“SMART BLIND STICK”`

A Project Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

Requirements for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY)

By
Mr. MOHD VAZID ANSARI
Seat Number: 1069601

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mrs. SMEETA JUNARKAR
Lecturer

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

N.G. ACHARYA & D.K. MARATHE COLLEGE OF
ARTS, SCIENCE AND COMMERCE
(Affiliated to the University of Mumbai)
MUMBAI-400071
MAHARASHTRA
2023-2024

1
PROFORMA FOR PROJECT APPROVAL
PNR No: 2021016401307237 Roll No: 02

1. Name of the Student:

Mohd Vazid Ansari

2. Title of the Project:- Smart Blind Stick

3. Name of the Guide:-

Prof. Smita Junarkar

4. Teaching experience of the Guide: - 5+ Years.

5. Is this your first submission? Yes: No:

Signature of the Student Signature of the Guide

Date: .
Date: .

Signature of the Coordinator

Date: .
 N.G. ACHARYA & D.K. MARATHE COLLEGE OF
ARTS, SCIENCE AND COMMERCE
(Affiliated to the University of Mumbai)
MUMBAI-MAHARASHTRA-400071

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled, "Smart Blind Stick", is bonafied work of
MOHD VAZID ANSARI bearing Seat. No : ( ) submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the award of degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE in INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY from University of Mumbai.

Internal Guide
Coordinator

External Examiner

Date: College Seal

 ABSTRACT

“Smart Blind Stick” is an innovative IoT project that leverages technology to transform
traditional waste collection and disposal systems. By deploying a network of sensors and smart
bins throughout a city or region, this project aims to optimize waste collection processes, reduce
operational costs, and minimize environmental impact. These sensors can monitor the fill levels
of bins in real-time, allowing for efficient routing of collection vehicles. Additionally, data
analytics and machine learning algorithms are used to predict waste generation patterns,
enabling municipalities and waste management companies to make data-driven decisions. This
not only streamlines waste collection but also promotes sustainability by reducing fuel
consumption and emissions. Smart waste management is a significant step towards creating
cleaner, more efficient, and environmentally responsible urban environments.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It's a pleasure to get this opportunity and sincerely thank all the people, who have
showed us the way to create a successful Smart Blind Stick.

I am highly obligated to the teaching and non-teaching staff members of the

information technology department who spared efforts in making the project a successfully one
with their guidance, appropriate advice.

It gives great pleasure in presenting this project report. It justification will never sound
good if we do not express our vote of thanks to our college. I am sincerely thankful to our Head
of the Department Prof. Manoj Kumar Yadav and project guide Prof. Smeeta Junarkar for their
timely and prestigious guidance required for the Project completion at each phase of that
project.

Submitted by,
Ansari Mohd Vazid Mohammed Shakeel

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project entitled, ”Smart Blind Stick” done at N.G.
ACHARYA & D.K.MARATHE COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE &
COMMERCE, has not been in any case duplicated to submit to any other university for
the award of any degree. To the best of any knowledge other than me, no one has
submitted to any other university.

The project is done in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of
degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) to be
submitted as final semester project as part of our curriculum.

ANSARI MOHD VAZID MOHAMMED SHAKIL

6
 ABSTRACT

1.1 About the proposed system:-

This Smart blind will have an ultrasonic sensor to sense distance from any obstacle, LDR to
sense light condition bright or dark and the GPS is to get appropriate longitude and latitude using
that we get the location on the google maps.

1.2 Objectives:-

The objective is achieved by applying the programmable distance and barrier detection system
ultrasonic sensor. Develop a product or hardware that can determine distance and detect barriers in
front barriers. It design to provide data on a navigation system based use GPS for detection and
studies that to help visual-impaired to move in front very well and safety navigate.

1.3 Purpose:-

The technology could help disabled person to live a normal life.

