™
Cambridge IGCSE
SOCIOLOGY 0495/13
Paper 1 October/November 2022
2 hours
You must answer on the enclosed answer booklet.
You will need: Answer booklet (enclosed)
*4649403327*
INSTRUCTIONS
• Answer two questions in total:
Section A: answer Question 1.
Answer either Question 2 in Section B or Question 3 in Section C.
• Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.
INFORMATION
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
This document has 4 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.
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Section A: Theory and methods
Answer Question 1
1 Source A
Comparative studies are often used in sociological research because they are objective and scientific.
Some of the earliest sociologists used this method to understand society. For example Weber used
a comparative study to examine capitalism in Europe. The functionalist Durkheim produced another
comparative study on suicide.
Many comparative studies rely on official statistics from different countries. Official statistics use
very large samples to provide quantitative data, for example the official crime statistics. Researchers
are able to make different types of comparison when using these large collections of data to find
patterns and trends. In a recent comparative study crime rates were compared between women
and men, crime rates in the past with current crime rates and the types of crime committed.
(a) From Source A identify two sociologists who have conducted comparative studies. [2]
(b) Identify two sociological perspectives, apart from functionalism. [2]
(c) Using information from Source A, describe two reasons why comparative studies are useful
in sociological research. [4]
(d) Describe two strengths of using postal questionnaires in sociological research. [4]
(e) Describe two strengths and two limitations of using historical documents when doing
sociological research. [8]
(f) Explain why sociological research is often biased. [10]
(g) To what extent is the functionalist view of society correct? [15]
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Answer either Question 2 or Question 3
Section B: Culture, identity and socialisation
2 Value consensus is important for society. There are many ways in which individuals are encouraged
to follow norms and values. Some social institutions may use coercion and other institutions may
use positive role modelling to influence people’s behaviour. Different social groups based on social
class and gender, may have different norms and values.
(a) What is meant by the term ‘coercion’? [2]
(b) Describe two examples of role modelling. [4]
(c) Explain how women may experience role conflict. [6]
(d) Explain why value consensus is important for society. [8]
(e) To what extent is social identity influenced by social class? [15]
Section C: Social inequality
3 Traditional societies may be based on a caste system whereas modern industrial societies claim
to have social mobility. Social mobility is linked to meritocracy as individuals are rewarded for their
skills and hard work. However, sociologists debate the existence of meritocracy in modern industrial
societies because some argue that people who are born with wealth have an unfair advantage.
(a) What is meant by the term ‘caste’? [2]
(b) Describe two examples of racial discrimination. [4]
(c) Explain how wealth can improve a person’s life chances. [6]
(d) Explain why the welfare state is criticised by some sociologists. [8]
(e) To what extent is inequality in the workplace influenced by gender? [15]
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