CHAPTER Interpolation CSS TA Introduction 72 Finite Ditferences 73 _ Different Operators and their Relations 74 Interpolation 75 Newton's Forward Inierpolation Formula 7.6 Newton's Backward Interpolation Formula 77 Central Difference Interpolation 78. Gauss's Forward Interpolation Formul 79 Gauss's Backward Interpolation Formula 7,10. Stirling's Formula 711 Interpolation with Unequal Imervals 7.12 Lugranige’s Interpolation Formula 713 Divided Differences 7.14 Newton's Divided Difference Formula 7AS_ Inverse Interpolation 7.1 INTRODUCTION Intorpokition isthe process of reading between the lines of a table. It is the process of ‘computing intermediate values of a function from a given set of tabular values of the function. Extrapolation is used to denote the process of finding the values cutside the given interval, Jn the imerpolation proc: reused to find an expression for ls) and then using it to find its required value for a given valve of « But it i® dificult to find an exuct form of f(s) using the limited values in the table. Hence, 71) is teplaced by another function @(x). which matches with U0) at the diserete values in the table. This function ox} is known as the interpolating function.7.2 Chapter? interpototion When the interpolating function is 2 polynomial function, the process is known as polynomial interpolation, Polynomial interpolations are preferred because of the following reasons: (i) They are sitnple forms of functions which ean be easily manipulated. (ii) Polynomials are free From singularities whereas rational functions or other types hve singularities. 7.2 FINITE DIFFERENCES Let the function y = fix) be tabulated for the equally spaced values yy = for $1 fl0+ HY fly # IN). ony fly meh a fy HN ADA cae ty tah wy uM eM To determine the values of f(x) for some intermediate values of x, the following three types of differences can be used 7.2.1 Forward Differences Ih yy.¥), 49. + Ya demote a set of values of y then yy — Vp, %4~ Ye ---Fe Yous aE called the first forward differences of y and are denoted by Ay Avs... A¥,.. tespectively. a -Yo Ay enn Md) Sa Met where A is called the forwand difference operator. The differences of the frst forward differences are called second forward differences and are denoted by A°yy, A°y,, 4°yj.1, Similarly, third forward differences, fourth forward differences, etc.. cant be defined +9 O2- 29) +90) ~3 +3), —Yo7.2 Finite Dijferences 7.3 Syy= Aya = (4-35 +39 =tyy- 32439, yn ays #62 Ay) + yy Since the coefficients oceurring on the right-hand side are the hinomial evefficients. the general form is Aye: than yy A=W S42h=s2 yz Avo ayo 3h=xy yy yy = yy — By ANAM worthy yy Indifference table, x is called the argument, and y is called the funetion or entry. Note When (n + 1) values are given, the highest-order difference is m, e.2., when 5 values are given, the highest-onder difference is 4, 7.2.2 Backward Differences IF Np yy. 832 ee Mp denote a set of values of y them yy — yy ¥y — hes By — Met are called the first backward differences of y and are denoted by Vy). Vy... Vyy: respectively. Wie v—M where V is called the backward difference operator Similarly. backward differences of higher order can be defined. Vs Vy)7.4 Chapter? interpolation =V Oxy) =¥y:-Vyy soy Oyo) = ys) #99 Vy Vy; Vy yyy + yy — yy ete. Backward Difference Table Yas Via Va, Vas Yen 7.2.3 Central Differences Tv Yio y, denote a set of values of y then yy ~ 5 Tin are ealed the contra differences of yand are denoted by 8), 8y3.