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ROOK AC
gps B ADEN),
PHYSICS PROJECT
Aim: To construct an extension board having two three pin plug to switch and a
fuse.
Submitted by
Class ....
Registration no ..
Roll no .... Annexure=1
Certificate of Guide.
This is to certify that the contents of this project file submitted by of class
for the subject of is his/her genuine work submitted to for fulfilment of the requirements for AHSEC examinations of class . The project
has been completed under my guidance and supervision.
has been working on the project sincerely from beginning to completion of
the project work. | certify that the project is up to my expectations and can be submitted for
evaluation.
Guide's signature Student's signature
Date:
Place: Annexure =H
Certificate of Head of the Institutio
Certificate of Head of the Institution.
This Is to certify that < Student's Name > of class < Class Name > has completed his/her <
Subject name > project titled < Title of the Project > under the guidance of < Teacher's Name
>forthe academicsession<__-_>, the student has been found to be dedicated throughout
his/her project work and completed his/her work within the allotted timeframe without missing any
Important details from the project.
{tls also certified that this project is the individual work of the student and can be submitted
for evaluation,
Signature of Head of the Institution Student's signature
Date:
Place:
(Seal of the institution) . Declaration by the student
' would like to express my profound gratitude to Mr/Mrs/Dr. < Name of the HO! >, of |<
tution Name >, < Place Name > for his support and guidance/ contributions towards the
‘ompletion of my project titled < Project Name >.
| would like to express my special thanks to my guide Mr /Mrs/Dr. < Guide's Name > for his/her
time and efforts, he/she spared throughout the year. Due to his useful advice and suggestions were
really helpful to me during the project's completion. In this aspect, | am eternally grateful to him.
|! would like to acknowledge that this project had been completed entirely by me and is original.
Student's Signature:
Date:
Place:
Institution Name,
$e
—
Institution Code,
Student Name:
Class:
Registration No:
Session: CONTENTS
STRUCTURE
1. Introduction
2. Aim
3. Laboratory Wiring
Earthing
4, Assembling an Extension Board
5. Safety Measures INTRODUCTION
You must have seen electrical sockets fixed on the walls of your home. If you
wish to use an electrical appliance such as a table lamp or an iron at some distance
from the wall, you need an (electrical) extension board. Similarly, in a physics
laboratory, you may be required to use an extension board particularly when many
students are working on a table or when many electrical instruments are to be
used. An extension board provides for more than one electrical socket. These
sockets are connected to a plug through a long three core electrical wire. When
this plug is inserted in the socket on a wall of the laboratory, electricity becomes
available at the sockets of the extension board. And that is why an extension board
is such a useful laboratory tool. In this experiment, you will learn how to fabricate
an extension board. AIM
The main purpose of this experiment is to enable you to learn how to fabricate an
electrical extension board. Moreover, as you do this experiment, you will also
learn to identify the live, neutral and earth wires and corresponding terminals of
electrical sockets and plugs.
© After doing this experiment, you should be able to:
© Identify the live, neutral and earth terminals of a socket and corresponding
wires in a three - core electrical wire;
© select appropriate wires, plugs, switches and sockets for fabricating an
extension board; and
fabricate an extension board.
‘Apparatus:
The apparatus required for this experiment is listed below. Apparatus Wooden or
plastic box (30cm x 15cm x 4cm), good quality Sm three - core electric wire of
20 gauge, 2 two - in - one (SA and 15A) sockets, | three - pin plug (ISA ) ; 2
switches (15 A ), half meter single core electric wire of gauge 22.
Leboratory writing
a) The switch such as S, is always connected in the live (L) wire of the circuit so
that when it is off, the socket (or the bulb holder) is not live. However, if the
switch is connected in the neutral wire, the socket is live even when the switch is
in off position (see margin remark on page 57) . In such a condition, anyone
touching the socket or the bulb holder would get a shock. For this reason, you
should fix switches in the extension board along the live wire.
b) The fuse is connected along the live side of the circuit so that when it (fuse)
blows, the appliances are also dead. The fuse will indeed blow even if it is on the
neutral side. But, in this case , the appliance may be damaged.
c) Although tral wire of the circuit is earthed at the electric substation, for extra
safety , the power circuit contains an additional earth wire. EARTHING
An earthing system or grounding system connects specific parts of an electric
power system with the ground, typically the Earth's conductive surface, for safety
and functional purposes . The choice of earthing system can affect the safety and
electromagnetic compatibility of the installation. Regulations for earthing
systems vary considerably among countries, though most follow the
recommendations of the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) .
Regulations may identify special cases for earthing in mines, in patient care areas
, or in hazardous areas of industrial plants.
In addition to electric power systems , other systems may require grounding for
safety or function . Tall structures may have lightning rods as part of a system to
protect them from lightning strikes . Telegraph lines may use the Earth as one
conductor of a circuit, saving the cost of installation of a return wire over a long
circuit . Radio antennas may require particular grounding for operation , as well
as to control static electricity and provide lightning protection. ASSEMBLING EXTENSION BOARD
The basic activities involved in assembling the extension board are electrical w *
ire sockets and plugs in accordance with circuit diagram.
A. Electrical wires: Electrical wires are made of Cooper because copper is a good
conductor of electricity and relatively inexpensive . In recent years there is an
increasing trends towards the use of aluminium.
B, Socket and plugs: Nowadays we generally use the sockets which are available
in both SA and 15A . Both the 3 pin socket and the 3 pin plug have a 3 terminals
namely live , neutral and earth .
C. Switch: Electrical switch has only 2 terminals . It is always connected along
with the live wire in a circuit . CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
For drawing a circuit diagram for an extension board , the following questions
have to be considered
a) How many electrical appliances / equipment are to be plugged in the extension
board ?
b) What are the power ratings of these appliances / equipment ?
Now suppose we wish to fabricate an extension board for plugging two
instruments such as an oscilloscope and a signal generato . For such an extension
board , the circuit diagram is shown in Fig.7.5 . You will note that such an
‘Switch 2
extension board has 2 two - in - one sockets with independent switches. Switch 1
(34 Socket 1 Switch 2)
Fi
‘ircuit diagram of an extension board Socket 2 Stepwise Procedure:
1. Mark the positions of switches and socket on the switch board .
2. Cut the holes on the switch board for housing switches and socket , as per
marking .
3. Fix the switches and socket on the switch board .
4, Make the wiring of switch board as per wiring diagram .
5. Also , connect proper earthing connection as per wiring diagram .
6. Make sure that all the connections are as per wiring diagram and are tight .
7. Test the switch board BIBLIOGRAPHY:
L http : //egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789 /13257/1/Experiment-7.pdf
2. PHYSICS , NCERT , class 12
3. Amulya Choudhary , Elements of Practical Physics . SAFETY MEASURES
. While fixing stranded copper wires at the terminals of the sockets, switches
and plug, you must twist the strands properly so that no strand remains
loose. This is necessary to avoid any short circuit.
. In electri loose
| connections, nothing can be as irritating and risky a
connection. Therefore, properly tighten the screws on the terminals of the
sockets and switches.
. Give utmost importance to the proper connection of the earth wire.
Otherwise you know how dangerous it may prove to be.
. Since water conducts electricity, you should always dry your hands before
switching - on or off any electrical appliance or equipment.
. Do ensure that the switches on the extension board have been put along the
live wire.
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