- DIVINE RENO. ipter 1 | Lesson 1 itroduction: Comparison & Context ‘Thomas Hyland Eriksen Activity 1: ‘Why are there great variations in the way people around ‘the world live? ‘Amid these variations, why do we see similarities among societies? In what way can the study of different and common aspects of human existence contribute to our understanding, of culture, society, and politics? Anthropology is philosophy with the people in. ~ Tim Ingold Anthropology has humanity as its object of research, but unlike the other human sciences, it tries to grasp its object through its most diverse manifestations. - Claude Lévi- Strauss Anthropology is about how different people can be, but also tries to'find out in what sense it can be said that all humans have something in common. If we want to discover what man amounts to, we can only Jind it in what men are: and what men are, above all other things, is various. - Clifford Geertz An Outline of the Subject Anthropology is a compound of two Greck words, “anthropos” and “logos”, which can be translated as “uman” and “reason” ‘respectively. So_ anthropology ‘means “reason about humans” or “knowledge about humans” Social Anthropology would then mean knowledge about ‘humans in sents ‘The word “culture”, which is also crucial to the discipline, originates from the Latin “colere”, which means to cultivate. (The word colony has the same origin.) Cultural_Anthropology thus means “knowledge about cultivated humans;” that is, knowledge about those aspects of humanity which are not natural, but which are related to that is acquired In the earlier 1950s, Clyde Kluckhohn and Alfred Kroeber presented 161 different definitions of culture, Therefore, as @ preliminary conceptualisation of culture, define it as those abilities, notions and forms of behaviour persons have acquired as members of society The relationship between culture and society can be described in the following ways. Culture refers to the acquired, cognitive and symbolic aspects of existence, whereas society refers to the social organisation of human life, patterns of interaction and power of relationships ‘The Universal & The Particular If each discipline can be said to have a central problem, then the central problem of anthropology is the diversity of human social life. Michael Carrithers A strong universalist programme is found in the Donald Brown's book Human Universals, where the author claims that anthropologist have for generations exaggerated the differences between societies, neglecting the very substantial commonalities that hold humanity together. Human Universals which included: age-grading, athletic sports, bodily adomment, calendar, cleanliness training, community organization, cooking, cooperative labor, dream interpretation, education, eschatology, ethics, ethnobotany, etiquette, faith healing, family, feasting, fire making, folklore, food taboos, funeral rites, games, gesture gift giving, government, greetings. ‘Structural-Functionalism Alll societies operate according to the same general principles. (Structuralisir” The human mind has a common architecture expressed through myth, kinship and other cultural phenomena, ‘The logic of human action is the same everywhere. “Materialist Approaches i? Culture and Society are determined by ecological and/or technological factors. The Problem of Ethnocentrism In order to understand people's lives, it is therefore necessary to try to grasp the totality of their experiential world; and in order to succeed in this project, it is inadequate to look at selected “variable”. Example: “Annual Income” This kind of argument may be read as a waming against ethnocentrism, Ethnos is a Greek word which means “a people”. It means evaluating other people from one’s own vantage-point and describing them in one’s own terms. Cultural Relativism It is sometimes posited as the opposite of ethnocentrism. This is the doctrine that societies or cultures are qualitatively different and have their own unique inner logic, and that it is therefore scientifically absurd to rank them on scale, Activity 2: ‘What are the objects of anthropological study? ‘What perspective does anthropology offer to the study of culture and society? Why is it important to know the similarity and diversity of cultures and society? Activity 3 | . | |s Sie ipf a partner, then differentiaté"the culture, society, and litics in your community with his/her community. Write ‘Your answers of % sheet of intermediate paper. Chapter 1 | Lesson 2 The Promise C. Wright Mills Activity 4: How can one understand society? How is addressing or solving a personal problem different from addressing a public problem? It is not only information they need ~ in this Age of Fact, information often dominates their attention and overwhelms their capacities to assimilate it. ‘What they need, and what they feel they need, is a quality of mind that will help them to use information and to develop reason in order to achieve lucid summations of what is going on in the world and of what may be happening within themselves. Sociology It is the systematic study of human society, focusing particularly on the dynamic interplay between individual and society. Sociological Perspective It is at the heart of