ि पयाििरण कािूिों के तहत D. उपरोतत सभी
राटट्ीय मािकों को बिाए रििा

SECTION B

Question 18 & 19 are Source based questions.

प्रचि 18 ि 19 स्रोत आिाररत प्रचि है
18. Read the given Passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The clustered rural settlement: It is a compact or closely built up area of houses. Here, the
general living area is distinct and separated from the surrounding farms, barns and
pastures. The closely built-up area and streets form recognizable pattern or
geometric shape, such as rectangular, radial, linear, etc. These are found in fertile
alluvial plains and in the north eastern states. People live in compact village for
security or region of central India and in Nagaland. In Rajasthan, scarcity of water
has necessitated compact settlement for maximum utilisation of available water
resources.
Dispersed Settlements: Dispersed or isolated settlement pattern in India appears in
the form of isolated huts or hamlets of few huts in remote jungles, or on small hills
with farms or pasture on the slopes. Extreme dispersion of settlement is caused by
fragmented nature of the terrain and land resource base of habitable areas.
A. In which region cluster settlements are concentrated?
B. Why dispersed settlements found in hilly areas of India?
C. Which are the major geometric patterns of clustered settlements found in alluvial
plains of India?
संकुलित ग्रामीण बंिोबस्त यह घरों का एक सघि या निकट निलमित क्षेत्र है । यहां सामान्य रहिे
का क्षेत्र अिग है और आसपास के िेतों, िलिहािों और चरागाहों से अिग है । पथ
ृ क से निलमित
क्षेत्र और सडकें पहचाििे योग्य पैटिि या ययालमतीय आकार बिाती है , जैसे आयताकार, रे डडयि
रै खिक आदि ये उपजाऊ जिोढ मैिािों और पि
ू ोत्तर राययों में पाए जाते हैं। िोग सरु क्षा के लिए

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 या मध्य भारत के क्षेत्र और िागािैंड में कॉम्पैतट गांि में रहते हैं। राजस्थाि में जि की कमी के
कारण उपिदि जि संसाििों के अर्िकतम उपयोग के लिए सघि बंिोबस्त की आिचयकता है ।
नछतरी हुई बज्स्तयां भारत में त्रबिरी हुई या अिग-थिग बज्स्तयों का पैटिि सुिरू जंगिों में , या
ढिािों पर िेतों या चरागाह िािी छोटी पहाडडयों पर अिग-अिग झोपडडयों या कुछ झोपडडयों
के समूहरूप में दििाई िे ता है । बस्ती का अत्यर्िक फैिाि भूभाग की िंडडत प्रकृनत और रहिे
योग्य क्षेत्रों के भूलम संसािि आिार के कारण होता है।
A. संकुलित बज्स्तयां भारत के ककस भाग में संकेंदद्रत पाई जाती हैं?
B. प्रकीणि बज्स्तयां पहाडी क्षेत्रों में ही तयों पाई जाती हैं?
C. भारत के जिोढ मैिािों में संकुलित बज्स्तयों के ययालमतीय प्रनतरूप कौि कौि से हैं?

19. Observe the given map and answer the following questions:

A. Name the shipping canal shown in the map.

B. Name the oceans linked by this canal.
C. Why does this canal have lock system?

For Visually Impaired Students In lieu of Q. No. 19

A. Write the name of One shipping canal located between North and South America.
B. Write the name of the Oceans linked by the canal.
C. Why does above given canal have lock system?

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 मािर्चत्र का अध्ययि करें और निम्िलिखित प्रचिों के उत्तर िें :

A. मािर्चत्र में ििािई गई िौ पररिहि िहर का िाम बताइए।

B. इस िहर से जुडे महासागरों के िाम लिखिए।
C. इस िहर में जबंिक तंत्र तयों है ?
यह प्रचि दृज्टटबार्ित छात्रों के लिए- प्रचि सं. 19 के स्थाि पर है -
A. उत्तर और िक्षक्षण अमेररका के बीच ज्स्थत एक िौ पररिहि िहर का िाम लिखिए।
B. कोिि बंिरगाह कहााँ ज्स्थत है ?
C. इस िहर से जुडे महासागरों के िाम लिखिए |

SECTION C
Question numbers 20 to 23 are Short Answer based questions.

