Unit L
Relational Daabue Dain
Relational model
The goal of q ielaicnal darabae duin
qinceate a set of elation Shem as
that alour sHOEC n ot nation eithoul
unne cesasy u to etEive
iddancy, yel allod
inyesm attonaccemp
ead by
hat derig
an appacpeiate nehal
schemgs
Baica ?
Relation 0E table.
Coluumn OE atte lbetes
Rour tuplw
S tudant table
Id Mame las lbtanch age addes
4 E.f. Codds Rule foe RDBMS i
DE E-f. Codd wau the Ctealoe of the elatOnal
data model. Thic model w'u peakishd in 19gr
Tt centains a lit ey ig kinle that detezmines
ohethes a DBMS is elational and to colhat
ertent it o telational Thee ieeleu ae meaue
selatianal system
Kule o foundation Kele adveitisecl cs
- fce that is
golational dbm he
claumed to' be ttrott
able etordal apalá,
ncemation Rue. in cytm ehoui
A) Qvai lable datatolations
be tepeesented as q
Infrtmation mesols to be Stoecd a vau
in' tablu
Gyaanterd accers kele aCceseible
Each dat itenm meut be
uithout ankiguty e sn alO
and its qeimasy Éey q areI Sed.
t
icude its caimo nme to be
S Systematic tecatmant of mul valeu s
nele alee ato 'not equal to Glank
Bpace CE Zet0, thy as wnknown,waign
walew wlich chauld be teaated
ceieing dlatabare
Selyc sheuld be dynaric onun
Catalag based dionay on talatiora
node which keep InyematIn about
tlblos data io dh.
(5
CempcheniYe
SOL mtdale be aublangage
the only
Stosad in tho dbmean
vica updeting eele.
& Can be tnasgelicaliy
ugdotd ui
PAGE NO
DATE
level insezt udate cund delette
Thi kule &tate that in a helational
mut be capabe of
Canguage
LYral mängulatio on Set
8 Physical data îndegsndante
he data lhased n q' db mut be indopendard
the app" that acces the dl ny allange in
the physical uetue ofa ds mit mot haue
aniy how the dat s beirg aCe er
dataindapendance
hagical data in db nut ke independan
fn Logical alatg
mut mot fect' the
If 2 tablés ase
migedshould
these ke mo
Impat ot " hange the uee ap?. This ik
One ot he mart
nigäy indep endance
db nht be ndopendard o te appl
that wet it
Lan be Indipendonty m u wnthd the
med
erd
ap andit inteyace
PAGE NO
DATE
pistibuion fodependang
'mut mot be able o
The ed
See that dag is distibuted ovet
Yalow Lecations. Usese
et he impsion that the data ic
his Bule
ocated dt
ha been egatdd
site ony
hefoundation
ef distiluted db System.
Non Subyesion ule -
- a s4stem hau an ne7ace that
ptoVid accesr to Low-louel Cods
then the intekace mwt mol lbe able
10 Subyeet
4etem and bipes
Constraitt.
PAGE NO
DATE
Relational Tntegety 8
eonsttaints a e q sel of e
Tntegtity
Tt is ued to maintain the qualty
ing CEDQtion.
eonstsaimte enseo that the
datq
iosetion, updation and othee peocosse) have to
be gceed in such a ay hat datg istg
is not agtected.
eity constaain s wed io Puad
ag cunst aci to the
Tniegity Consttaint
Domain. En|ty Tnstrty
Constiat
Rqezsaticl
tonrtcu ontaut
Consteaint
0Damin Constsaint
ornn eonsteain Can be ayined
valuw
deyiniton
atsbte,
of
The Yale the atfeibute muut be auai aby
in the coLcdçondiag domaisn,
Name
PAGE NO
|DATE
eonstail State that
Entity imispeity cant be l.
mll Mallee
ihe tabu cah
cthet field
than the peimaty keysalasy
Enpid fup.namé
20,oo
Conteaints
1his const aist between
-tco tabls
feign key in table 1thet
segea to
evey
he qeima key ñ tabe 2,
Walerd tho foreign tq in tablo 1
be nel 'OE be ateilablein tble 2
ename D-n0
Jacx
Hassy 40 24
Joha 27 181
Deuil 88
D.00 D.loc
Mumbai
mot dgincd
Dehi
13
in tabkl
PAGE NO
DATE
ey Consttaiott
keys a the entity set that is ed
idntiy an entity aithin it erdity sel
Leniquiaty
An entt set can hae 'mltiplo teys,bit oul
O which one will be
Can Cantúr
qimay ke
No datg
afe geod salaional dujgni i
cdiddanty
data consLS0ency
q- emp.baanch (emp-id empnoNe, beanch i4. b.nanu á)
emp-id emp-name btanch id be-name
B doccan 300
Neha
B2 JM Koad
I02 Peiyg
Anu
(04 Sneha 20
B2
be-rame
Heze Jsedudang that bednch
this be mgmalited sO that
t jll not
emp. bearh i o
have ALdudaney by deeompoarq
PAGE NO
DATE
ermp. name be-id, d)
(
eop (emp.id Be-namne )
BEanch C'BE-id
beareh
emp beid al BE-i BE -nane
empid emp.name B)
deccan
Neha G00
B2
l2
priyg
Anu
B2
B1 B3 Poud kRoad
Snehg B3 200
Manu B2
Now bE anch mame
hileb.id is sepated in el" emP
which showr each employees ls anch
Can mot be iminated.