-..1 By 1 respectively. by, where 5 is called the central difference operutor. Similarly. higher-order central dif ferences can be defined.7.2 Finite Differences 7.5 8, = bys — by, 2 = 0s-¥)- (m0) ¥2-2y, +9 ey, ya- 8 y, ete. Conttal Difference Table From the central difference table, itis clear that the central differences on the same horizontal line have the same suffix. Also, the differences of odd orders are known ‘only For half values of the suffix and those of even orders, for only integral values of the suffix. Note [1 is clear from the three difference tables that it is only the notations which change and not the differences.7.6 Chapter? interpolation 7.3 DIFFERENT OPERATORS AND THEIR RELATIONS 1, Forward Difference Operator ‘The forward difference operator is denoted by and is defined as afeo=, or Ay + hf) where h is known as the interval of differencing. 2. Backward Difference Operator The backward difference operator is de- noted by Vand is defined ay ‘Vfon = fon - fr) or 3. Central Difference Operator ‘The central difference operator is denoted by Sand is defined as or 4. Shift Operator The shift operatar is denoted by & and is defined as Elfeal=ste+ or Ey, ‘Similarly, E* fol or Ee! 5. Averaging Operator The averaging operator is denoted by jv and is defined sn feted ifferential Operator The differential operator is denoted by D and is de- fined as a Dfo= Ts7.3. Different Operators and their Relations 7.7 7.3.1 Relations between Operators 1. Relation between A and E [Summer 2015, Winter 2014, Summer 2014, Summer 2013] A Fld =frh)-f09 = Ef(n)-Six) be Efey= f6x+0 =(E-N fa) ABE-I or Esta 2, Relation between V and E [Winter 2014, Winter 2013] Win = fer- fu) =f- EYE) be fod = fet) SU-E fia) oo Valea 3. Relation between Sand E7.8 Chapter 7 interpolation 5, Relation between D and E [Winter 2014, Summer 2014] EsOo= fle+h) = faiths Ty"ye [By Taylor's series] Also, nD = log E= logi+ 4) Coroiiary Eee? Proof 4 E 2 f(x) = 2 Etme? 6. Relation between and 5 bo +E?7.3. Different Operators and their Relations 7.9 Example 1 Prove that (1 +A)(1-V)=1 Solution a+ Ayl-V} Example 2 Prove that 62 sinh " Solution «nn("2)7.10 Chapter 7 interpotatian Example 3 Prove that hD = sinh“ (id) Solution HD = sint (5) Example 4 Prove that Alog f(x) = log] 1+ 4 £0 fo) Solution Alog f(x) = log f(x +h) log f63) = tog LOH. fo = tog EL) ea fly asa) fa) = tog FAVS) ef) | evens) 10) Asi) = log) 14+ 2)7.3. Different Operators and thelr Relations 7.11 Example 5 Eyaluate (a) AG? + sin x), and (b) A* cos 3x, the interval of differencing being h, Solution fi) AGE + sinc) = [CFP sin C+ A= OF + sin 8) SH + lhv-+sin (e+ h) sin, : Wal =H 23haeo{ x42) sin w A cas3x= A(Acos3x) = Afcos3(x+h)- cos3x] = Acos3(s-+li) ~Acos3 = c0s3| (+4) +ii}-cos3(x +h) cos H+ h) + 60534 = cos3(x+2h) -2eos Kah) oos3x =cos3(x+ 2h) +e0s3x—2eos3(x +H) Example 6 a Ee Prove that (=): =e" Solution7A2 Chapter? interpolation Example 7 Prove that AV =(A-¥) Solution: AVS) = AL) f=] =AS(X)-Afle-h) =Af(x)-L)-fG-a) =As()-V fo =A-V) slay ava(a-¥) Example 8 Prove that \= EV = VE Solution Afi) = flth)~ fl) af) EV 0x) = £{so- fem} fa E fh) xh) fo) VEfin)=V sixth = flathy=foy 13) From Eqs (1), (2), and (3). AsEV=VE7.3. Different