Theory of Numbers: 1.1 Number: A number is mathematical object or an arithmetical value, expressed by a word, symbol, or figure, representing a particular quantity used for counting, measurements, labeling, and making calculations, Numbers can be expressed in the form of figures as well as words a ordingly. For example, the numbers like 40 and 65 expressed in the form of ures can also be written as forty and sixty-five. 1.2 Real Number: A real number is the mathematical value or figure used for the purpose of ‘measuring or calculating the quantities. It is represented by numerals as 2,4,7, ete. Some examples of numbers are integers, whole numbers, natural numbers, rational and irrational numbers, ete, All the negative and positive integers, decimal and fractional numbers without imaginary numbers are called real numbers. It is generally denoted by “R’ 1.3 Number system: A number system or numeral system is defined as elementary system to express numbers and figures, It is the unique way of representation of numbers in arithmetic and algebraic structure. The number system includes different types of numbers for example prime numbers, odd numbers, even numbers, rational numbers, whole numbers, etc. Types of Numbers There are different types of numbers categorized into sets by the real number system. The types are described below: 1.4 Rational number: If a number can be written in the form of Ee where both of p and q are integers and q #0, then the number is called a rational number. Therefore, the rational numbers are the numbers that can be expressed as the ratio of two integers (where the denominator is not equal to zero. It icludes all the integers and can be expressed in terms of fractions or decimals. It is denoted bya’ For example: 4/3, 0 83 , -7/5, 0.711 ete. are rational numbers. 1,5 Irrational number: Ifa number cannot be written in the form of Es where both of p and q are integers and q #0, then the number is called a irrational number. Therefore, the vo nznanor anvae BRr irrational numbers are the numbers that ci innot be expressed as the ratio (or fraction) of two integers, It can be written in decimals and have endless non-repeating digits after the decimal point. It is denoted by PY ' For example V5, V1, V21, m, ¢ ete, are irrational numbers. 1.6 Integer number: An integer number is a whole number (not a fractional number) that can be positive, negative, or zero, It ranges fom negative to positive infinity, The set of all integers is denoted by *Z'. The set of integers can be represented as Z «+55 045 3,2, «1, 0, 1) 2,3, 4, Sacer 1.7 Decimal numbers: Any number (or numeral value) that consists of a decimal point is a decimal number. For example: 2.5, 0.567, 9.08 ete, are decimal numbers. ‘There are two types of Decimal numbers + Non recurring decimal or terminating decimal numbers, and = Recurring decimal or non-terminating decimal numbers. 1.8 Whole number: A whole number is any positive number including zero that does not include a fractional or decimal part. It counts from 0 to positive infinity. The set of whole numbers is represented (denoted) by ‘W’. ‘The set of whole number can be represented as W = 0,1,2,3, 4,5... 1.9 Natural number: A natural number is a positive integer number that count from I to infinity. It is the numbers we generally use for counting. The set of natural numbers is represented by ‘N’. ‘The set of natural numbers can be represented as N = 1, 2,3, 4,540. sow 1.10 Even number: An even number is an integer number which is divisible by 2. Mathematically, an integer number, m is said to be an even number if it can be written in the form of m = 2 + k, where kis an integer. ‘The even number are therefore ... = 6,-4,—2,0,2,4,6, 1.11 Odd number: An odd number is an integer number which ca Mathematically, an integer number, m is said to be an odd number if it form of m = 2+ k +1, where kis an integer. ‘The odd number are therefore .. i Ma is thn oe *1.12 Prime number: A positive integer number py > 1 is anid to be a divisible only by one and itself: Alternatively, a prime number is a whole number preg J whose only factors are 1 and itself. ‘The first few prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7,11, 13, 17, 19, 23, and so, The only smumber is 2 1.13 Composite number: A composite number is a natural number or a positive which has more than two factors. Therefore, it can be divided by more than two natural numbers. Let, p be a natural number, ifp can be written in the form of p = m «n, where both cof'm and n are positive integers and 1 < m,n < p, then p is said to be a composite number. For example, 15 isa composite number, since it has the factors 1, 3, 5 and 15 (or 15 is divisible by 1, 3, Sand 15), Alternatively it can be written as 15 = 3+5, where 1<3,5 < 15. Example 1.1: What will be the number if we add the irrational numbers V7 and V5? Solution: The addition of the irrational numbers V7 + V5 will be an irrational number. Example 1.2: What will be the result if we add a rational numbers with an irrational numbers (for example 4 and V5)? Solution: If we add a rational numbers with an irrational numbers, the result of the summation will be an irrational number. The result of the addition 4 + V5 is an irrational number. Example 1.3: Simplify the expression: (4 + ¥3)(6 + V3). Solution: (4+ V3)(6 + V3) =24+4y3 + 6V3 +3 =27+ 10y3 Example 1.4: Is the real number 1.21 