Redudadt data may (ead to foto cojng
OTosezt anoraies
ermp.bearch ( emp-id,emp- name bt.1d
bE.name Sal)
5 bt anch
elation ameng emp loyl
to cohich he ce
Now
not be
bianch
nseited
withed
a
belong
an emp (o yee tan
s this
eoblem (an be avoicted by
ncemaZatICn ie aftet decompositíon
PAGE No
DATE
ee mOAMaizaton we haue.
Oempemp.id bot. id sal )
bfanch
b-namo
o Delte annal'e :
thexo is only One emplaye belongs
to a be anch and his eroploy moyed
betheh
thun the injp aigdin
(ost
Medijcaticn Anomalie
empyee, we have to
chang
updakd all ous
cubo have that bi ánch mme ihestojse.
databae be co me inconsistent
* functonal dependenc
functíonal shous lationship betuan
atteibutes
Conside Jealation R coith attibute AI, 92
An then
-Rpeuet x functíonally detaminey y uhee
Xis set of'atteitute wlich
deemjnes valiue 9 atteibut
is Cale d doy
4 is danoted b
emm -btach Aclaiion
PAGE NO..
DATE
doteimine
Hese ce Con
empuzee'eith
emp-id go n tem funcdoñal olapond
encres an Say
eMp-id ’ name
emp-id sal
Can beCom bind toqe thet.
emp-jd’ name, eal, id oE.name
FD Can be deteminod
Qdditibnally
Notal de comp0Sition helppul.
Considez
employee (TD, mame, Steet,c , salasy)
we de compoted it
into.two
emplel(Tp, name)
employe 2 (name, Sfet,oty, salay)
Hexe, passibilt aises that enteepeie can
hawe two
emplyee wnh Sanme
mae
Gtset
103 ABC NGeth
|04 ABC South Pune 200
Naiiy
TD Nane calal
ABC
-ABC 2e
|04
attetal oin
PAGE N0.:
DATE
TO ame
(0 Pune
South 800
104 ABL oeth 200
ABC Bouth Nauig
Such decomp Ostion lxcy de con:
position nd cenvesA ly Vto thor
Locslee deLOmpastioat
wed to mini mie the
Nosmalization set of Belati,
eelation
tedudancy
alo
fem
wed to eli minate undeieable
# Îs
chasacteis tic ire Insestion ,update nd
deletion anomalie.
NoEm alization divider the lager table joteo
Smallas and inks them whg ol ipu
wed toJ secluce
The oEmal foEM.
the db tabe
sedudancy faom
Typey o notmal foems :
Called
thzough
Noemal-po ems.
the mOEMal
Q seig
siagu
fostns t o individual clations. The
zclation ir Said to be in pasticalas
noEmal fatm if t Saticti eonstiunt
NoEmal foms
NE A eclation Decaiptiorn
is in
Contain an atomic vellie.
A zalation
s in4NP and all non-key
attesbutes ao elly funaila
dependenl on thd peimay
3NE A latl on
it Lc
oie be jn 3NE
jn2NE and no
PAGE NO.
DATE:
ion dandin y
teansition
A steong dynition af 3NE
is EnOn a Boyce codds
A selation will Ge in e NE
Boyce (odds ana.
foD and ha mo multialacd.
5NE dependen
A 2olation
doer
5NE. It
not Costos).
sheuld bee Lacl Join
O Fiat NoEmal fEm CINE)
contain
an atomic valle
It state that n atteibete o tatle
eannot hald multiple waleie. Tt mut hold
only valued atebute
fist nhal for dicallees the multivaleod.
aitabute cempaite atteibete and teiE
Cormbination
Erployee.
£_phene £-siale
tohn 127232685 up
qoc43 s238
20 857478982 Bihaz
DATE
not in
The aclation Employee f-pheny
mtivale atfei bte
because C4
2NF, belation mut be
Non key atteibute ahould feelly aeprds
On key btteibet e. /Should not ontain PauHalldgo
foe Composite key erey containig mutip
atteibuté) no' or.key atfej bdetee
+
sadd be Rancti onaluy ddpendel on pa
tey atttibcte.
eg: Puchase CO.00,0-date ltem.id quant
Pechae
Jo-no o.dae |tid quantity| Tue.