sociology, an special point of view of sociology that sces general patterns of society in the lives of particular people. Sociological Imagination It is a quality of mind that enables the possessor to link personal with the social. (C.W. Mills) ‘The Social Imagination It enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the extemal career of a variety of individuals. The Social Imagination Ik enables people to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society, Three Sorts of Questions: ‘What is the structure of this particular society as a whole? ‘Where does this society in human history? What varieties of men and women now prevail in this society and in this period? Troubles It occurs within the character of individual and within the Tange of his immediate relations with others; they have to do with his self and with those limited areas of social life of which he is directly and personally aware. Issues It has to do with matters that transcend these local cavironments of the individual and the range of his inner life Activity 5: Turning Point Make a group consists of 6 members, documenter, & | reporter. Illustrate the main points discussed by the group on a sheet ‘of Manila paper or any appropriately sized piece of paper. Present the group work to the class. 1 leader, 1 Activity 6: ‘What personal troubles have you experienced? (Identify 2 —3 personal troubles.) Are any of these personal troubles also social problems? Which ones and why? Identify solutions to these social problems, ‘Chapter 1 | Lesson 3 Politics, You & Democracy Lydia N. Yu-Jose Activity 7: Give meaning to the word politics through giving meaning to every letter of the acronym [Link]. Activity &: Among the many definitions of politics which one is the most agreeable to you? Why? How can one determine what is political and what is not? ‘What is the role of active participation in a democracy? Do you agree that democracy is the best political system? Why or why not? ‘A human being ts a political animal, he is not human but beast or a God ifhe could live outside the state.” Aristotle Aristotle view is on a city-state and not on a Nation-state. On a city-state, almost everything is political — the ceremonies involving God were civic, the Olympics which started in ancient Greece, were political Nation-state is much bigger in size and population than city-state. Given its larger size and population, can we still, say that human beings are political animals? Now that our lives are more complicated and definitely more modern than the lives of the ancient Grecks, can we siill say that politics affects all of us? (e.g. coup d'etat, antigovernment rallies, elections.) ‘There are many aspects of life that are political - birth, wedding, death, alcoholic drinks, salary, building house, daily commodities, schooling, etc. What is Politics? There are scholars who consider any activity that involves Power ~ who gels what, when, and how ~ as political (Lasswell, 1936). Politics is at the heart of all collective social activity, formal and informal, public and private, in all human ‘groups, institutions and societies, not just some of them, and that it abvays has been and always will be (Leftwich 1984). )ites may be defined in a narrow sense in terms of areng cof activity in the modern world, It has a narrow meaning ‘nfo defined in relation foie sate In the Greek word “polis” and in the Latin word “res publica” which means affairs of the state. “Politics is reserved to the statesmen and stateswomen.” | Michael Oakeshott (1962) “Poliicts consists of “attending to these decision-making % arrangement” (McClealland, 1966) —_—_ “Politics is the authoritative allocation of values in a 3 society.” David Easton (1959) “Politics refers to any activity involving human beings + associated together in relationship of power and authority where conflict occurs.” Robert Dahl (1984) “Government is the arena of politics, the prize of polities, § and, historically speaking. the residue of past polities." Miler 1962) G. “Politics is a way of ruling in divided societies without violence.” Berard Crick (1982) To Crick, politics and totalitarianism cannot coexist. There can be politics only when there is diversity, There can be nodiversity when everything is political. There is diversity only when there are political and non political activities. In a totalitarian state, everything is political and because of this; polities is annihilated. Political Science & Definition of Terms Politics is a relational, purposive activity that may occur in ny arena ~ between two persons, a family, an office, the jovernment or the state — but among these, the study of Bolts onthe level of the state is the most important not ‘only because common people like journalist above, tell us that the state is the “pinnacle of political power”, but also because get Pllosophers Fave sad 50 Aristotle and the French political thinker of the Romantic Period, Jean Jacques Rousseau consider the state as the highest of all social organizations. St_Augustine_of Hippo (A.D. 354-430), a medical Christian scholar, believed that the state was a necessary evil. The human being had original sin and he needed the State to help him lead a normal life. If only man had Temained an