DAYALBAGH EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING Course Number: MEM307, Course Title: MECHANICS OF SOLIDS & FLUIDS Class: B.Tech., Status of Course: Major Course, Approved since session: 2000-01 Total Credits: 3, Periods (55 mts. each)/week: 4(L:34T:1+P:0+5:0), Min.pds./sem.: 52 UNIT 1 UNIAXIAL STRESS & STRAIN: Stress in axially loaded members, strain, constitutive laws. ‘Axial deformation. STRESS TRANSFORMATION: Two-dimensional stress system. Analytical and Mohv’s circle methods. Principal stresses & planes maximum shear stress. UNIT 2 TORSION: Torsion of circular bars. Torsion formula. Shear stress. Angle of twist. BENDING: Flexure formula. Bending stress. Shear stress in beams. UNIT 3 COLUMN: Elastic buckling. Euler's formula. Various end conditions. Rankine formula, Empirical formulas. FLUID MECHANICS: Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches. Lines of flow. Path line. Streamline. Streak line. Stream tube. Types of flow. Steady and unsteady, uniform and non-uniform, laminar & turbulent. Continuity equation (one dimensional). TYPES OF ENERGIES: Potential, Kinetic, and Pressure Energies. Bernoull’s theorem. Its proof and limitations. K.E. correction factor. UNIT 4 FLOW MEASUREMENT: Principles. Venturimeter, horizontal, vertical & inclined. Orifices, classification, vena contracta. Hydraulic coefficients. Discharge through a large rectangular orifice. Drowned and partially drowned orifices. MOUTH PIECES: Types. External mouthpiece. Convergent divergent mouthpiece. Notches. ‘Types. Rectangular and triangular notches. Weirs. Types. Rectangular weir. Francis and basins formulae. Velocity of approach. UNIT 5 FLOW THROUGH PIPES: Reynold’s experiment. Types of flow. Critical velocities. Reynold’s number. Friction loss. Darcy-Weisbach equation. Friction factor concept. Losses at entry, exit, bend and valves. Hydraulic and energy gradient lines. Power transmission through pipes. Condition for maximum power. FLOW THROUGH OPEN CHANNELS: Chezy’s & Manning's equations. Bazin’s and Kutter’s, expressions for Chezy’s constants. Best discharging section. Rectangular & Trapezoidal channels. SUGGESTED READINGS: Popov: ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS Jain: FLUID MECHANICS Singer: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Jagdish Lal: HYDRAULIC AND FLUID MECHANICS. Junarkar: MECHANICS OF STRUCTURES Punmia & Goyal: STRENGTH OF MATERIALD.E.|. FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, DAYALBAGH, AGRA MECHANICS OF SOLIDS & FLUIDS MEM-307, lll SEMESTER, EE QUESTION BANK 2022-23 UNIT-L What are the important mechanical properties of materials? Explain the meaning of stress and strain. Name different types of important stresses. Explain the stress-strain diagram What is principle of superposition, explain how strain can be determined for uniform and varying sections of bars? od as shown in figure! is subjected to pull of 800 kN on the ends. Taking E=2.05x10° N/mm?, find the extension of the rod. [0.796 mm] “EEE | beatae tat att aa | sous Figure 1 Forces shown figure2 act upon a steel bar of 25 mm diameter. Determine the total elongation of the bar. Take E=2.05x10* N/mm? [2.585 mm} Figure 2 A steel bar of varying section is subjected to the axial forces as shown in figure3. Find the value of P necessary for equilibrium. Take E=2.05x10° N/mm. Determine the total elongation of the bar. [0.947 mm} wm Om by om ~ “| SH sto [aes tL Ta i a Figure 3 Figure 4 Connecting a steel bar to aluminium bar as shown in figured forms a member. Assuming that the bars are prevented from buckling sideways, calculate the magnitude of axial force P that will cause the total length of member to decrease by 0.3 mm. The values of elastic moduli for steel and aluminium are 2x10® N/mm? and E=0,7x10° N/m. [236.25 kN]10. 11 2 13, 14, 15. 16, a, 18, 19, The piston of a steam engine is 40 cm diameter and the piston rod 6 cm diameter. The steam pressure is 1.05 N/mm2. Find the stress in the piston rod and the elongation of the length of 45 em, taking E=205 kN/mm?, when the piston is on the stroke. (46.6 N/mm’, 0.1024 mm] ‘rod as shown in figureS is subjected to a pull of 500 kN on the ends. Taking E=2.05x10° N/mm’, find the extension of the rod. [0.225 mm} Pet > TF] I a + | Figure S Define Poisson’s ratio, modulus of rigidity, shear strain and bulk modulus. Show the relationship between the three elastic constants. A steel bar of rectangular cross section 20 mm x 10 mm is subjected to 2 pull of 20 kN in the direction of length. Taking E=0.2x10° N/mm? and m=10/3, find the length of the sides of the cross section and percentage decrease of area of cross section. [19.997mm, 