rational or irrational? Solution: Any number that can be represented as a fraction p/q is termed as a rational number. When the number is simplified it gives the result in decimals which is either terminating or securring after decimal. So, here given number real number 1,21 is rational number as it is terminating after decimal. Example 1.5: Determine whether 2/51 is a rational number or an irrational number. Solution: Any number which can be written as a fraction of p/q is termed as a rational number, When the number is simplified it gives the result in decimals which is either recurring after decimal.ee, the given number 2/51 is in fraction form (of p/q) and rational numb ransed asa fraction, Therefore, 2/51 is a rational number, "a Example 1.6: Is 7.656545 is a rational number? Solution: Any number that can be represented asa fraction pq is termed as a rational number, ‘When the number is simplified it gives the result in decimals which is either terminating 8 recurring after decimal. Here given number 7.656545 is terminating after decimal at ending point. So, it is a rational number. Example 1.7: Is 0 a rational or irrational number? Solution: A rational number is a sort of real number that has the form p/q where 440. When a rational number is simplified, the result is a decimal number, which will be either a terminating or a recurring decimal. Here 0 is an integer and can be written in form of p/q ie 0/1, 0/2 and so on. Hence, 0 is a rational number. 1.14 Number Line: A number line or a real line is a notational line which can be defined as a straight line with numbers placed at equal intervals or segments along its length. Every real number is conceived to represent by a point on this line and reversely every point on this line represents a real number. A number line can be extended infinitely in any direction and is usually represented horizontally. Number line (or real line) Bo eo) 0) 1 | 2 Question 1.1: Show that v2 is an irrational number. Proof. Let V2 be a rational number. Then according to the definition of rational number it bey In this case, let p = 2m, where m is an integer ‘Then, (2m)? = 2q? [since, p? = 2q? and p = 2m] or, 2q? = 4m? or, gq? = 2m? Which indicates that q? is divisible by 2 and also q is divisible by 2: So, we found that both of p and q are commonly divisible by 2, which is a contradiction to our assumption that there is no common divisor between them. Therefore, the given number V2 cannot be a rational number. Hence, V2 is an irrational number. (proved) Note: A number divisible by 2 can be called as an even number. For example, here in the above case, itcan be said as p? isan even number and also p is an even number. ‘Question 1.2: Show that V7 is an irrational number. Proof, Let 7 be a rational number. Then according to the definition of rational number it be ‘written as 2 where both of p and q are integers and q #0 Let, p and q are in the lowest ‘form, that means there is no common divisors between p and 4. ‘Then, V7 ==. q 7-5 or, p? = 7q? ‘So, clearly p? is divisible by 7 and also p is divisible by 7. Jn this case, let p = 7m, where m is an integer. Then, (7m)? = 7q? [since, p? = 7q? and p = 7m] or, 7g? = 49m? or, g? = 7m? Which indicates that q? is divisible by 7 and also q is divisible by 7. So, we found that both of p and g are commonly divisible by 7, which is a contradiction to cur assumption that hee is no common divisor between them. Therefore, the given number iat fa is ce oFh esr juny doranrysroquunTeay/ 18198} y/tu0D yoognioustiquTeU//:sdny :20nos Stee q<010G=010q>0 ‘o> a :sploy Bumoyfog 247 Jo ANO AI}>exa Dares ens Awsovoypis | JO. MET oz A 7 "9 = 0 Ut ht ra ‘= pueq= 51 ih OU eae Auyjenba yo Auodorg aAnistes 6t aaa ze p= quay 9 =P HT Sethe toenaeee Anyenbg jo uodorg ounourks aI IPSIE OF Fen DoD sKeyafe st Joquinu [eas ©, Aagqenba Z=21 Jo Apadorg (Anuapy 10) Arar ii €/01=€/xuouy “Fo Burumsse 9/G = 9/P Usth'g = PIT ‘O1=*J1 Antena jo Susdoxg worstatc 1 =x Ut Deq= 99D Wo 9 = PH xa Aurenbg Jo Auodorg vores dn inn. SL =x wot 3-q=o- Dual g = PST XSL Ayyenbg Jo Ayredorg uonsengns $1 £+Ol=€+x UM 94 g=9 4 DUM g =P ‘ol = XII Ayyrenbg Jo Auadorg won!ppy €L FoquIN [eI St q = D Roe iatmoe uoneordnynyy Jo Auadorg aansoj zt ToquTU [Rare stg +P ae aa uonippy Jo Syadord aunso|) Lu 0=0-? O=0-F uonearidn ny Jo Susdosg 0197 o_| § = vain T= 2.0 | Vi” Ayrodoag asionuy aaneaydnin |_| D=@)4? 1 | O=() +h Ayradorg as12Au] 2An{PPY | 3 | D=TeD } | eae Ayodorg Anuapy aaneoudarew [ze D=0+2 | | vm 0b ¥ | Suodorg ANUOp] PANIPPV ale gs z T DequqeD Danes F | woneoudnnnyy yo Suodoug axnemnunuoy |S a (a D4q=at? anm ect © uomppy Jo Aviodoug aanremnuuog | y | 9004 QeD=(0+9)9? e. Saft PebH(S+p)e€ Ayadorg SANNqUIsiC Le ep ( = JeQed)=OeQeP Remeeecitn t= (5+) uonwardytnpy Jo Auadord AANEIOOSSY Stlb+ a 744 d= +a) +P acai 18) 0 (6 +9) + UopIppY Jo Auiadoag aaneyoossy | _t Sojdumxo jooysounyy, Ayodoud jronewmayen “HOU *SHqUINU [pax OAW o pu g ‘DP yO") ‘SAdquuNU [wad Jo saADdoad FIL4 's Fa rational number? Why or why not Isthe number 41 a prime or composite? Why? rief, why @) 7.9054 is ar Discuss with bi ‘ational number () V3 is an irrational number ©) 31 isa prime (@) 65 number composite number (© Lisa rational number (f) Dis an even number (g) e is an irrational number Prove that VS is an irrational number, 107 Show (or represent) the numbers 2.5, 10,—4,-9.7, = 7, €, 16 on anumber line. DMD. MAZHARUL ANWAR