angel, he would not have needed the state. To St. Thomas, man is by nature a social being, he needs the ‘State = 4 In modern times, G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831) a German philosopher, explains the nature of the state in this way: From one point of view, the state is a necessity that is higher and outside personal life, family life, and social affairs. ‘Studying the affairs of the state, is studying about us, If we study politics, we may understand why some are poor, ‘others are rich. We may find solutions to the problems like ‘unemployment, crime, pollution, et. State is defined as a “political association that establishes Sovereign power within a defined territorial area and assesses a monopoly of legitimate violence. (Harrison & Boyd 2003) Scope of Politics To say that politics is the affairs of the state is only to identify a Jocale of politics that is worth studying. As long as there are at Teast two interacting individuals, there is politics aaa In ancient Greek, before the city-state were conquered by the Macedonian Empire, the prevalent attitude towards the state was active involvement and direct rule by citizens. ‘The reason: Size & Intimacy. Example: Athens. Plato (427-347 BC) the teacher of Aristotle, criticized ‘Athenian democracy and taught his disciples that statesmanship was an occupation not_meant for just “anyone, =e Aristotle was more concemed about the qule of law. He Tecognized that depending on the social makeup of a city- state, its govemment could be the rule of a king (monarchy), the rule of a few nobles (aristocracy), or the rule of the many who are poor (democracy), but what was important was that no one, not even the rules, were above mielaw, © Rejection A small minority in the time of the city-states rejected Participation _in the state, These were the Skeptics or Epicureans, on the one hand, who believed that affairs of the state were not their business and not worth their attentions a ‘The Cynics, on the other hand, believed so much on the fationality and morality of individuals as individuals that iey Fejected the need for the state. 4) Andiffereat. The Stoics, meanwhile, were indifferent towards the state. Stoics were of two kinds: submissive and rebellious. The submissive Stoic accepted any kind of mule, even a tyrannically one, bécause he Believes that the Tyrant could harm him only, physically, not morally or spiritually. The rebellious type, on the other hand, would fight for what his conscience dictated, even if it meant physical harm, even deat The word “ hardly used today in connection with Political attitudes. The words apathy, indifference, “above politics” and rebellious are instead used. Does the Size of the Political Unit Matter? Size is not the only factor that affects active participation oF alienation, but is one of the many important factors.Participation & Democracy Active participation of most of the time, if not always, is a must in a state like the Philippines that claims to be democracy. Democracy is from the Greck word demo _kratos, which Means rule of the people, Chapter 1 | Lesson 4 Person and Society Thomas Hyland Eriksen Performance Task: Role-Play Religious Feast Activity 9 What activities are involved in carrying out a religious feast? How do they know that a religious feast requires these activities? Why do they celebrate religious feast? “To say that societies function is wivial, but to say that everything in a society is functional, is absurd. Claude Levi-Strauss The person is a social product, but society is created by acting persons. Social Structure & Social Organization The totality of social institutions & status relationships make up the social structure of society. Social structure may thus be perceived as the matrix of society, emptied of humans; the totality of duties, rights, division of labor, norms, social control, etc. abstracted from ongoing social life. ‘The general function of religion, for example, was held to lie in its ability to create solidarity & a sense of community, and to legitimately power differences. From Durkheim & —Radcliffe-Brown, — (Structural- Functionalism) society was often thought of as a kind of organism, as an integrated whole of functional social institution. Krober (1952) described culture in a similar vein, by comparing it to coral reef where new coral animals literally build upon their dead relatives. Seen as whole, the coral reef (culture) is qualitatively differ changes gradually without the knowledge of coral animals (actor). People break the rules, make exceptions, interpret norms in different & sometimes conflicting ways, & 30 on. (Pherson, 1964) In Northen Scandinavia, according to Sami, a woman ‘ought to join her husband’s group at marriage. However, in practice only about half of them actually do so, & there is often a good reason for making an exception. Social System It is a set of social relations which are regularly actualised & thus reproduced as a system through interaction. ‘The Boundaries of Social System If Social System is a set of social relationships which are created & recreated through regular interaction, it makes sense to say that the boundaries of the system lie at the Point where interaction decreases dramatically. Networks