Operators ane thelr Relations 7.13 Example 9 Find the missing term in the following table: Solution Difference Table 1 7 wT 1-5, 3 n-5 38~4y, 8 Bow 4 a 8 16 s ” Since only four entries are given, the fourth-order difference will be zero, Example 10 Obtain the estimate of missing terms in the following table: 45 6 7 87.14 Chapter 7 interpolation Difference Table a 2 4 ou ss 640 = a4 ios hoa bei soa a0 Steno wettest 1h tse b-32 ee 10b + Sa 712 was aie yun » re 4s 26 Since only six values are given, aN\y=0 20a + 6b = 706 ot WSa + 15b= 1196 2) Solving Eqs (1) and (2), a=1626 oaoaas Example 11 The following table gives the value of y which is a polynomial of degree five. Itis known that y= f(3) is in error. Correct the error. of 2 3 6 & 6 12 33254 ws 3126 77777.3. Different Operotors and thelr Relations — 7.15 Solution Let fQ)=a Since y isa polynomial of degre ASy=0 (E-1P 420 (E° —6E* + 1SE4 208" + ISE7-6E+ 1) 50 yP bys + 154 — 205 # 1594 —6y) + y= 0 7772 —6(3 126) + 1S(1025) ~ 20a 4 15(33)— 6(2) +1 =0 20a = 4880 a=244 Error= 254-244 = 10 Example 12 If u, is a fiction for which the fifth difference is constant and My + ty = —7B4, thy + tg = O86, 45 + us = 1088, fined Hy Solution Since the fifth difference is constant, Muy =0 (E-1fhu=0 (ES — 66 + 1SE* 20° + ISE7-6£ + 1) 1, = 0 ty ~ 6g + 1S ~ 2001, + 1S, — 6x, + 4, = 0 (ute ~ Blu + Wy) + 1Skg + 13) ~ 204, = 0 ~T84 ~ 6(686) + 1S(LORS) ~ 204, =0 20u, = 11820 42571 7.3.2 Factorial Notation A product of the form x(s — 1) (x2 function and is denoted by [x)". (e+ 1) is called a factorial polynomial or UJ" =a 6e~ 1) b= IF the interval of differencing ish then ten 1) LaMarr) r= 20). (= A7.16 Chapter 7 interpolation ‘The factorial notation is of special wility in the theory of finite differences. It is use- ful im finding the successive differences of a polynomial directly by simple rule of differentiation, Example 1 Write fix) = x7 — 200 +2 — 2x + | in factorial notation and find S*fx). Solution de +0204 | AlaT! + BlsT! + lx}? + Dbxl! + fe Let fe) Using synthetic division, 1 Ise 2 3 a foos (alt +4bef +2LeF - 2p Hb AfG= 4a? +12LP 4b] 2 xf +24 s+ Example 2 Express {09 30x + 9 and its successive differences in terms of factorial polynomials, Also, find the function whose first difference is f(x). Solution 2442-30049 fo Let Sic) = Alay’ + Bhs? + Cle? + Ole! +E7.3. Different Operators and thelr Relations 7.17 Using synthetic division, 1 1 2 330 a oo 1 oon u a 2-1" 3 1 ~» | Bac 0 3 ee & fC) = txt Lf SAT +L +9 Aflad=4[x]? —18laP +2614] +1 ayer x}? =36{4]!' +26 8G) = 24a) '-36 Alf 24 aye By integrating f(x), the function ¢) whose first difference is f(x), is abtained. Example 3 Express f(x) = 20° — 3° + 3x-~ 10 in factorial polynomial and, hence, show that ° f(x) = 12. Solution Se dt 3 +3410 Let AO FALE + BLP + Chl! +0 Using synthetic division, ' a 3 [oe 2 +1 2 -1 as€ 4 3-87.18 Chapter 7 Interpolation Jo) = af $3[aF 42h] 10 ASC) =6 Lx]? +6Lx]'+2 A?fx) = Lal +6 ANf(y=12 EXERCISE 7.1 1. Prove the following identitfes: () aveva (i) Veeta (ili) EV=VE tw) “) (wi) 2, Find z# um lee] (i) atant x (ii) a%e™ (iv) A (x + Cos x) () AM (axt + bx? + cx +d) —f___ ithe +x [ons “padi «iy tan ( } (iii) (1)? ) 1=2sin{x+ sina wat «| 3. Evaluate (| sin x, where the interval of difference is h RE [Ans.: sin (x +h) —2 sin x + sin (x—h)] 4. Prove that (1) Ape fei] = (+A) A $0) + AF XD (ii) (A+ Vy? G+ x) = Bh7.5. Newton's Forward Interpolation Formula 7.19 5. Prove that /(4) = f(3) +A f(2) + 7 f(1) +3? f(1). ae) (at) 6. Find Fix’) and ley 2 oe 7. y= a3" + b(-2)" and h = t, prove that (A? + A 6y=0. 