1.4 Software and hardware requirements:-

Arduino IDE
Ultrasonic sensor
Arduino Nano
Buzzer
LDR
LED
Vibration motor

1.5 References:-

1. www.Google.com
2. www.YouTube.com
3.https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/arduino-smart-blind-stick

7
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1: Introduction 1-2

1.1 Background
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Purpose, Scope and applicability
1.3.1 Purpose
1.3.2 Scope
1.3.3 Applicability
1.4 Achievement
1.5 Organization of Report

Chapter 2: Survey of Technology. 3-7

2.1 Awareness
2.2 Existing System
2.3 Proposed System
2.4 Requirement Analysis
2.5 Hardware Requirements
2.6 Software Requirements
2.7 Justification of Selection of Technology

Chapter 3: Requirement and analysis. 8-10

3.1 Problem Definition

3.2 Requirement Specification
3.3 Planning and Scheduling
3.3.1 PERT Chart
3.3.2 GANTT Chart
3.4 Software and Hardware Requirement
3.4.1 Hardware Requirement
3.4.2 Software Requirement

8
Chapter 4: Implementation and Testing. 11-16

4.1 Basic Module

4.2 Data Design
4.2.1 Schema Design
4.3 Procedural Design
4.3.1 Logic Diagram
4.4 User Interface Design
4.5 Security Issues
4.6 Test Case Approach
Testing Approach
4.6.1 Unit Testing.
4.6.2 Integration Testing
4.6.3 System Testing
4.6.3.1 compatibility Testing
4.6.3.2 Load Testing
4.6.3.3 performance testing
4.7 Coding

Chapter 5: Result and Discussions 17-18

5.1 Test Reports

5.2 User Documentation

Chapter 6: Conclusion & Future Work 19-20

6.1 Conclusion
6.1.1 Significance of the system
6.2 Future scope of System

Chapter 7: Reference 21

9
 List of Figures

1. Circuit Diagram
2. Block Diagram

10
 Chapter 1
Introduction

An individual shall be considered to be blind for purposes of this title if he has central
visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with the use of a correcting lens. An eye which
is accompanied by a limitation in the fields of vision such that the widest diameter of the visual
field subtends an angle no greater than 20 degrees shall be considered for purposes of the first
sentence of this subsection as having a central visual acuity of 20/200 or less.
Many people with serious visual impairments can travel independently, using a wide
range of tools and techniques. Orientation and mobility specialists are professionals who are
specifically trained to teach people with visual impairments how to travel safely, confidently,
and independently in the home and the community. These professionals can also help blind
people to practice travelling on specific routes which they may use often, such as the route from
one’s house to a convenience store. Becoming familiar with an environment or route can make
it much easier for a blind person to navigate successfully.

1.1 Background:-

As we know in India there are many people who are blind so it’s our responsibility to
help that people. According to world health organization approximately 36.9 million people in
world are blind in 2002. Majority of them are using conventional white cane to aid in navigation.
The limitations of white cane is that the information are get by touching the object by the tip of
the cane. The traditional length of a white cane depends on the height of user and its extends
from the floor of the person's sternum. Just because of that, we have to make a system which
help them to live the normal life.

1.2 Objectives:-

The Smart Blind Stick is Successfully designed consistent with all the objectives
achieved. The first objective is achieved by applying the programmable distance and barrier
detection system ultrasonic sensor. Develop a product or hardware that can determine distance
and detect barriers in front barriers. The second objective is achieved by completing the design
to investigate the design smart blind stick using ultrasonic sensor, PIC buzzer. The third
objective is achieved by design to provide data on a navigation system based use ultrasonic
sensor for barrier detection and studies that to help visual-impaired to move in front very well
and safety navigate.
11
1.3 purpose, scope and Applicability

1.3.1 Purpose:-

The main purpose of study is to produce a prototype that can detect objects or obstacles in front
of users and feeds warning back, in the forms of voice messages and vibration, to users. Combination of
ultrasonic sensor and a microcontroller function for detection and distance stick and obstacle in front of.
This project is to people with disabilities that are blind to facilitate the movement and increase safety.

1.3.2 Scope:-

The future scope of the existing smart stick, guides the visually impaired person in his navigation
independently in an efficient manner ensuring the person’s safety.
a. The Braille input device gives the blind person an uncomplicated method to provide the destination
address for navigation.
b. The programmable wheels would steer the stick away from the obstacles and also leading the blind
person towards the destination.

1.3.3 Applicability:-

It is applicable to blind people to walk on a public place like roads and streets. The Smart Blind
Stick is accessible in everywhere. Just because of that the blind people live a normal life.