It refers to an cgo-centcred sct of relationship, as when people talk of “my social network.” Scale ‘Yanomamo is small in size & relatively simple in terms of its division of labour. Case Noyale is a village in the sout- ‘western coast of Mauritius, an island-state in the Indian Ocean, Non-Localised Networks: The Internet It mean that online communities of, say, Trinidadians (their ethnographic focus) can be based on close interpersonal relationships even if the participants are scattered around the world. The Duality of Structure Actors makes decisions, & it is equally obvious that societies change. Social Memory & the Distribution of Knowledge Actors makes decisions, & it is equally obvious that societies change. Chapter I | Lesson 5 What is Polities Andrew Heywood The Different Views of Politics: 1. Politics as the Art of Government Politics 1s not a science... but_an art.” Chancellor Bismark is reputed to have told the German Reichstag, 2. Politics as Public Affairs The distinction between ‘political & non political” coincides with the division between an essentially public sphere of life & what can be thought of as a private sphere. 3. Politics as Compromise & Consensus Politics [is] the activity by which differing interests within a given unit of rule are conciliated by giving them a share in power in proportion to their importance to the welfare & survival of the whole community. (Crick, 1962) 4. Politics as Power Harold Lasswell’s book “Politics: Who Gets What, When How?” Approaches to the Study of Poli 1. The Philosophical Tradition This involved a preoccupation with essentially ethical, prescriptive or normative questions, reflecting a concem with what ‘should’, ‘ought’, or ‘must’._. The Empirical Tradition Empirical or Descriptive tradition can be scen in Aristotle’s attempt to classify constitutions, in Machiavelli's realistic account of statecraf, & in Montesquicu sociological theory of government & law. 3. The Scientific Tradit ‘The first theorist to attempt to describe politics in scientific terms was Karl Marx. The Political System Chapter 2 | Lesson 6-10 Evolution and Genetics, Early Hominins, Archaic Homo, The Origin & Spread of Modern Humans, & The Beginning of Filipino Society & Culture Gene ~ a part of a cell that controls or influences the appearance, growth, etc., of a living thing, We routinely use assumptions about genetic determination to explain, say, why tall parents have tall kids or why obesity nuns in families. “Human biology is plastic, but only to a degree” If you're born with blood group O, you've got it for life. The same true for hemophilia and sickle cell anemia Fortunately, cultural (medical) solutions now exist for many genetic disorders. Can you appreciate yourself or your family any genetics condition for which there has been a medical intervention? Although modern medical advances usually are viewed favorably, some people worry that culture may be intervening too much with intrinsic biological features. Plastic surgery, genetic screening, and the possibility of genetic engineering of infants (e.g “designer babies”) concem those who imagine a future in which physical “perfection” might reduce human diversity and increase socioeconomic inequality. Even as our culture struggles with issues of medically ‘manipulated biological plasticity, many people still question the long-term plasticity of the human genome, a process known as evolution. Most basically, evolution is the idea that all living organisms come from ancestors that were different in some way The oft-heard statement “evolution is only a theory” suggest to the non-scientist that evolution hasn't been prove. Scientist, however, use the term theory differently. In science, evolution is both a theory and a fact. AAs a scientific theory evolution is a central organizing principle of modern biology and anthropology. Evolution is also a fact. The folowing are examples of evolutionary facts: 1) All living forms come from older or previous living forms 2.) Birds arose from non-birds; humans arose from non- buman, and neither birds nor humans existed 250 million years ago. 3.) Major ancient life forms , e.g dinosaurs, are no longer around, 4.) New life forms, such us viruses, are evolving right now. 5.) Natural processes help us understand the origins and history of plants and animals, including humans and diseases, Evolution — a theory that differences between modern plants and animals because of changes that happened by a natural process over a very long time Compared with other animals, humans have uniquely varied ways ~ cultural and biological - of adapting to environmental stresses. Exemplifying cultural adaptation, we manipulate our artifacts and behaviour in response to environmental conditions During 18th Century, many scholars became interested in biological diversity, human origins, and position within the classification of plants and animals. Evolution is a central organizing principle of modem biology and anthropology. According to creationism, biological similarities and differences originated. Characteristics of life forms were seen as immutable; they could not change. Through calculations based on genealogist in the Bible, the biblical scholars James Ussher