20. Write the Name of any three Indian Linguistic families and give three examples of
each family.
ककन्हीं तीि भारतीय भाषाई पररिारों के िाम लिखिए तथा प्रत्येक भाषा पररिार के तीि उिाहरण
िीज्जए?

OR
Analyse the linguistic composition of India.
भारत के भाषाई संघटि का विचिेषण कीज्जए |

21. Classify industries of the world on the basis of ownership into three groups. State
the main features of each group.
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 स्िालमत्ि के आिार पर विचि के उद्योगों को तीि िगों में िगीकृत कीज्जए। प्रत्येक समह
ू की
प्रमुि वििेषताएाँ बताइए।

22. “Physical environment has been greatly modified by human beings, it has also, in
turn impacted human lives.” Explain the statement.
"भौनतक पयाििरण को मािि द्िारा बहुत संिोर्ित ककया गया है , इसिे मािि जीिि को भी प्रभावित
ककया है ।कथि की व्याख्या कीज्जए। "
OR
There is neither a situation of absolute necessity nor a there is a condition of
absolute freedom. Evaluate the statement with suitable examples.
संभििाि की अििारणा को उपयुतत उिाहरणों के साथ समझाइए।

23. Why has Kolkata seaport lost its significance considerably? Give three reasosns.
किकत्ता समुद्री पत्ति का महत्ि तुििात्मक रूप से कम तयों हो गया है ? कोई तीि कारण लिखिए?

SECTION D
Question numbers 24 to 28 are Long Answer based questions.

24. Discuss the chief characteristic features of dairy farming.

डेरी कृवष की मुख्य वििेषताए तयातया है -?

25. How is environment pollution caused? Explain four types of pollution responsible
for Environmental degradation.
पयाििरण प्रिष
ू ण कैसे होता है ? पयाििरणीय निम्िीकरण के लिए उत्तरिायी चार प्रकार के प्रिष
ू णों
की व्याख्या कीज्जए।

26. Define the term ‘human development’. Why is human development necessary?
Explain any four reasons.
'मािि विकास' िदि की पररभाषा िीज्जए। मािि विकास तयों आिचयक है ? कोई चार कारण स्पटट
कीज्जए।
OR
“People blame to culture for low human development but it depends on the pattern
of govt. expenditure on social sector and political stability.” Explain by giving
suitable examples.
िोग कम मािि विकास के लिए संस्कृनत को िोष िे ते हैं िेककि यह सरकार के
सामाज्जक क्षेत्र पर ककए गए व्यय ि राजिीनतक ज्स्थरता पर निभिर करता है । स्पटट
कीज्जए |
27. What is medical tourism? Explain the scope of medical services for overseas patients
in India.
र्चककत्सा पयिटि तया है ? भारत में वििे िी रोर्गयों के लिए र्चककत्सा सेिाओं के िायरे की
व्याख्या करें ।
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28. “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs.” In the light of above statement
throws some light on sustainable development in world.
“विकास का एक ऐसा रूप जो भविटय की पीदढयों की जरूरतों से त्रबिा कोई समझौता ककये
ितिमाि की आिचयकताओं को वििेकपूणि तरीके से पूणि करिे की योग्यता रिता है ” उपयत
ुि त
कथि के सन्िभि में सतत पोषणीय विकास की संकल्पिा पर प्रकाि डालिए
OR
Suggest the measures for the promotion of sustainable development in Indira
Gandhi canal command area.
इंदिरा गााँिी िहर लसंचाई क्षेत्र में सतत पोषणीय विकास को प्रोत्सादहत करिे के लिए सुझाि
िीज्जये l

