DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

MODULE 1: MEASURING & INVESTIGATING DEVELOPMENT

 MATER SPEI COLLEGE (b) Give three reasons why political aspects of development are difficult to
measure.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- Political aspects of development are difficult to quantify because are intangible or
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development
immeasurable, for example, they can neither be seen nor touched.
PAPER 1
- The reason political aspects of development are difficult to measure is that most
countries prohibit independent human rights groups to monitor human rights
1 (a) What is development? violations.
- Development is a process of change that makes people happier, freer, better fed, richer
- In developing countries most people are illiterate and unaware of their rights.
and take part in decision making.
- Political aspects of development are affected by cultural or religious beliefs, for
- Development is when societies change for the better.
example, women being marginalised or there are gender inequalities.
(b) Describe three economic characteristics of developing countries. 3(a) What is meant by social aspect of development?
- The economic characteristic of developing is that of low income levels.
- The developing countries have high unemployment rate. - Social development is when people’s basic needs are more fully met;
- The developing countries have low energy consumption due to having few improvement of people’s living standards, for example, birth rate, infant mortality
industries. rate (IMR), life expectancy, access to clean water
- They export raw materials and import finished goods.
- The developing countries have high percentage of population depending on (b) State three reasons for the differences in the development levels of countries.
agriculture since majority of people practice subsistence farming.
- The economic characteristic of developing countries is that of low GNP - The reasons for difference in development levels of countries is that developing
- The developing countries have low GNP per capita countries export raw materials due to lack of advanced technology while developed
- The developing countries have low GDP countries import raw materials because they have complex technology and export
- The developing countries have low GDP per capita because of having few finished goods
industries
- The differences in development levels is caused by huge debts of developing
2 (a) What is meant by political development? countries from developed countries.

- Political development is when there is more freedom and justice, and people are - The reasons for differences in development levels of countries is caused by
free to participate in decision making; respect for human rights or safety and political instability in developing countries such as civil wars and peace in
security, for example, democracy, equality, justice. developed countries.

- Political development is when people’s participation in making decisions about - The high skilled manpower in developed countries and shortage of skilled
their lives increases. manpower in developing countries lead to differences of development in countries.
-
- Political development is when people take control of their lives. - The developed countries policies directed to high infrastructural development
while developing countries policies directed to poverty and diseases.
- Political development is when people enjoy human rights.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1: Section A & B Module 1- Investigating & Measuring Development Revision Questions
4 (a) What is meant by life expectancy at birth?

- Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is likely to live.

(b) Describe three ways by which developing countries can improve their life
expectancy.

- The life expectancy is rising in the world because of cleaner water supplies to prevent
waterborne diseases such as cholera.

- The governments of the world provide better sanitation to their citizens to improve
hygiene.

- The world life expectancy is rising due to provision better health care whereby there is
enough trained medical personnel such as doctors and nurses.

- The life expectancy is rising in the world because countries provide primary health care
to citizens who focus on the prevention of diseases and giving assistance to the sick,
for example, provision of clean water, health education and immunisation programme.

- In the world life expectancy is rising because some of the countries provide citizens (a) (i) What is the infant mortality rate for Mozambique?
with better nutrition for example, in Botswana children are given supplementary
feeding such as Tsabana. - 77 deaths per 1000 live birth

5 (a) What is meant by calorie intake? (ii) Which country has the
- Calorie intake is the amount of energy contained in the food eaten
Lowest infant mortality rate:
- Calorie intake is the energy value of the food eaten
- France
(b) State three reasons why there is high average calorie intake in developed
countries. Highest infant mortality rate:
- The reason for high average calorie intake in developed countries is caused by high - Niger
employment rates.
- The high average calorie intake in developed countries is caused by high food due (b) Describe the relationship between infant mortality rate and the people’s
to use of improved technology
level of income.
- The reason for high calorie intake in developed countries is caused by availability
of wide variety of food[ to choose from]
- The relationship between infant mortality rate and the people’s level of
- Calorie intake is high in developed countries because of high level of
income is that the high infant mortality rate the low people’s level of
education/more knowledge on nutrition
income.
- The developed countries have high calorie intake due to better social welfare
services, for example, people are provided with supplementary feeding
- The low infant mortality rate the high people’s level of income.
- The high calorie intake in developed countries is caused by low dependency ratio