and John Lightfoot even claimed to trace the Creation to a very specific time: October 23, 4004 B.C.,at 9:00 A.M Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) -developed the first comprehensive and still influencial classification, or taxonomy, of plants and animals. -He grouped life forms on the basis of similarities and differences and their physical characteristics, He used traits such as the presence of a backbone to distinguish vertebrates from invertebrates the presence of mammary glands to distinguish mammals from birds. Linnacus viewed the differences between life forms as a part of the Creator's orderly plan. Biological similarities and differences, he thought, had been established at the time of Creation and had not changed. Fossil discoveries during 18th and 19th centuries raised doubts about creationism, Fossils showed that different kinds of life had once existed. If all life had originated at the same time, why weren’t ancient species still around? Why weren't contemporary plants and animals found in the fossil record? A modified explanation combining creationism with catastrophism arose to replace the original doctrine. In this view, fires, floods, and other catastrophes, including the biblical flood involving Noah’s ark, had destroyed ancientSS asics. After cach destructive event God had created ‘again, leading to contemporary species. How did catastrophists explain certain clear similarities between fossils and modern animals? They argued that some ancient species had managed to survive in isolated areas. For example, after the biblical flood, the progeny of animals saved Noah's ark spread throughout the world Theory and Fact The alternative to creationism and catastrophism ‘was transformism, also called evolution. Evolutionist believe that species arise from others through a long and gradual process of transformation, or descent with modification Charles Darwin ~ became the best known of the evolutionists. However, he was influenced by earlier scholars, including his own grandfather. In a book called Zoonomia published in 1794, Eramus Darwin had proclaimed the common ancestry of all animal species. ~ He is also influence by Charles Lyells ( The Father of Geology). “Uniformitarianism states that the present is the key to the past”. Uniformitarianism was a necessary building block for evolutionary theory. It cast serious doubt on the belief that the world was only 6,000 years old. Charles Darwin provided a theoretical framework for understanding, evolution, He offered natural selection as a powerful evolutionary mechanism that could explain the origin of species, biodiversities, and similarities among related life forms. -He proposed a theory of evolution ina strict sense The main value of a theory is to promote new understanding The fact of evolution (that evolution has occurred) was known earlier, for example, Eramus —Danwin, The theory of evolution through natural selection ( how evolution occurred, was Darwin's major contribution, Working independently, the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace had reached similar conclusion (Shermer 2002). Natural selection -is a process by which the life forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment do so in great numbers than others inthe == same -—_ population. -is a natural process that leads to a result operates when there is competition for strategic resources, Industrial Melanism - a change in the species of peppered moth , which can be light or dark that illustrates recent natural selection ( in our own industrial age ). Charles Darwin is recognized that for natural selection to ‘operate, there must be variety in the population undergoing selection, Documenting and explaining such variety among humans - human biological diversity — is one of anthropology’s major concerns. Genetics, a science that emerged after Darwin, helps us understand the causes of biological variation. Theory = refer to an interpretive framework that helps us ‘understand the natural world. — A set of ideas formulated (by reasoning from known facts) to explain something, ‘Creationism — the belief that God created all things out of nothing as described in the bible and that therefore the theory of -~— evolution ~—is-_—_incorrect. Catastrophism — a geological doctrine that changes in the carth’s crust have in the past been brought about suddenly by physical forces operating in ways that cannot be observed today ~ compare uniformitarianism Vertebrates — having a spinal column. Invertebrates — lacking a spinal column Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an organism ‘moves by means of its two rear limbs or legs. An animal or ‘machine that usually moves in a bipedal manner is known as a biped meaning "two feet” (from the Latin bis for "double" and pes for "foot") - Traditionally has been viewed as an adaptation to open grass land or savanna country, although ardipithecus lived in a humid wood land habitat. = developed in the woodlands but became even more adaptive in a savanna habitat Advantages of bipedalism * Ability to sce over long grass and scrub. * To carry items back to a home base. + To reduce the bodys exposure to solar radiation. Evidences Chad (Sahelanthropus) And One From Kenya (Orrorin ‘Tugenensis) Ardipithecus ‘A genus of extinct carly hominids known from skeletal remains from northeastem Ethiopia that includes two identified species. The carlicst widely accepted hominin genus (5.8-4.4 my.a) indicates a capacity-albiet and imperfect one for upright bipedal locomotion, LUCYS BABY Discovered by an Ethiopian paleoanthropologist of the worlds oldest child, she was discovered in the same general area as lucy, a famous carly hominin whose remains recently have toured museums in the us so she has been dubbed as this. Brains, skulls and childhood dependency Australopithecus afarensis~ A bipedal Hominin that lived more than 3million years ago, had a cranial capacity (430 cm 3-cubic centimeters) that barely surpassed the the chimp average (390 em3) = The form of Afarensis skull also is like that of the chimpanzee, although the brain to body size ratio may have been larger. = In the advent of genus Homo, brain size has increased during Hominin evolution. Tools Use and manufacture by the great apes, it is likely that carly hominies shared this ability as a homology with the apes. Teeth Big back teeth- in one of the example of an early hominin trait that has been lost during subsequent human evolution. Front teeth- are much sharper and longer in the apes than in early hominies. Chronology of hominin evolution Hominin- is the term used to designate the human line after its split from ancestral chimps. hominid- refers to taxonomic family that includes humans and the african apes and their immediate ancestors, is used when there is doubt about the hominin status of the fossil. Sahclanthropus tchadensis It is the new fossil referring to the northern sahel region of chad where it was found. the fossil is also known as "TOUMAL", a local meaning of "HOPE OF LIFE" it was discovered by the University undergraduate ahounta djimdoumalbaye who spied the skull embedded in sandstone. = the discovery of sahelanthropus in chad is the first proof of a more widespread distribution of early hominis Orrorin tugenensis Orrorin- appears to have a chimp sized creature that climbed casily and walked on two legs when on the ground, -lived in a wooded environment. -lived after sahelanthropus. Ardipithecus Ardipithecus fossils were the first discovered at aramis in ethiopia by Berhane Asfaw, Gen Suwa, and Tim D. White. Ardipithecus Kadabba recognized as the earliest known hominin, with the Sahelathropus Tchadensis find from Chad, dated to 7-6 mya and Orrorin Tugenensis from Kenya, dated to 9 possibly even older hominins. Ardipithecus ~ also lived ina humid woodland habitat. Kenyathropus Has a flattened face and small molars that are strikingly different from those afarensis, — ‘Afarensis- has been regarded as the most likely common ancestor of all subsequent hominins including humans. Taxonomic "splitters" - will focus on the differences between Afarensis and Kenyathropus and sec it as representing a new taxon as Meave Leakey has done. Taxonomic "Iumpers" will focus on the similarities between kenyathropus and afarensis and may try to place them both in the same raxon probably australopithecus which is well established The varied australopithecus Australopithecines- it is some of the Miocene hominins eventually evolved into a varied group of Plio- Pleistocene hominins for which have an abundant fossil record. Australopithecus anamensis Anamensis- A bipedal hominin from northern kenya, whose fossil remains were reported first by Meave Leakey and Alan Walker in 1995 Australopithecus afarensis Afarensis- includes fossils found at 2 sites laetoli in northem tanzania and in the afar region of Ethiopia -lived between about b3.8 and 3.0 my.a Gracile and robust australopethicines the fossils of Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus come from south africa. Australopethicus africanus- To describe the first fossil representative of this species, the skull of a juvenile that was found accidentally in a quarry at taug south africa. Gracile- Indicates that member of Australopethicus Africanus were smaller and slighter less robust, than were ‘members of Paranthropus Robustus. Oldowan tools Core- Is the piece of rock, in the oldowan case about the size of tennis ball from which falkes are struck. ‘chopper- Is a tool made by flacking the edge of such a core ‘on one side and thus forming cutting edge Oldowan pebble tools- Represent the worlds oldest formally recognized stone tools. BODY DECORATION Is a cultural universal, as other forms of creative expression, including the arts and language, and all say something about us. Expressive culture rests on symbolic thought. As is true generally of symbols, the relation between a symbol and what it stands for is arbitrary Nike shoes are no more intrinsically swooshlike than adidas are. Michigan Wolverines are no more like wolverines than Florida Gators are, and vice versa. For archaeologists, evidence for symbolic thought, as manifested materially in patterned or decorated artifacts, strongly suggests modem behavior ‘Consider the pigment red ‘ochre, a natural iron oxide that modem hunter ~ gatherers use to create body paint for ritual occasions. ARCHAEOLOGISTS suspect that ochrewas used similarly in the past. Traces of red ochre have been