9.9985mm, 0.03%] ‘A metallic bar 400 mm x 100 mm x 50 mm is subjected to a force of 6 kN (tensile), SKN (tensile) and 4 kN (tensile) along x, y and 2 directions respectively. Determine the percentage change in volume of the block? Take E=0.2x10° N/mm? and 1 = 0.25. [ 1 Derive an expression for Young's modulus in terms of Bulk modulus. Show how Mohr Circle can be used for determining the value of like stress. ‘The principal stresses at a point in a bar are 200 N/mm (tensile) and 100 N/mm? (compressive). Determine the resultant stress in magnitude and direction on a plane inclined at 60 to the axis of the ‘major principal stress. Also determine the maximum intensity of shear stress in the material at that point (180.27 N/mm?, 46°, 150 N/mm} Ata point ina body 0: = 100MN/m?, 0, = 80 MN/m? and tx = 40 MN/m?, find: (i) the principal stresses and the direction of principal planes. Is the condition of stress uniaxial or biaxial? (ithe principal shear stresses and the direction of planes on which these stresses at. (ii) the normal stresses on the planes of maximum shear stresses. Show the results on diagrams of suitably oriented elements. Ata point in a bracket the normal stresses on two mutually perpendicular planes are 120 N/mm: tensile and 60 N/mm? tensile, The shear stress across these planes is 30 N/mm’, Find using Mohr’s stress circle, the principal stresses and maximum shear stress at that point. [132 N/mm?, 18 N/mm] rectangular block of material is subjected to stresses on perpendicular faces as shown in figure. Using Mohr’ circle of stress, find, the normal and shear stresses on a plane for which 0 = 30", the magnitudes of the principal stresses and the inclination ofthe planes on which principal stresses act. [85 N/mm?, 47 N/mm]UNIT-2 Torsion 1. Dare srestonsn# = £= ora round bar intron State the sma 2. Ametal bar of 1 mm diameter when subjected to a pull of 23.55 kN gave an elongation of 0.30 mm on 2 gauge length of 200 mm. In a torsion test on the same material, a maximum shear stress of 40.71 N/mm? was measured on a bar of SO mm diameter, the angle of twist measured over a length of 300 mm being 0° 21’. Determine Poissions ratio of the material (0.25) 3. Calculate the maximum intensity of shear stress induced and the twist In degrees for a length of 10m for a solid shaft of 100mm diameter transmitting 1125 kW at 150 rpm. Take C= 8.2 x 10° N/mm? for the material of the shaft [365 N/mm’, 0°30'36"] 4. A solid circular shaft of steel Is 0 mm in diameter. Find the power transmitted at 120 rpm if the permissible shear stress is 62.5 N/mm? [19.25 KW] 5. Find the diameter ofthe shaft required to transmit 60 kW at 150 rpm ifthe maximum torque is likely to exceed the mean torque by 25% for a maximum permissible shear stress of 60 N/mm*. Also find the angle of twist for a length of 25 meters. Take C= 8x 10" N/mm’ (74 mm,2°547 6. solid shaft of 200 mm diameter has the same cross-sectional area as that ofa hollow shaft of the same material with inside diameter of 150 mm. find the ratio ofthe power transmitted by the two shafts at the same speed a7) 7. Aholiow circular shaft 20 mm thick transmits 300 KW at 200 rpm, Determine the external diameter of the shaft shear strain due to torsion is not to exceed 0.00086. Take C=8.x 108 N/mm®, (107.9 mm] 8. Ahollow shaft with diameter rato 3/5 is required to transmit 450 KW at 120 rpm witha uniform twisting moment. The shearing stress in the shaft must not exceed 60 N/mm? and the twist in a length of 2.5 m must not exceed 1°, Calculate the minimum external diameter of the shaft satisfying these conditions. Take C= 8x 10" N/mm? [165.5 mm} 9. Derive the expression for the allowable twisting moment for a thin walled tube. Also derive an approximate expression for the strength ~ weight ratio of such a tube. Take as the allowable shear stress. Assume that tube does not buckle FD and BMD 10. Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the following beams: fa) sa spoccananadtifhan panne. = UkN/m. me \ a ae am gS (b) 60 10 = 20bN 20kN/m ‘30kN x 1 A _ f im +31 (o) r !sk sux | eX /ra —heeeectAcccd — _ feet 11. Ahorizontal beam AD, 10 meters long carries a uniformly distributed load of 160 N/m together with @ concentrated load of 400 N at the left end A. The beam is supported at @ point B which is 1 m from A and at C, x meters from the end D. The point Cs in the right half of the beam. Determine the value of x, if the mid-point isa point of contraflexure and for this arrangement draw SF and BM diagrams, 12, Draw the bending moment and shear force diagrams for the beam shown in fig and mark the values of the important ordinates. aux aux jo ; ct ay ” ob em eam apt Bending and Shear Stresses in Beams 13, What do you mean by simple bending or pure bending? What are the assumptions made in the theory of simple bending? 