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1: Section A & B Module 1- Investigating & Measuring Development Revision Questions
 (c) State three reasons why developing countries have high infant mortality MATER SPEI COLLEGE
rates.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The reason for high infant mortality rate in developing countries is caused by having
few trained doctors and nurses. Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development

- There is poor nutrition in developing countries which causes high infant mortality rate. PAPER 1
For example leading to health conditions such as kwashiorkor.
1 (a) What is infant mortality rate?
- In developing infant mortality rate is caused by teenage pregnancy which may lead to
delivery complications. - Infant mortality rate number of babies who die before their first birthday per thousand
per year in a country.
- The infant mortality rate is caused by pandemic diseases such HIV/AIDS because some
of the babies are born with the virus. - Infant mortality rate is the percentage of babies who die before their first birthday in
a country.
- The high infant mortality rate (IMR) is caused by poor sanitation or unhygienic
conditions. (b) Describe three reasons why developing countries have a high infant mortality
rate.
- The reason for high infant mortality rate (IMR) is poor care of babies due to parental - The reason developing countries have high infant mortality rate is due to high doctor
negligence patient ratio which makes it difficult to have access to health care.

(d) Suggest ways by which developing countries can reduce infant mortality - The high infant mortality rate in developing countries is caused by inadequate access
rate. to health care because there are few trained doctors and nurses.

- The ways by which developing countries can reduce infant mortality rate is through - There is poor nutrition in developing countries leading to such health conditions as
widespread immunisation against infant killer diseases in the country, for example, kwashiorkor which may cause high infant mortality rate.
measles and polio
- The infant mortality rate is reduced through provision of clean safe water to all - In developing countries high infant mortality rate is caused by teenage pregnancy
people. which may lead to delivery complications.
- The provision of nutritious food or balanced diets in clinics helps to reduce infant
mortality rate, for example, Tsabana and beans. - The high infant mortality rate in developing is caused by pandemic diseases such
HIV/AIDS because some of the babies are born with the virus from their mothers who
- The construction of more health facilities helps to reduce infant mortality rate in are positive.
developing, for example, clinics and hospitals.
- The high infant mortality rate (IMR) in developing countries is caused by poor
- The infant mortality rate is reduced in developing countries through sanitation or unhygienic conditions
implementation of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT)
programme to protect unborn babies from getting HIV/AIDS from their positive - The reason for high infant mortality rate (IMR) in developing countries is poor care
mothers. caused by parent negligence.

- The training and employing more health personnel helps reduce infant mortality
rate in developing countries by providing health care, for example, doctors and
nurses.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1: Section A & B Module 1- Investigating & Measuring Development Revision Questions
2 (a) What is life expectancy? 4.(a) Define literacy rate.
- Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is likely to live - Literacy rate is the average number of people who are able to read and write in a
country.
(c) Give three reasons why world life expectancy is rising. - Literacy rate is the percentage of the population who are able to read and write
- The life expectancy is rising in the world because cleaner water supplies to prevent in a country
waterborne diseases such as cholera.
(b) Give three importance of literacy to development?
- The governments of the world provide better sanitation to their citizens to improve
- The importance of literacy rate is that when people are able to read and write they
hygiene or live in a clean environment.
are able to learn or acquire new skills easily.
- World life expectancy is rising due to provision better health care whereby there is - The people can better participate in decision making and national campaigns, for
enough trained medical personnel such as doctors and nurses. example, elections, immunisation programmes.
- Life expectancy is rising in the world because countries provide primary health care to - The people can read and understand environmental issues or conservation better.
citizens who focus on the prevention of diseases and giving assistance to the sick, for
example, provision of clean water, health education and immunisation programme. - The importance of literacy rate reduces dependency on those people who are
literate and promotes privacy, for example, reading own letters or mail
- In the world life expectancy is rising because some of the countries provide citizens
with better nutrition for example, in Botswana children are given supplementary - The literate mothers can access information on childcare leading to better hygiene
feeding such as Tsabana. and lower infant mortality rate ( IMR)