found on carefully worked stone and bone artifacts, dating back 100,000 years, in South Aftica’s Blombos Cave. One piece has a carved crosshatch design — three straight lines with another set of three at a diagonal to them ~ offering the world’s carliest evidence for intentional patterning with symbolic meaning. There is abundant evidence for expressive culture, including art and music, in Europe by 35,000 years ago. At this point, human decorating themselves with paints and jewelry and making flutes and figurines. It's likely that linguistics ability was part of this expressive package. Linguist Merritt Rublen ‘speculates that all the world’s languages descend from a common one spoken 40,000 to 50,000 years ago by anatomically modern humans who originated in Africa. Did a “creative” gene emerge in Africa and fuel human colonization of the rest of the world’s? MODERN HUMANS Anatomically Modem Humans (AMHs) evolved from an archaic H. Saphiens African Aftican ancestor. Eventually, AMHs spread to other areas, including Westem Europe, where they replaced, or interbred with, the Neandertals, whose robust traits eventually disappeared OUT OF AFRICA It Recent Fossils and Archaeological Evidence Fossil and Archaeological evidence has been accumulating to support the African origin of AMHs. A major find was announced in 2003: the 1997 discovery in an Ethiopian valley of three anatomically modem skulls ~ two adults and child Tim White and Berhane Asfaw were co ~ leaders of the international team that made the fid near the village of Herto, 140 miles northeast of Addis Ababa. All three skulls were missing the lower jaw. The skulls showed evidence of cutting and handling, suggesting they have been detached from their bodies and use perhaps ritually after death, HOMO ERECTUS meaning "upright man", from the Latin érigere, "to put up, set upright") is an extinct species of hominin that lived throughout most of the Pleistocene geological epoch. Its carliest fossil evidence dates to 1.9 million years ago and extends to 143,000 years ago. ARCHAIC HOMO SAPIENS Relating to or being an carly form or subspecies of Homo sapiens, anatomically distinct from modern humans. Neanderthals in Europe and Solo man in Asia are usually classed as archaic humans, are Middle Pleistocene hominins that morphologically and behaviorally fall somewhere in between H. erectus and modem H. sapiens, NEANDERTAL an extinct species of human that was widely distributed in ice-age Europe between c. 120,000-35,000 years ago, with @ receding forchead and prominent brow ridges. The Neanderthals were associated with the Mousterian flint industry of the Middle Paleolithic. (AMH) ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN an paleoanthropology, anatomically modern humans or anatomically modem Homo sapiens are the members of the species Homo sapiens with an appearance consistent with the range of phenotypes in modern humans. Anatomically modern humans evolved from archaic humans in the Middle Paleolithic, about 200,000 years ago ‘The emergence of anatomically modern humans marks the dawn of the species Homo sapiens, the species of Homo sapiens to which all humans alive today belong. The oldest fossil remains of anatomically modern humans are the Omo remains found in modern-day East Africa, which date to 195,000 years ago and include two partial skulls as well as arm, leg, foot and pelvis bones. Other fossils include the proposed Homo sapiens idaltu from Herto in Ethiopia that are almost 160,000 years old and the Skhul hominids from Israel, which are 90,000 years [Link] oldest human remains from which an entire genome has been extracted belongs to Ust-Ishim man, Who lived about 45,000 years ago in Western Siberia A few teeth, but no other bones, were found with the skulls, again suggesting their deliberate removal from the body. Layers of volcanic ash allowed geologist to date them to 154,000 - 160,000 b.p. The skulls wre found along with hippopotamus and antelope bones and some 600 tools, including blades and hand axes. Except for a few archaic characteristics. HERTO skulls are anatomically modern — long with abroad midfaces, featuring tall, narrow nasal bones. The cranial vaults are high, falling within modem dimensions. These finds provide additional support for the view that modem humans originated in Africa and then spread into europe and asia (Wilford 2003) OMO KIBISH Is one of several sites along the Omo River in Soutwestem Ethiopia. Between 1967 and 1974 Richard leakey and his collagues from the Kenya National Museum (AMH) originally considered to be about 125,000 years old. The specimens now appear to be much older. Indeed, with an estimated date of 195,000 b.p., they appear to be the earliest AMH fossils yet found(McDougall, Brown and Fleagle 2005), ‘Omo remains include two partial skulls: a. Omo | b. Omo 2 Omo kibish I, is contained a nearly complete skeleton of an adult male. Middle Stone Age tools have been found in the same stratigraphic layers. Cro Magnon I, the skull of a 45 year ~ old anatomically modern human, discovered in 1868 near Les Eyzies in France's Dordogne region. Anatomically modem specimens, including the skull shown in figure 9.1 have been found at skhul, a site on Mount Carmel in Israel