1.
Chemistry
a. Chemical Reactions
Types of Reactions:
Combination Reactions: A + B → AB
Decomposition Reactions: AB → A + B
Displacement Reactions: A + BC → AC + B
Double Displacement Reactions: AB + CD → AD + CB
b. Acids, Bases, and Salts
Acids: Substances that release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in solution.
Examples: HCl, H₂SO₄.
Bases: Substances that release hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in solution.
Examples: NaOH, Ca(OH)₂.
Salts: Formed from the reaction of an acid with a base.
c. Periodic Table
Groups and Periods: Vertical columns (groups) show similar properties; horizontal
rows (periods) show increasing atomic number.
Metals, Non-metals, and Metalloids: Classification based on properties.
2. Physics
a. Laws of Motion
Newton’s First Law: An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted
upon by an external force.
Newton’s Second Law: F = ma (Force = mass × acceleration).
Newton’s Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
b. Work, Energy, and Power
Work (W): W = F × d (Force × distance).
Kinetic Energy (KE): KE = (1/2)mv² (where m = mass, v = velocity).
Potential Energy (PE): PE = mgh (where h = height).
Power (P): P = W/t (Work done over time).
3. Biology
a. Cell Structure and Function
Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell.
Nucleus: Control center of the cell, contains genetic material.
Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell; site of energy production.
b. Photosynthesis and Respiration
Photosynthesis Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
Cellular Respiration Equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy.
c. Human Body Systems
Circulatory System: Transports blood, nutrients, and gases.
Respiratory System: Facilitates gas exchange.
Digestive System: Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.
4. Environmental Science
a. Ecosystems
Components: Biotic (living organisms) and abiotic (non-living factors).
Food Chains and Food Webs: Show energy flow through trophic levels.
b. Pollution and Conservation
Types of Pollution: Air, water, soil, noise.
Conservation Methods: Reduce, reuse, recycle.
5. Important Experiments
Chemical Reactions: Observing color change, gas production, or temperature change
during reactions.
Laws of Motion: Demonstrating inertia with simple objects.
Photosynthesis: Experiment with aquatic plants to measure oxygen production.
Tips for Studying
Concept Maps: Create visual representations of concepts.
Practice Problems: Solve previous years’ question papers.
Group Study: Discuss topics with classmates to enhance understanding.