3(a) What is calorie intake? - The importance of literacy rate is improved nutrition when the mother is literate

- Calorie intake is the value of the food eaten in a country. - The people can easily find out and fill themselves application forms e.g. at the post
office, credit facilities forms and can even write application letters for jobs etc.
- Calorie intake is the amount of kilojoules from food consumed in a country
5.(a) Define adult literacy rate
(b) State three reasons for low calorie intake in developing countries.
- Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people or number of people 18 years and
- The reason for low calorie intake in developing countries is caused by high
above who can read and write
unemployment so people have less money to buy food.

- There is lack of purchasable food in some areas which causes low calorie intake in Male literacy rate is higher in most countries than female literacy rate
developing countries.
(b) Suggest three reasons for the difference between male and female literacy rates.
- The developing countries have low calorie intake because of drought and famine.
- The reason for the difference between male and female literacy rate is caused by
- The low calorie intake is caused by high illiteracy rate in developing countries teenage pregnancy.
which lead to inability to determine food quality. - The difference between male and female literacy rate is caused by cultural practices
such as early marriages and polygamy.
- The reason for difference between male and female literacy rate is caused by the
belief that educating girls is waste of time as they have small brain.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1: Section A & B Module 1- Investigating & Measuring Development Revision Questions
 - The male deaths are generally higher than female deaths because of wars

- The male deaths are generally higher than female deaths because of
occupation/employment that exposes them to danger

- The male deaths are generally higher than female deaths because of traditional
roles that exposes them to danger

- The male deaths are generally higher than female deaths because of more men are
suicidal than women

(c) Describe three factors that influence the death rate of a country.

- The factor that influence the death rate of a country is lack of medical facilities
such as hospitals and clinics.

- The death rate of a country can be influenced by having few trained doctors and
nurses/ having high doctor patient ratio.
(a)(i) How many non-institutional deaths in total were recorded in 2007?

- 325 deaths - The factor that influence death rate of a country is poor nutrition due to high
unemployment rate.
(ii) In which year was the number of male non-institutional deaths lower than that
of females? (d)Suggest three measures by which developing countries attempt to reduce high
death rate.
- 2006
- The measure by which developing countries attempt to reduce high death rate is
(b) Suggest two reasons why male deaths are generally higher than female deaths. training of many medical personnel such as doctors and nurses.

- The reason why male deaths are generally higher than female deaths is that - The developing countries can reduce high death rate by building more hospitals
majority of males do not go to hospital and clinics when sick. and clinics to improve provision of health care.

- The male deaths are generally higher than female deaths because of car accidents -
because majority of them own cars. - The measure by which developing countries attempt to reduce high death rate
through provision of supplementary feeding to improve nutrition.

- The male deaths are generally higher than female deaths because of alcohol and - The developing countries can reduce high death rate through immunisation
drug abuse that affect their health leading to death. programme to prevent spread of diseases such as Covid-19 and polio.

- The male deaths are generally higher than female deaths because of macho
mentality that exposes them to risks/ Lifestyle/fast life/drinking/smoking/fewer - The developing countries can reduce high death rate through provision of clean
men seek medical assistance water to prevent waterborne diseases such as cholera.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1: Section A & B Module 1- Investigating & Measuring Development Revision Questions
 MATER SPEI COLLEGE (b) State three reasons why doctor-patient ratio is worse in developing countries
than in developed countries.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The reason why doctor-patient ratio is worse in developing countries than in
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development developed countries is caused by high population growth rate or high birth rate or
high population
PAPER 1
- The doctor-patient ratio is worse in developing countries because of outbreak of
1(a) Define the term school enrolment. diseases or high rate of communicable diseases.
- School enrolment is the number of students or pupils admitted in an educational - The developing countries have worse doctor-patient ration than developed
facility countries because of having few health personnel/few doctors/brain drain/poor
health care
(b) Describe three causes of low school enrolment in developing countries.
- The doctor-patient ration is worse in developing countries than in developed
- The cause of low school enrolment in developing countries is teenage pregnancy. countries because of shortage of training health facilities.