0-n0 0-date
(on0,Ten id
Putchae kelationQdate
ha Quantity Peie
(O-n0,Ttem id ) tomposite key
Non rey attaible eice is
dqendent
4' composit
On Tem.id,
key.
functicnaly
cohoe.Ttenid is
PAGE N0.:
DATE
Ye atiibtte o-date is feuncticnaly dogndt
Hente per char olation ic not in
2NF.
So elatioo ut chae ean oe decomp ased iso
a nmbe Of 2NE elation in ohich mon
Key atte1 bcaté
on Key and Ot atty tuncli onaty depdat.
pat
Pesechaue 2
|O.po-dat e Ttem-id Pice
PUechaue 3
|o.n0 Ttemid quantit
An att[ibte which is pat the
Candidate key
atteibute.
peime. atteibute
Non dtteibute which
3
ic not q the
Ap Said to be
atttibute.
Se cond namalfotm,then
fallaa attebute shad
non Peime atteibutt..
punctionaly'>Adependot
holde, henthec dhecd
dheeld not
no
ie ix
SubsetY of X,foe ebich Y
bealoanyholde
Peopet
tiLe.
PAGE NO
DATE:
Student Peoect etud-NamePigaane
peoj- TD
Pzime key attebutes
Aon peine ey attibutee - stuName
tO the Bule Fey aftei bute
Accoeding
mut b dependedt upon
+
both
mon
and mot on
any of the ptime rey atteibute indivi duallp
Bet S findthat u -Name can 6e iduti
by pio-1D
indqcndenty nct allosed in ctord
moemal
Student
Stu-id Stu-name Piq -tD
Psoject
prej-id Peoj-name
PAGE NO:
DATE:
Thisd Noemal foEm t
foe the selation to be in thid
oemal fcan
mwut be in Second Noenal fo) and the
follewing nut
satiqydependney fe non Pi
Thesc shoeld be no teansitive
No mon qeime ateibde is teanitieuely
peime Key attbute.
dagudt
foe 'any mon tiial functionál dipdeny
X >Athen erthe
X is
A S
supetey
qEime attelbute.
Hudent Detai
Stu-ame uty
find that in the above Gtudot-detai .
We
pue- Key atte beutei.
Stu-1D is the key and onl îconbi7ied
find that cty can be by tu-TD --
wwell u
Stu-TD Kp ’ jty,
tterbucte
so thee eaistt Aditlonallyt
ttansitiye .
dqundiny
S0 are have to Jemove thi ttngitie den
dtno by implementin 3Nf: Foe thit we hac
to gput he stedet dtail tede in too
Studeut- datq and city.
PAGE NO
DATE
G4dontdatq
3t-id ety
Kunal
s\0
Radity Mumb
slo4 Jay
Zip city
Pne
422.00 |
Loc0o 16 Mmbaj
(pyO00)
Nouw db derign ir conyated in 3r.
Hr tho bauiatly design is alhady in zldnf
and mo mon pime attù bute îs
dipndent On
peime
tavitively
atttibeute.
PAGE NO
DATE:
Boyce eoDD NOEmal
A databaie deign ie
ie both the tatisjird
Aatu
by ît
fotleeisg Condi tlon1 aso
toitially the tasle
EoX mut
any bemon-tivial functional dipndency
To boye gO Sttud-id is the
Supa tey in the n
the Bupez -Key in tho
SAu-id Sttname city
which that loolh the kola tion are
biencebetween 3NE and BeNE
BNE
pazamats 3NE
shoud be A db deign shoud ke
Adb daigia 2 to alasady in BONF.
sNE +o
in SNe. Cønyet
Rut.
functional doperdany, fenckional degondnoq.
X>A_ ethe X X >AX mut be
atteibcte.
PACE NO
8NE i weaket than
GCNE. than aNF.
Anomale BNE Canpot catch all
the anomaie. to captuse those
anomaliee that Could n
be captused by ane
Redudany Mae edudanay sxdedony
Comguat
time ional computational
time
eonutatIOnal tme
-the abo Ve di clealy in dicates hat BcNP i
than SNE.
teong
4NF
Aelation
cwiLl be in 4NF i it i in BNE
avd has mo mlti -vaued
A mealtiple wallu singie atue
tnen th
Ste-id
mtti. yallud
dancing
34 Math
14 dancing
hock
2
Cortai nt tep CQUses
a melti
allud dqendont hasa,
PAGE NO
DATE.
BAE example
Enployee
EmpND Empnarne DepNeN Deptname
key attei bate : Enpno
atteibete Emprame Deptwo, DeptnNcme
emp-id
-no