8. Find the missing term from the following data: Mo 1 2 3 4 fais 9 - & (Ans.: 31] 9. From the following table, estimate y at x= 2. Py 6 8 10 12 a6 7 1332 7 {Ans.: 7] 10. If y= -10, uy =-6, U;=2, Us = 12, Uy = 26, Us = 42, find Uy. [Ans.: 46] At, Is = 4, Uy= 12, Us = 22, Ug = 37, Uy = 55, find up. [Ans.: 69] 12. From the following table, find (15)°. M3579 11 M27 125 343 721 1331 [Ans.: 3375] 7.4 INTERPOLATION Lot the function y= /(x) take the values Yq ¥), Ys corresponding to the values Xe XjeXpe ns X, OF X. The process of finding the value of y corresponding to any value of x=. between x and x, is called interpolation. Thus. interpolation is a technique of finding the value of a function for any intermediate value of the independent variable. The process of computing the value of the function outside the range of given values of the variable is called exirapolation. The study of interpolation is based an the concept of finite differences which were discussed in the preceding section, 7.5 NEWTON'S FORWARD INTERPOLATION FORMULA Let the function y= f(x) take the values yj. y. 95. -.- Comesponding to the values x, yo Xoo OF Suppose it is required to evaluate f(x) for = .xy + rh, where ris any real number7.20 Chapter 7_ Interpolation ip +r) =E flay) = (ay flay) =U4AY' yy 2 =| Lerat [Using Binomial theorem] x +r yt SU ay + 2 Equation (7.1) is known as Newton's forward interpolation farmulas Note This formul of x, Le, Near ty is used for evaluating the value of y near the initial tabulsted value Example 1 Compute cosh (0.56) using Newton's forward difference formula from the following table: 0s 6 07 08 1iTe26 —Lawsa6512ssi6) 1.337435) Solution Let y= 056.4) =05.1= 0.1 tats 036-05 h OL Diternce Tate otra oss <= 06 LARS 0186s c.05s708 $0067 07 12sstes ooiasea ia os Laas7.5. Newton's Forward Interpolation Formula 7.21 By Newton's forward difference formula, Fag = fig r9fngye LDA faye PED adyeagyene cosh (0.56) =1.127626 + 0,610.057839) + 2 9— "(0.91 1865) + MOS6=2 gong 1.127636 + 0.034703 0.001424 + 0.000039 = 1.160934 Example 2 Find the value of sin 52° using Newton's forward interpolation formula from the following table: G as 0 ss oo ing 07071 07660 89208660 Solution Let Difference Table 07071 50° 0.7660 DOS 00332 0.0007 5s" asis2 =0.0064 0.0468 or a.s660 By Newton's forward interpolation formuta, re) rr-1r-2) 43, 0) yy tram + Ary) + Yet 27.22 Chapter7 Interpolation sinS2°= rot anassy =D 70771 + 0.0825 ~ 0.0016 +0.00004 17880 Example 3 Using Newton's forward interpolation formula, find the value of f(1.6). 1 4 18. 22 349 482 5.96 6s Solution Let rz uo nD 1 349 Ls 482 -09 tad aa 18 396 -06 ost 6s By Newton's forward interpolation formula, HO=D n2 pp yg HER DUP=2) 3 Fig + Ah) = f%q)+ PAF Lg) + Dat tg) EER?) A Foxy to 38 —1ts— 4.6) =3.4941.5(1.33)+ SUSY 9 19) 4 BUSS“ 9) 9 41) = 3.49 +1.995—0,0713 +0,0256 = 5.43937.5. Mewton’s Forward interpolation Formula 7.23 Example 4 Use Newton's forward difference method ta find the approximate value of f(..3) from the following data: 1 2 3 4 ul 42 93 164 Solution Let Difference Table he at 4 rr) By Newton's forward interpolation formuls, 1 a2 pcxgy 4 EOE MERDD ren 3 MY) + ai Lg + Fla) = flag) + FAN) + 140304203) ay40 £03) 1+0.93-0.21 82 Example 5 Use Newton's forward difference method to find the approximate value of f2.3) from the following data: 2 4 6 8 42 82 122 1627.24 Chapter7 interpolation Solution Let Difference Table 4 4 6 122 o 4 8 162 By Newton's forward interpolation formula, rr-D Lead= fl) PAF ag) APM Sg) f(23)=4.2+0.15(4)+0 2+06 8 Example 6 Using Newton's forward interpolation formula, find the value of £218). 