- The low school enrolment in developing countries is caused by having few

educational facilities, for example, classrooms. - The doctor-patient ratio is worse in developing countries because of high incidents
- The developing countries have low school enrolment because of having few trained of wars/casualties
teachers.
- The shortage of health facilities/clinics/hospitals makes doctor-patient ratio worse
- The low school enrolment in developing countries is caused by cultural practices in developing countries than in developed countries.
such as polygamy and early marriages.

- The lack of money to pay school fees due to high unemployment lead to low school - The worse doctor-patient ratio in developing countries is caused by long period of
enrolment in developing countries. training
- The long distance to attend school in developing countries may lead to low school 3(a) What is meant by calorie intake?
enrolment in developing countries.
- Calorie intake is the value of the food eaten in a country.
2(a) What is meant by doctor-patient ratio?
- Calorie intake is the amount of kilojoules consumed in a country
- Doctor-patient ratio is the average number of sick people to be attended by
medical practitioner in a day.
(b) State three reasons why there is a high average calorie intake in developed
- Doctor-patient ratio is the number of hospital attendants to medical practitioner countries.
in a day.
- The reason for high average calorie intake in developed countries is caused by high
- Doctor-patient ratio is the proportion of medical practitioners to sick people in a employment rates.
day.
- The high average calorie intake in developed countries is caused by high food due
to use of improved technology

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1: Section A & B Module 1- Investigating & Measuring Development Revision Questions
 - The reason for high calorie intake in developed countries is caused by availability (b) Describe three ways in which developing countries can reduce infant mortality
of wide variety of food to choose from by people. rate.
- Calorie intake is high in developed countries because of high level of education - The way in which government of Botswana is trying to reduce infant mortality rate
which helps people to have more knowledge on nutrition. is through widespread immunisation against infant killer diseases in the country,
for example, measles and polio.
- The developed countries have high calorie intake due to better social welfare
services, for example, people are provided with supplementary feeding - The government of Botswana is trying to reduce infant mortality rate through
provision of clean or safe water to all people.
- The high calorie intake in developed countries is caused by low dependency ratio.
- The provision of nutritious food or balanced diets in clinics helps to reduce infant
4(a) Define the term literacy rate. mortality rate in Botswana, for example, Tsabana and beans.

- Literacy rate is the average number of people who are able to read and - The government of Botswana is trying to reduce infant mortality rate through
write in a country. construction of more health facilities, for example, clinics and hospitals

(b) State three reasons for high literacy rate in developed countries. - The implementation of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT)
programme for pregnant mothers helps to reduce infant mortality rate in Botswana.
- The reason for high literacy rate in developed countries is caused by having many
educational facilities, for example, schools and classrooms.

- The developed countries have high literacy rate because of high number of trained
teachers.

- The literacy rate is high in developed countries because parents are able to pay
school fees for their children due to high employment rate.

- The reason to high literacy rate in developed countries is caused by availability of

contraceptives which reduces teenage pregnancy.

5(a) Define infant mortality rate.

- Infant mortality rate number of babies who die before their first birthday per thousand
per year in a country.

- Infant mortality rate is the percentage of babies who die before their first birthday in
a country.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1: Section A & B Module 1- Investigating & Measuring Development Revision Questions
 Section B (b) Describe two common causes of school dropouts in Botswana.

6 Fig. 1 shows Primary School enrolment for some countries in Africa - The common cause of school dropout in Botswana is teenage pregnancy.
(2007-2010).
Country Enrolment Rate (%) - The school dropout in Botswana is caused by performing domestic chores of
students
Male Female Total
Algeria 96 94 95 - The common cause of school dropout in Botswana is due to lack of money to pay
Botswana 86 88 87 school fees because of high unemployment and poverty.
Burkina Faso 68 60 64 (c) State three reasons why educating women is important for the economic
Cameroon 97 86 92 development of the country.
Egypt 97 94 95
- The reason why educating women is important for economic development of the
Ethiopia 86 81 84 country is that they become more skilled in different jobs.
Ghana 76 77 76 - The women will be able to get employed when educating them which reduce
Kenya 83 84 83
poverty.

Lesotho 71 76 73 (d) Suggest three ways by which governments of African countries can increase school
Malawi 89 94 91 enrolment for girls.
Namibia 88 92 90 - The way by which governments of African countries can increase school enrolment
Nigeria 66 60 63 for girls by offering free education to girls.
Rwanda 95 97 96 - The governments of African countries can increase school enrolment for girls by
building schools for girls.
Senegal 74 76 75 - The African countries governments can increase number of girls enrolled in
South Africa 89 90 90 schools by coming up with laws that forces parents to allow girls attend school.
Tanzania 96 97 97
Zambia 91 94 92
Source: www.childifo.org/education

Fig. 1

(a)(i) Which country has the lowest enrolment percentage for males?

- Nigeria

(ii) What is the total enrolment for Algeria?

- 95%

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1: Section A & B Module 1- Investigating & Measuring Development Revision Questions
 2(a) Define Gross Domestic Product.
MATER SPEI COLLEGE - Gross Domestic Product is the total value of goods and services that a country
produces in one year.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
(b) Give three advantages of GNP per capita.
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development
- GNP per capita is a standard measure, therefore, allows easy comparison between
PAPER 1 countries and years.
1(a) What is development? - The data on GNP per capita is available from the World Bank.
- Development is a process of change that makes people happier, freer, better fed, richer - GNP per capita highlights international wealth differences.
and take part in decision making
- GNP per capita is better than raw GNP measurement, which ignores the size of the
- Development is when the economy grows, standards of living rise, quality of life population, or GDP, which does not include investments abroad.
improves, wealth is shared more fairly and more people take part in decision making.
- GNP per capita helps to estimate productivity capacity of country’s economy.
- Development is when societies change for the better.
3(a) Define Gross National Product.
(b) Describe three economic characteristics of developed countries.
- Gross National Product is the total value of goods and services that a country
- The economic characteristic of developed countries is high use of complex produces in one year including earnings from abroad or outside
technology to produce goods.
(b) State three reasons why GNP per capita is not a good measure of development.
- The developed countries have high infrastructural development such as
transport and telecommunication networks - The reason why GNP per capita is not a good measure of development is that few
people might own most of the land, farms, shops, factories, etc. leaving the
- The developed countries have high share of international trade/they dominate majority very poor, for example, it ignores the difference between the rich and the
or control international trade poor within the country.
- GNP per capita ignores the informal sector and illicit trades; economists only count
- The economic characteristic of developed countries is high income levels/high goods and services marketed openly and recorded by government.
wages.
- The production or income statistics may be inaccurate or concealing of actual
- The developed countries have high energy consumption due to having many earnings to avert tax.
industries. - The business officials hiding information to avoid paying tax
- The developed countries export finished goods and import raw materials.
- The developed countries have low percentage of population depending on
- The population statistics may be inaccurate and/or out-dated
agriculture
- The developed countries have high GNP/High GNP per capita/High GDP/High
- There is official biasness of statistics to score a political mileage
GDP per capita
- GNP per capita assumes that everyone is working and benefiting from the economy
and ignores the quality of life, social & environmental consequences of wealth/ignores
Rule: DO NOT accept highly developed happiness.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1: Section A & B Module 1- Investigating & Measuring Development Revision Questions
4 (a) Define GNP per capita. - The high energy use in developed countries is caused by household appliances,
gadgets, devices, units and machines.
- Gross National Product per capita is the total value of goods and services that
a country produces in one year including earnings from abroad or outside divided - The developed countries have high energy use because of many
by the total population. vehicles/transportation, for example, cars, trains

(b) Give three reasons why Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those - The high energy use in developed countries is caused by capital intensive
of the South. agriculture/farming/commercial farming

- The countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of the South because they - The reason for high energy use in developed countries is caused by infrastructure
have mass production due to many industries and the use of complex technology. development/institutions, for example, schools, hospitals

- The reason why Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of the South is
because they export a lot of quality (high value / expensive) goods and services. Section B
6. Fig. 1 shows GNP per head (US$) and life expectancy at birth for
- The Countries of the North have higher GNP than the Countries of the South because selected countries. Use it answer questions a (i) and (ii).
they price the goods (commodities) themselves.

- The Countries of the North have favourable terms of trade than those of the South.

- The countries of the North have high GNP than countries of the South because most
multi-national companies (MNCs) originate from Countries of the North and operate
in other countries/profit repatriation is taking profit back to countries of their origin

- The reason for higher GNP in countries of the North than countries of the South is that
they earn a lot of interest from loans to the developing world

5 (a) What is meant by energy use per capita?

- Energy use per capita is the average amount of power consumed by an individual
in a country each year

- Energy use per capita is the average amount of electricity, petrol, natural gas,
paraffin, coal, fuel and wood consumed by an individual in a country each year

(b) Give three reasons for high energy use in developed countries. Fig.1
(a)(i) Name the country with the highest life expectancy.
- The reason for high energy use in developed is due to the use of complex
technology. - Japan

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1: Section A & B Module 1- Investigating & Measuring Development Revision Questions
 (ii) What is the GNP per head for Mexico? MATER SPEI COLLEGE

- 9000 U$ DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

(b) Give two reasons for low daily food intake for developing countries. Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development

PAPER 1
- The reason for low daily food intake in developing countries is due to high
unemployment leading to people having less money to buy food.
- The low daily food intake in developing countries is caused by lack of purchasable
1 (a) Define the modernisation theory.
food in some areas
- The developing countries have low daily food intake because of drought - Modernisation theory is a set of ideas that argue that for third world countries to
- The developing countries have daily food intake due to high illiteracy rate which develop they must copy the path followed by (the industrialised countries) America
makes people unable to determine food quality
- Modernisation theory argues that all countries must work through five stages of
change in order to achieve high standards of living enjoyed by most people of the
(c) Compare three economic characteristics of developed and developing
North
countries.
(b) Describe any three stages of the modernisation theory.
- The developed countries have low percentage of people in agriculture
due to the use of complex technology while developing countries have
high number of people in agriculture due to the use of simple technology. - Stage 1/The traditional society is where people practise barter system/subsistence
- The developed countries produces finished goods while developing farming/make simple crafts/experience low standard of living.
countries produces raw materials. - Stage 2/Preconditions for take-off is where new technology arises/farming is
- The developed countries have high employment rate while developing commercialised/specialisation increases/urbanisation starts to happen.
countries have low employment rate. - Stage 3/Take off stage/the push is when people become rich and rapid
urbanisation.
(d)Suggest three ways in which developing countries can use the - Stage 4/The Drive to maturity/maturity stage is where manufacturing dominates
dependency theory to develop. the economy/there are more exports than imports/wages increase/demand for
consumer goods increases.
- The way in which developing countries can use the dependency theory to develop - Stage 5/The age of high consumption/high mass consumption is where service
is by breaking off all links with the developed countries /become self-reliant. industries and consumer goods dominate the economy/wages are high for many
people/many people experience high living standards
- The developing countries should stop borrowing money from
outside/save/invest within their countries. 2 (a) Define Sustainable Development.
- The dependency theory can be used by developing countries to develop by - Sustainable development is the wise use of resources by the present generation to
spending less on consumer goods. meet its needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their
- The developing countries can use dependency theory to develop by using needs
appropriate technology - Sustainable development is the wise use of resources by the present generation to
- The way in which developing countries can use dependency theory to develop is meet its needs so that future generations could also meet their needs
to make their own inventions or promote local inventions.
N.B. Accept answers connoting wise use of resources provided it caters for future generations.
- The dependency theory can be used by developing countries to develop by (Do not accept/mark ‘a theory …)
encouraging its people to exercise patience/work hard/shun Northern lifestyle