SECTION E
Question numbers 29 & 30 are Map based questions having 5 sub-parts each.
29. On the given political map of the world, the following seven features are shown.
Identify any five of these features and write their correct names on the lines marked
near each feature.
A. An International Airport
B. An area of Subsistence Gathering
C. Area of Mixed farming
D. Largest country of Africa
E. Major Sea port
F. Shipping Canal
G. Trans –continental railway Route –Terminal Stations

For Visually Impaired Students in lieu of Q.No. 29 (Attempt Any 5)

A. Name the one International airport in Japan

B. Name the important area of Subsistence Gathering in North America
C. Name the area of Mixed farming in Asia and Europe
D. Name the Largest country in term of area in Africa
E. Name the shipping canal between North and South America
F. Name the Terminal Stations of Trans-Siberian Railway
विचि के दिए गए राजिीनतक मािर्चत्र पर निम्िलिखित 7 िक्षण ििािए गए हैं। इिमें से ककन्हीं
पााँच िक्षणों को पहचानिए तथा प्रत्येक वििेषता के निकट अंककत रे िाओं पर उिके सही िाम
लिखिए।
A. एक अंतरािटट्ीय हिाई अड्डा
B. नििािह िेती का एक क्षेत्र
C. लमर्श्रत िेती का क्षेत्र
D. अफ्रीका का सबसे बडा िे ि
E. प्रमुि समुद्री बंिरगाह
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F. िौ पररिहि िहर
G. पारमहाद्िीपीय रे िमागि के टलमििि स्टे िि

30. On the given political map of India, locate and label any five of the following with
appropriate symbols :
A. A sea port in Odisha.
B. A coal Mine of West Bengal
C. An Oil refinery in Uttarpradesh
D. State with Highest Population Density
E. Largest Tea producing state
F. An international airport of Punjab
G. A Copper mine of Rajasthan

For Visually Impaired Students inlieu of Q.No. 30 (Attempt Any 5)

A. Write the Name of one important Seaport in Odisha
B. Write the Name of one important Coal mine in West Bengal
C. Name the Oil refinery located in Uttar Pradesh
D. Name the State with Highest Population Density
E. Write the Name of Largest Tea producing state
F. Name an international airport of Punjab
G. Name a Copper mine of Rajasthan
भारत के दिए गए राजिीनतक मािर्चत्र परनिम्िलिखित में से ककन्हीं पांच को उपयुतत र्चह्िों
के साथ ढूाँदढए और उि पर िेबि िगाइए:
A. ओडडिा में एक समुद्री बंिरगाह।
B. पज्चचम बंगाि की एक कोयिा ििाि |
C. उत्तर प्रिे ि में एक तेि ररफाइिरी |
D. उच्चतम जिसंख्या घित्ि िािा रायय |
E. सबसे बडा चाय उत्पािक रायय |
F. पंजाब का एक अंतरराटट्ीय हिाई अड्डा |
G. राजस्थाि में एक तांबा ििाि |
दृज्टटबार्ित छात्रों के लिए प्र.30 के स्थाि पर कोई भी(5 प्रचि करें )
A. ओडडिा में ज्स्थत एक महत्िपण
ू ि बंिरगाह का िाम लिखिए |
B. पज्चचम बंगाि की एक महत्िपूणि कोयिा ििाि का िाम लिखिए |
C. उत्तर प्रिे ि में ज्स्थत एक तेि ररफाइिरी( पररिोिि िािा ) का िाम लिखिए |
D. उच्चतम जिसंख्या घित्ि िािे रायय का िाम लिखिए |
E. सबसे बडे चाय उत्पािक रायय का िाम लिखिए |
F. पंजाब में ज्स्थत एक अंतरराटट्ीय हिाई अड्डे का िाम लिखिए |
G. राजस्थाि में एक तांबा ििाि का िाम लिखिए |

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 के न्द्रीय विद्यालय संगठन
Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan