4

1. (3 + 𝑎 )4 =∑ (42)𝑥 2 𝑎4−2
𝑘=2

2𝑛 𝑛(𝑛−1)𝑥 2
2. (1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 1 + + +4
1! 2!

4
3. 432 √2+3

−6±√4 2 −4𝑎𝑐
4. + √3
2𝑎

2 2 2
5. ∭3 1 + ∬4 1𝑏 − ∬

6. ∑24 2 + ∑21 5 − ∑4 1 × ∑ 3

7. {10|5} × ‖22‖ ± 32

8. sin−1 21 × sin 2 + cos 13 − cot 12

⃛ ̇ ̂
9. 32 ∓ 12 ÷ 6

1 2
10. log 32 2 ± log 5 × lim (1 + )
2 𝑛→∞

12 4 3 2 1 3
11. 21 6 5 × 1 4 2
16 6 3 2 1 3

34
12. 21 + 1 13 5
10
SN NAMES AGE SEX D.O. B P.O. B MAL FACULTY DEPT MARKS

1 ACHU 13 M 12/01/99 SANTA UB00123 EDUC. ENG 12/20

2 MARCEL 13 M 11/01/98 BUEA UB00235 EDUC. GEO 14/20

3 NCHANG 15 M 13/05/90 BUEA UB00342 SCIENCE BIO 11/20

4 RAY 16 F 23/03/89 KUMBO UB00231 SCIENCE CHEM 09/20

5 GILBERT 12 F 15/06/97 KUMBO UB00132 ARTS JMC 07/20

6 NANGA 17 F 21/08/90 LIMBE UB00453 ARTS JMC 19/20

7 KONJOH 11 F 01/09/99 TIKO UB00452 ARTS HIST 13/20

8 AZAH 10 M 17/08/97 DOUALA UB0375 ASTI INT 10/20

9 MINET 17 F 28/09/90 LIMBE UB00111 ASTI INT 11/20

10 BRENDA 09 F 27/01/93 AWING UB00988 SCIENCE MATHS 15/20

11 ASANJI 18 M 16/12/94 BANSO UB00534 EDUC. MATHS 17/20

Use grid table3 ascent2, heading =time new roman/12 and

body=time new roman/10

The budget for a project is simply the combined costs of the

individual activities or work

packages that the project must accomplish. In recent times, institutions and nations are

resorting to the activity-based-budgeting technique in which the total project cost is a

summation of the individual activity cost necessary to get the project completed. The Project

Budget is a tool used by project managers to estimate the total cost of a project. A project

budget template includes a detailed estimate of all costs that are likely to be incurred before

the project is completed.

The concept of budgeting is not complete without the expenditure side. As resources are

planned to be raised, stakeholders also want to know how the resources will be used. Thus a

complete project budget is an estimate of the income and expenditures necessary to drive a

project from the start to the finish point. A large project can have project budgets that are

several pages long. Such projects often have a large number of costs associated with them,

such as labor costs, material procurement costs, and operating costs. The Project Budget

itself is a dynamic document. It is continuously updated over the course of the project.
A project will involve spending 2,800,000 frs now. Annual cash flow from the project is
constant at 200,000 frs each year for the next 5 years. What is the payback period?
Exercise 1
The management of Health Supplement Inc wants to reduce its labour cost by installing a new
machine. Two types of machines are available in the market. Machine X and Y. Machine X
would cost 15000FCFA. Both the machine reduces labour cost by 3000FCFA.
Required: which is the best machine to purchase according to payback method?
Payback period for an uneven cash flow
The University of Bamenda is considering investing in a n y o f t h e f o l l o w i n g
projects and information made available for five years by the technical services is as follows:
Year 0 1 2 3 4 5
A(000 frs) -2000 500 500 600 400 800
B(000 frs) -3000 1000 900 800 500 500
Required: Advice The University of Bamenda using the payback criterion on which of
the project they should entrust their cash to
Discounted payback period
A company is considering investing in a project that has initial cash outlay of 5,000,000frs
for four years. The following cash inflows are given for the four years.
Year 1 2 3 4
Cash flow 2,070,000 2,300,000 3,000,000 5,000,000
Given that the cost of capital is 12%, calculate the discounted payback period.
The limitation of payback method:
• Payback does not consider any cash flows that arrive after the payback period
• Payback gives equal weight to all cash flows arriving before the cut-off period
(an improved method is to calculate the discounted payback period)
• Usually the large construction projects inevitably have long payback periods
Therefore, payback method is most commonly used when the capital investment is small, when
the merits of the project are so obvious that formal analysis is unnecessary.
II-Discounted cash flow methods
d) NET PRESENT VALUE (NPV)
THE NPV IS A METHOD USED TO DETERMINE THE CURRENT VALUE OF ALL
FUTURE CASH FLOWS GENERATED
by a project, including the initial capital investment. It is widely used in capital budgeting to
establish which projects are likely to generate the greatest profit. Net present value is the
difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows
over a period of time. The formula for NPV varies depending on the number and consistency
of future cash flows. If there’s one cash flow from a project that will be paid one year from
now, the calculation for the net present value is as follows:
Type the following paragraphs into the word processing sheet:
Auditor’s risk and its components
Auditor’s risk is the risk that the auditor expresses an inappropriate audit opinion
when the financial statements are materially misstated. Auditor’s risk is a function of
two main components being; the risks of material misstatement and detection risk.
Detection is the risk that the procedures performed by the auditor to reduce
auditor’s risk to an acceptably low level will not detect a misstatement which exists
and which could be material, either individually or when aggregated with other
misstatements. Detection risk is affected by sampling and non-sampling risk.
Risk of material misstatement is made up of two components; inherent risk and
control risk. Inherent risk is the susceptibility of an assertion about a class of
transaction, account balance or disclosure to a misstatement which could be
material, either individually or when aggregated with other misstatements, before
consideration of any related controls. Control risk is the risk that a misstatement
which could occur in an assertion about a class of transaction, account balance or
disclosure and which could be material, either individually or when aggregated with
other misstatements, will not be prevented, or detected and corrected, on a timely
basis by the entity’s internal control.

FORMATTING EXERCISE
Let’s do some formatting to improve the layout and content of the answer. If you are
accustomed to using word processing packages have a go at making the following
amendments. Otherwise step by step instructions are detailed below.
Exercise 1
You are required to carry out the following amendments:
1 Format the heading ‘Auditor’s risk and its components’ to paragraph style
‘Heading 4’ and centre the heading
2 Using cut and paste, move paragraph two to the end of the document
3 Insert a heading above paragraph two – Risks of material misstatement – and
make the heading bold and centre
4 Insert a heading above paragraph three – Detection risk – and make the heading
bold and centre
5 Insert bullet points to create a numbered list against risk of material misstatement
and inherent risk in the first paragaph
6 Audit risk has been incorrectly referred to as auditor’s risk throughout, perform a
‘find and replace’ to correct this error