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1: Section A & B Module 1- Investigating & Measuring Development Revision Questions
(b) Describe three ways of achieving sustainable development in a country. - The local inventions should be encouraged, for example, development of local
technology.
- The way of achieving sustainable development in a country is through stock
piling of minerals / preservation is keeping the minerals until the world prices - Developing countries should become self-sufficient reliant.
improves such as for diamonds and copper.
- Dependency theory encourages people to be patient and sacrifice for a better
- Sustainable development can be achieved by coming up with legislation or laws
to protect wild animals, for example, seasonal hunting, quotas is number of wild future.
animals a person allowed to hunt, hunting licenses, National Parks and Game
Reserves, and Anti-poaching laws
4(a) Define the term globalisation.
- Stabilising population growth can help to achieve sustainable development in a - Globalisation is a set of ideas that emphasis that all people of the world should
country, for example, planning for small families, birth control, practicing become one nation in order to bring democracy as a way of maintaining peace and
population control, giving incentives to small families or penalize for large families stability.
- Sustainable development can be achieved through conservation measures, for
example, tree planting, recycling, re-use, reduce, clean-up, limited use of (b) State three developments that show the growth of a global village.
resources, good farming methods, Wildlife Management Areas
- The way of achieving sustainable development is through education on resource - The development that show growth of a global village is that of improvement in
use technology and production, for example, use of automated machines.
- The use of synthetic products can help a country to achieve sustainable - The development that show growth of a global village is that of integrated
development. global communication network, for example, internet and television.
- The way of achieving sustainable development is by finding alternative energy - The decline in sovereign states replaced by regional and international groupings
sources, for example, the use of solar energy instead of coal to produce electricity such as European Union lead to the growth of a global village.

3 (a) Define dependency theory. 5(a) Define populism theory.

- Dependency theory is a set of ideas that argue that the South was unable to copy - Populism is a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel
and adopt the North’s path of industrialisation because the North exploited the that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups/ the quality of
South’s resources to enhance their economy and kept the South poor appealing to or being aimed at ordinary
- Dependency theory argues that the third world lack the ability to control major
aspects of their economic life because of the dominance of the industrialised (b) Describe three problems of populism theory.
countries in the world economy
- The problem of populism is that concentration of power within government
- Dependency theory argues that less developed countries became economically
bureaucracies and large private sector firms and organisations.
reliant on the North and thus the North became industrialised at the expense of the
- The tendency to evoke narrow economic, technical criteria, and procedures as a
South who remained underdeveloped
basis for their decisions and general operations.
- The exclusive mechanisms working through the state and the market marginalize
(b) State three policy implications of the dependency theory. the vast majority of poor people from political and economic life
- The developing countries should cut economic links with developed countries.
- The developing countries should spend less on consumer goods but spend more (c) Give three benefits of populism
on capital goods, for example, machinery.
- The benefits of populism is of addressing people’s specific needs and wants
- The developing countries should save and invest locally instead of borrowing
money from developed countries. - The benefit of populism is that of easy to finance and manage

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1: Section A & B Module 1- Investigating & Measuring Development Revision Questions
 MATER SPEI COLLEGE 2 (a) What is pollution?
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - Pollution is the emission of effluents or poisonous gases into the environment
(air, land and water)
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development
(b) Describe three ways by which air pollution can be prevented
PAPER 1
- The way by which air pollution can be prevented is through the charging of
polluter tax / polluter pays principle
1(a) Define the term sustainable development theory
- The air pollution can be prevented by having environmental impact assessment
- Sustainable development is the wise use of resources by the present generation to
before carrying out any project.
meet its needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their
- The pollution can be prevented through the use of alternative sources of energy,
needs.
for example, solar energy can be used to produce electricity instead of coal which
pollutes the environment.
- Sustainable development is the wise use of resources by the present generation to - The way by which air pollution can be prevented is through elongation of
meet its needs so that future generations could also meet their needs chimneys or making chimneys to be long to prevent air pollution.

