Networking model
1) What is the networking model?
A networking model is a set of guidelines and standards that defines how data is
transmitted and received over a network. It is also known as a networking architecture or
a networking blueprint. It provides a common framework for network devices and software to
communicate with each other.
2) OSI model
OSI model tushunchasi nima va tarmoqdagi vazifasi qanday?
The open systems interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual model created by the
International Organization for Standardization which enables diverse communication systems to
communicate using standard protocols. In plain English, the OSI provides a standard for
different computer systems to be able to communicate with each other.
The OSI Model can be seen as a universal language for computer networking. It is based on the
concept of splitting up a communication system into seven abstract layers, each one stacked
upon the last.
The layers of OSI model
1. Aplication Layer (7)
This layer is the only layer that directly interacts with data from the user. Software
applications like web browsers and email clients rely on the application layer to initiate
communications. But it should be made clear that client software applications are not part of
the application layer; rather the application layer is responsible for the protocols and data
manipulation that the software relies on to present meaningful data to the user.
Application layer protocols include HTTP as well as SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol is one of the protocols that enables email communications).
Encupsulation - Encapsulation is the process of adding additional
information when data is traveling in an OSI or TCP/IP model.
2. Presentation Layer (6)
This layer is primarily responsible for preparing data so that it can be used by the application
layer; in other words, layer 6 makes the data presentable for applications to consume. The
presentation layer is responsible for translation, encryption, and compression of data.
Two communicating devices communicating may be using different encoding methods, so layer
6 is responsible for translating incoming data into a syntax that the application layer of the
receiving device can understand.
If the devices are communicating over an encrypted connection, layer 6 is responsible for adding
the encryption on the sender’s end as well as decoding the encryption on the receiver's end so
that it can present the application layer with unencrypted, readable data.
Finally the presentation layer is also responsible for compressing data it receives from the
application layer before delivering it to layer 5. This helps improve the speed and efficiency of
communication by minimizing the amount of data that will be transferred.
3. The Session Layer (5)
This layer is responsible for opening and closing communication between the two devices. The
time between when the communication is opened and closed is known as the session. The
session layer ensures that the session stays open long enough to transfer all the data being
exchanged, and then promptly closes the session in order to avoid wasting resources.
The session layer also synchronizes data transfer with checkpoints. For example, if a 100
megabyte file is being transferred, the session layer could set a checkpoint every 5 megabytes. In
the case of a disconnect or a crash after 52 megabytes have been transferred, the session could be
resumed from the last checkpoint, meaning only 50 more megabytes of data need to be
transferred. Without the checkpoints, the entire transfer would have to begin again from scratch.
4. The Transport Layer (4)
Layer 4 is responsible for end-to-end communication between the two devices. This includes
taking data from the session layer and breaking it up into chunks called segments before sending
it to layer 3. The transport layer on the receiving device is responsible for reassembling the
segments into data the session layer can consume.
The transport layer is also responsible for flow control and error control. Flow control
determines an optimal speed of transmission to ensure that a sender with a fast connection does
not overwhelm a receiver with a slow connection. The transport layer performs error control on
the receiving end by ensuring that the data received is complete, and requesting a retransmission
if it isn’t.
Transport layer protocols include the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User
Datagram Protocol (UDP).
5. The Network Layer (3)
The network layer is responsible for facilitating data transfer between two different networks. If
the two devices communicating are on the same network, then the network layer is unnecessary.
The network layer breaks up segments from the transport layer into smaller units, called packets,
on the sender’s device, and reassembling these packets on the receiving device. The network
layer also finds the best physical path for the data to reach its destination; this is known
as routing.
Network layer protocols include IP, the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), the Internet
Group Message Protocol (IGMP), and the IPsec suite.
6. Data Link Layer (2)
The data link layer is very similar to the network layer, except the data link layer facilitates
data transfer between two devices on the same network. The data link layer takes packets from
the network layer and breaks them into smaller pieces called frames. Like the network layer, the
data link layer is also responsible for flow control and error control in intra-network
communication (The transport layer only does flow control and error control for inter-network
communications).
7. Physical Layer (1)
This layer includes the physical equipment involved in the data transfer, such as the cables
and switches. This is also the layer where the data gets converted into a bit stream, which is a
string of 1s and 0s. The physical layer of both devices must also agree on a signal convention so
that the 1s can be distinguished from the 0s on both devices.