0 1020025030050 400 106s 1303 150816811842 19.90 21.27 [Summer 2014] Solution Let 218, x= 100, h=507.5. Newton's Forward Interpolation Formula 7.25, Difference Table too rags 24 1501308 201 2015.04 250 16.81 3001842 013 -01 148 02 350 19.90 =o 40227 By Newton's forward interpolation formula, LE9)= fs) Al09) # fagye 2 - 2.36 —1)(2.36— 2.36236-0)/ 9 49), 2362.36 =i ONS) =10.63+2.36(2.4) + 4 2362.36-112.36-212.36- 3) 9.47) a 16(2.36 — 1)(2.36— rr + 230216=112.6- 22.36 90.35 412.36-5) 9 gp, 12.36 - 312.364) gp, 0.63 + 5.664 ~ 0.6259 + 0.0289 +0.0022 +0.0002 -0.00009 5.69937.26 Chapter7 interpolation Example 7 From the following table, estimate the number of students who obtained marks between 40 and 45: 30-40 40-S0 50-60 © 0-70 70-80 oe au 2 sn 35 1 {Summer 201 Solution Cumulative Frequency Table eer) o 0 OO See 3 73 1 159 190 Since x = 45 is nearer to the beginning of the table, Newton's forward interpolation formula is used Let x=45,4)=40,h=10 xq _ 45-40 tt — 42 30 B — 9 SL ae 25 60 124 -16 = 7 z By Newton's forward interpolation formula, r= gay, reir Myo7.5. Newton's Forward Interpolation Formula 7.27 =31421-1,1250~1.5625~ 1.4453 = 47.8672 =48 ‘The number of students with marks fess than 45 = 48 ‘The number of students with marks less than 40 = 31 Hence, the number of students obtaining marks between 40 and 45 = 48-31 = 17 Example 8 Determine the polynomial by Newton’s forward difference formula from the following table: Solution Let Difference Table “4 6 30 407.28 Chapter 7 interpolation By Newton's forward difference formula, r=) _ 2, ArH Wir 2) 43, P= Dlr Y= HAY HAP aby ay + XD 4 AGE DO = 10402) + 2)+- = 1042x441) x(x D2) trtate? 3042) =x 4x? +5010 Example 9 Find a polynomial of degree 2 which takes the following values: o 1 23 4 $ 6 7 1 47 0 6 2 wo Solution Let X= Oh Difference Table 2 4 1 3 ° 3 T 1 4 ° 4 u 1 3 0 3 16 1 6 6 2 1 77.5. Newton's Forward Interpolation Formula 7.29 By Newton’s forward interpolation formula, ry) yO) = yy try + x(x = 14 Example 10 Construct Newton's forward interpolation polynomial for the following data: hal 4 6 8 a ees [Summer 2015] Solution Let Difference Table 4 ra , 6 3 — 5 ™o 8 8 3 3 0 16 By Newton's forward interpolation formula, Mex) = yy trlyy +L gt, + EE gy, 4. 37.30. Chapter7 interpolation “u(t 14 (1-4) SVE) 2 325)_ 18) 6 _ 13 VS) sy i 7.6 NEWTON'S BACKWARD INTERPOLATION FORMULA Let the function y = f(x) take the values yp}. 93. --~. Corresponding to the values x Age Aas oes OF Suppose it is required to evaluate fla) for = ty + rit, where ris any real number. Lls_47h) =E’ fx,) =(EN 1-Vy" yy, [reew Mh ys ete |. [Using Binomial theorem] cy tomy, ofr D ya, , Met Dte 5 yp HV, +A OV, (72) Equation (7.2) is known as Newton's backward interpolation formula, Note This formula is used for evaluating the value of y near to the end of tabulated value of x, Le, near xy