(b) State three sources of air pollution - The way by which air pollution can be prevented is through the use of catalytic
converters.
- The source of air pollution is mines, for example, Selibe Phikwe (sulphur dioxide
- The use of unleaded petrol can prevent air pollution.
and coal, carbon monoxide, dust)
- The air pollution can be prevented by encouraging non-motorised transport e.g.
- The source of air pollution is domestic or household appliances, for example,
bicycle, walking.
refrigerators, air-conditioners, aerosol sprays, etc
- The way by which air pollution can be prevented is by developing shopping malls
that discourage use of cars.
- The cause of air pollution is dump sites (smoke)
- The air pollution can be prevented by developing a reliable and sustainable
public transport system.
- The cause of air pollution is industries (smoke, carbon monoxide etc)
- The Air pollution can be prevented by encouraging car-pooling / many people
using one car
- The source of air pollution is construction sites , for example, smoke, dust

- The source of air pollution is roads / airports / railway lines/stations (dust, Land pollution is also an obstacle towards sustainable development.
smoke)

- The source of air pollution is vehicles / trains / aeroplanes (carbon dioxide

3 (a) Define land pollution.
- Land pollution is the discarding of substances that contaminate the earth’s surface
Pollution has proved to be a global problem and an obstacle against sustainable
including all the natural resources found on or below it.
development.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1: Section A & B Module 1- Investigating & Measuring Development Revision Questions
(b) State three causes of land pollution. (b) Describe three challenges faced by developing countries as a result of
- The cause of land pollution is concrete pieces and bricks from construction globalisation.
(sites)
- The beverage containers (such as cans, bottles) and plastic (bags) from - The challenge faced by developing countries as a result of globalisation is that
industries causes land pollution. of development of international crime syndicates/terrorism
- The cause of land pollution is that of oils from garages
- The cause of land pollution is that of clinical waste / waste from health facilities - The challenge of globalisation to developing countries is that of lack of funds
- The land pollution is caused by worn out tyres to educate/train people/high illiteracy
- The used batteries causes land pollution.
- The land pollution is caused by effluent from industries / pumping of effluent - The developing countries loss of sovereignty/loss of independence as a
from mines into streams result of globalisation
- The fertilisers and chemicals contained in run-off water from farms causing
eutrophication in streams. - Globalisation lead to dominance of the economy by Trans National
Companies (TNCs)/TNCS\s taking profit away to their countries of origin
4(a) Define dependency theory.
- The increase of brain drain/ educated people prefer working in developed
- Dependency theory argues that less developed countries became economically countries caused by globalisation.
reliant on the North and thus the North became industrialised at the expense of the
South who remained underdeveloped - The challenge faced by developing countries as a result of globalisation is that
of HIV and AIDS killing skilled man power
(c) Describe three ways by which land pollution can be controlled
- The challenge faced by developing countries as a result of globalisation is that
- The way by which land pollution can be controlled through introduction of Consumerism mindset [which is difficult to change to investment and
polluter tax / Polluter Pays Principle. production]

- The government should introduce strict waste management legislation to - The challenge faced by developing countries as a result of globalisation is that
control land pollution. Environmental damage by Trans National Companies (TNCs)

- Land pollution can be controlled through wise use of resources; 3Rs of - The Less developed countries (LDCs) having weak economies which fail to
conservation; Recycle, Re-use and Refuse (extra wrapping or packaging compete in a globalised world/less industrialised

- The alternative packaging can be used to control land pollution, for example, use - The challenge faced by developing countries as a result of globalisation is that
of returnable bottles at a refund as beverage containers transfer of diseases

- The challenge faced by developing countries as a result of globalisation is that

5(a) What is globalisation? of loss of culture
- Globalisation is a set of ideas that emphasis that all people of the world should - The challenge faced by developing countries as a result of globalisation is that
become one nation in order to bring democracy as a way of maintaining peace of difficulty to accept change
and stability.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 1: Section A & B Module 1- Investigating & Measuring Development Revision Questions