1.4 Achievements:-

The Achievement is not a big, but yes! This is Achievement for us. When we decide to make a
smart blind stick we meet a blind person and we tell our project to know the problems of blind people.
After he is telling their problems we realized how many problems they are facing daily life. And that
person says “just because of you people we are living normal life”, that word is our Achievement.

1.5 Organization of report:-

In Future we are trying to add the Bluetooth module. Using that module we are connect the mobile
to blind Stick using Bluetooth. And via Bluetooth the stick will send the message to mobile that the object
is how many distance away.
If in future any person is give any complaints about the stick we are making a team to resolve that
problem.

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 CHAPTER 2
System Analysis

2.1 Awareness :-

• HTML : Hyper Text Markup Language is the standard mark-up language for creating web page and
applications.HTML describes the structure of a web pages semantically and originally includes cues for
the appearance of the document.

• C Language : C is a high-level and general purpose programming language that is ideal for
developing firmware or portable applications. C is proven flexible and powerful and may be used for a
variety of different applications.

• C++ Language : C++ is a general purpose object-oriented programming (OOP) language which is
an extension of c language. C++ is primarily utilized with system/application software, drivers, client-
server application and embedded firmware.

• Python : Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general purpose programming
Python has a design philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant white spaces.

• JAVA : Java is a general purpose computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based,
object-oriented and specially designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.

• C# : C# is a multi-paradigm programming language encompassing strong typing. imperative,

declarative, functional, generic object oriented and component-oriented programming language. It is the
programming language designed for Common Language Infrastructure(CLI).

• ASP.NET : ASP.NET is an open source server side web application framework designed for web
development to produce dynamic web pages, web applications and web services.

13
2.2 Existing system :-

The existing system consists of a Arduino microcontroller and an buzzer system. The Arduino
board is used to write the program code and interface with the various components. The buzzer is a
electronic audio signal source which acts as a output device and gives a beep when the any object sense
from ultrasonic sensor.

2.3 Proposed System :-

The proposed System used for ultrasonic sensor to detect obstacles without touching it using
ultrasonic waves. On sensing obstacles the sensor passes this data to the microcontroller then processes
this data and calculates if the obstacles is close enough. if the obstacles far the circuit does nothing but if
the obstacles it detects water and alert the blind persons.

2.4 Requirement analysis :-

2.4.1 Hardware requirement :-

1. Ultrasonic sensor
2. Arduino Nano
3. Buzzer
4. LDR
5.LED
6.Vibration motor

2.4.2 Software requirement :-

1.Arduino Board

2.6 Justification of technology :-

3.4.1.1 Arduino IDE :-

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross- platform application

(for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It is used to write and
upload programs to Arduino board. The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General
Public License, version 2. The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of
code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides
many common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for
starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main()
into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU tool chain, also included with the IDE
distribution.

14
3.4.2.1 Arduino Nano :-

Arduino Nano is a microcontroller board based on ATmega328p. It has 20pins out of which 16
digital input and output pins and 6 analog input pins. 16MHZ Quartz crystal, power jack, ICSP header
and reset button compare to PIC microcontroller, it is very easy to perform with Arduino since it is user
friendly. The Operation Voltage is 5V, You can directly connect it to computer with USB cable, power
it with AC-DC adapter or battery.

3.4.2.2 ULTRASONIC SENSOR :-

Ultrasonic sensor is used to detect the object in front of the person. HC- SRC04 ultrasonic
sensor has 4 pins-ground, Vcc, trigger and Echo. It ranging from 2cm to 400cm. Mainly it has two
opening-one is transmitter which is used to transmit the signal and another one is receiver which is used
to receive the signal. It sends ultrasound waves at high frequency and receive back the signal.

15
3.4.2.3 LDR :-

A LDR (or light-dependent resistor, or photo-conductive cell) is a light- controlled variable

resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other
words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits,
and light-activated and dark-activated switching circuits.

3.4.2.4 Buzzer :-

A Buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical,

or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, and
confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

16
 Chapter 3
Requirement and analysis

3.1 Problem Definition :-

People who are completely blind or have impaired vision usually have a difficult time navigating
outside the spaces that they’re accustomed to. In fact, physical movement is one of the biggest challenges
for blind people.
Traveling or merely walking down a crowded street can be challenging. Because of this,Many
people with low vision will prefer to travel with a sighted friend or family member when Navigating
unfamiliar places.
Smart Blind Stick will help that peoples to walk on streets without their family members or friends.

3.2 Requirement Specification :-

Preparing smart blind stick using Arduino. The system will help the blind people to walk on the
streets. The ultrasonic sensor sense the object when the object is seen then buzzer will beep. The LDR
will detect the light according to light the buzzer will beep.

3.3 Planning and Scheduling :

3.3.1 PERT CHART:

17
3.3.2 Gantt Chart :

7/14/2023 9/2/2023 10/22/2023 12/11/2023 1/30/2024 3/20/2024

Requirements Analysis

Design

Frontend Development

Backend Development

Integration and Testing

User Acceptance Testing

Deployment

3.4 Software and Hardware Requirement :-

3.4.1 Software Requirement:-

Software Requirement Description

Arduino IDE The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a
cross platform application for Windows, macOS, Linux that
is written in the programming language Java. It is used to
write and upload programs to Arduino board.

3.4.2 Hardware Requirement :-

Hardware Requirement Description

Arduino IDE The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a
cross platform application
for Windows, macOS, Linux that is written in the programming
language Java. It is used to write and upload programs to
Arduino board.
Ultrasonic Sensor Ultrasonic sensor is used to detect the object in front of the
person. HC-SRC04 ultrasonic sensor has 4 pins- ground, Vcc,
trigger and Echo. It ranging from 2cm to 400cm.
LDR A LDR (or light-dependent resistor, or photo-conductive. cell)
is a light-controlled variable resistor.
The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increasing
incident light intensity.

Buzzer A Buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may

be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for
short).
Vibration Motor It gives the vibration when the obstacle is detected by the
ultrasonic sensor. Also it vibrates when the light is
detected.
18
 Chapter 4
Implementation and Testing

4.1 Basic Modules :-

Arduino:-

It is a Microcontroller board developed by Arduino.cc and based on

Atmega328p/Atmega168. Arduino boards are widely used in robotics, embedded systems, and electronic
projects where automation is an essential part of the system. These boards were introduced for the
students and people who come with no technical background.

4.2 Data Design

4.2.1 Circuit Design:-

The technology behind the Arduino Smart Blind Stick is pretty straightforward.
There are mainly three blocks behind it: input, controller, and output. The input consists of an
ultrasonic sensor that is capable of detecting obstacles in front of it at a range of up to about 13
feet. It is interfaced to the Arduino, which determines if an obstacle is too close to the cane and
triggers the output if it is. The output consists of a vibration motor to provide response, and a
buzzer beeps.

19
4.3 Procedural Design

4.3.1 Block Diagrams :-

POWER
VOLTAGE
SUPPLY REGULATOR

ULTRASONIC
SENSOR VIBRATION
MOTOR

LED
ARDUINO BUZZER
NANO
LDR
Diagram

BATTERY

4.4 User Interface Design :-

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4.5 Security Issues :

There is no security Problem in the current project. Because the existing system is an example
of embedded system. In the Future we are planning to add the Bluetooth module. Because of that when
one device is connected to stick then the other device can not connected to the stick. Once device is
disconnected then the other device can connect the stick. Only one device is connect at a time.

4.6 Test Cases Design

Test Approach :

Testing is a process of examining a product determine what defects it contains, whether defeat
is in code or system. Hence, we have tested this application by reviewing the construction the composition
by exercising the functions, matching output with assumed output and examining results. Since we have
tested throughout the development of our model.

4.6.1 Unit Testing :

In this Testing we are trying to test the all the component individually. In future we are
planning for verify this stick with blind person who actually suffering from that problem.

4.6.2 Integration Testing :

It defines the order in which merge individual units of application it process that starts with a
set of units each individually tested in isolation and end when the entire model has been build. We have
implemented bottom of approach where in units are merged and integrated from lower level. This has
enable in detecting interface errors and other exception. That is the product can not contain any defect or
errors.

4.6.3 System testing :

It verifies the entire model as a whole, after integration of all modules and its validation according
to our original model requirement certain categories of system testing has been include:

4.6.3.1 Compatibility Testing :

We have accessed the performance of our entire application in a particular environment defined
by its specific version of hardware, software, etc.

21
4.6.3.2 Load Testing :

The system's response is quite impressive as its response time does not exceed the
average response time of our model.

4.6.3.3 Performance testing :

When the object is at long distance then the sound of buzzer should be low and when the object
is near that time the buzzer sound should be high. And also when the intensity of light is high or
low that time buzzer should beep properly.

4.7 Code :-

/*Modified by
* Technical team, REES52
*/

#define pingPin 2 //trig pin of sr04

#define echoPin 3
int distance;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Starting Serial Terminal
pinMode(pingPin,OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin,INPUT);
pinMode(12,OUTPUT); //pin12 is used as GND pin for buzzer since arduino
nano has only two GND pins
pinMode(A3,OUTPUT); //pin A3 provides the output on buzzer
}

void loop() {
long duration, cm;
digitalWrite(12, LOW); //Buzzer GND is always low

//send a signal at ping pin at an interval of 0.002 seconds to check for an

object
digitalWrite(pingPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(pingPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(pingPin, LOW);

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH); //check time using pulseIn function

distance = duration*0.034/2;
cm = microsecondsToCentimeters(duration); //functin call to find distance

/* Serial.print(cm);
Serial.print("cm");
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 Serial.println();
delay(100);

for debugging
*/

if (cm<30&&cm>20)
{analogWrite(A3,255);
delay(1000);
analogWrite(A3,0);
delay(1000); } //sound buzzer every second if
obstacle distance is between 20-30cm.

else if (cm<20&&cm>10) {analogWrite(A3,255);

delay(500);
analogWrite(A3,0);
delay(500); } //sound buzzer every 0.5 seconds if
obstacle distance is between 10-20cm.

else if (cm<10&&cm>0) {analogWrite(A3,255);

delay(100);
analogWrite(A3,0);
delay(100); } //sound buzzer every 0.1 seconds if
obstacle distance is between 0-10cm.

else analogWrite(A3,0); //do not sound the buzzer

Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.print(distance);
}

//function to return distance in cm from microseconds

long microsecondsToCentimeters(long microseconds) {
return microseconds / 29 / 2;
}

23
 Chapter 5
Result and Discussion

6.1 Test Reports

Test Case Id: 01

Test Objective: Sense the obstacle and beep the buzzer.

Process: object or obstacle are sense by ultrasonic sensor and buzzer will beeps.

Status: Pass

Test Case Id: 02

Test Objective: sense the light of any vehicle.

Process: LDR will sense the light. If any light found buzzer will beep.

Status: Pass

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 CHAPTER 6
Conclusion

6.1 Conclusion :-

The blind walking stick has been finally made into prototype which can be used to guide
the blind. It's aims to solve the problems faced by the blind people in their daily life. The
system also takes the measure to ensure their safety. This project will operate to help all the
blind people in the world to make them easier to walk everywhere they want. It was done to
help the blind to move in front very well. It is used to help the people with disabilities that are
blind to facilitate movement and increase safety.

6.1.1 Significance of the System :-

Task during the project

• Sense the obstacle and beep the buzzer

• Sense the light and beep the buzzer

➤ Sense the obstacle and beep the buzzer

If the any obstacle is found by the ultrasonic sensor then It will send the
information to Arduino and Arduino will pass the information to buzzer for beeping in
appropriate frequency.

➤ Sense the light and beep the buzzer

If the any light is sense by LDR then it send the information to Arduino and
buzzer will beep.

6.2 Future Scope of Project:-

The future scope of the existing smart stick, guides the visually impaired person in his
navigation independently in an efficient manner ensuring the person's safety.

a. The Braille input device gives the blind person an uncomplicated method to provide the
destination address for navigation.

b. The programmable wheels would steer the stick away from the obstacles and also leading
the blind person towards the destination.

25
c. Internet of Things is a trending concept which can increase the benefits of the smart stick by
allowing one stick to communicate with another smart stick (or mobile, PCs) nearby to utilize
the functionality of the other stick when one stick's functionality breaks down.

d. In order to run this integrated set of hardware we can use solar panels as an alternative to the
battery. The use of solar panel occurs to be more advantageous as it uses sunlight, the easily
available renewable resource of energy, to get recharged.

26
 Chapter 7
Reference

1. www.Google.com

2. www.YouTube.com

3. https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/arduino-smart-blind-stick

4. https://randomnerdtutorials.com/guide-to-neo-6m-gps-module-with-arduino/

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