14, Establish the relationship = where symbols have usual meanings 415. Explain the terms: neutral axis, section modulus, and moment of resistance. 16. A.cast iron test beam 20 mm x 20 mm in section and 1 meter long and supported at the ends fal, ‘when a central load of 640 N is applied. What uniformly distributed load will break a cantilever of the same material 50 mm wide, 100 mm deep and 2 meters long? 17, ‘The moment of inertia of a beam section $00 mm deep is 69.49 x 10” mm*. Find the longest span. over which a beam of this section, when simply supported, could carry a uniformly distributed load of 50 kN per meter run. The flange stress in the material isnot to exceed 110 N/mm 18. A water mains of 1200 mm internal diameter and 12 mm thickness is running ful. Ifthe bending stress is not to exceed 56 N/mm2, find the greatest span on which the pipe may be freely supported. Steel and water weigh 76800 N/m? and 10000 N/m? respectively. 19, What do you mean by shear stresses in beams? Prove that the shear stress at any point (or ina fibre) in the cross section of a beam which is subjected to a shear force, Fis given by: rah xe2 where. Ar ‘and Fare usual notations. 20. A wooden beam 100 mm wide and 150 mm deep is simply supported over a span of 4 meters. If shear force at a section of the beam is 4500 N, find the shear stress at distance of 25 mm above the NA. UNIT-3 Columns 1. Derive the Euler's formula for the design of the columns with both ends hinged. By introducing. the concept of equivalent length determine the formula when both ends are fixed. Does this formula hold good forall lengths? Give reasons. 2. Write down the Rankine’s formula and justify how itis valid for long as well as intermediate columns.3. What are the limitations of the Euler's formula? What are the different end conditions commonly considered in columns? What do you understand by the term ‘equivalent length’? What is the equivalent length for different end conditions? 4, Using the Euler's formula, calculate the critical stress for a series of struts having slenderness ratio cf 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 under the following conditions (i) both ends hinged, (i) both ends fixed. Take €=2.01 x 10° N/mm? 5. Compare the ratio ofthe strength of a solid steel column to that of the hollow of the same cross: sectional areas. Internal diameter of the hollow column is % ofthe external diameter. The columns have the same length and are pinned at the ends. 6. Acertain alloy has a proportional limit in simple compression of 210 x10 N/m and the value of € = 44.5 x 10" N/m. Find the value of slenderness ratio below which the Euler's critical load formula cannot be applied. Plot a graph between the slenderness ratio and the critical stress up to a slenderness ratio of 350. Ends are to be assumed hinged 7. Compare the crippling load given by Rankine’s and Euler's formulae for tubular strut 225 cm long, having outer and inner diameter of 37.5 mm and 32.5 mm respectively loaded through pin joints at both ends. Take yield stress as 315 MPa; a = 1/7500 and E = 200 GPa. If elastic limit for the ‘material is taken as 200 MPa, below what length of the strut does the Euler formula ceased to apply? 8. Ahollow Cl column whose outside diameter is 200 mm has a thickness of 20 mm. its 4.5 m lang, and is fixed at both ends. Calculate the safe load by Rankine's formula using a factor of safety of 4, Calculate the slenderness ratio and the ration of Euler’s and Rankine’s critical loads. Take a: = '550 N/mm, a= 1/1600 in Rankine’s formula and E = 9.4 x 10 N/mm. 9. Calculate the Euler's critical load for a strut of T section, the flange width being 10 cm, overall depth & cm and both flange and stem 1 cm thick. The strut is3 m long and is built in at both ends. Take E = 2 10° N/mm FLUID MECHANICS (h Cetie steady unsteady, nom an non nilor flow (s)bferemiate between ner an trent Rw (elev tn eguron font of fow 11.4) Wha arte aeanc anaes roving hid Expl enhone of a (b) Derive Bernoulli's equation from the first principle for a steady flow of incompressible fluid. (c) State the limitations of Bernoulli's theorem. 12, Whats verturieter? Where kl sed Inthe hid ow? Show tha the fw trough 2 Pak ° A 413, A 2meter length of 10 cm diameter circular pipe is porous and the velocities atthe inlet and exit of the porous section have been measured to be 2.5 m/s and 1.6 m/s respectively. Calculate discharge emitted through the porous wall and the average velocity of the emitted discharge. 14, Aventurimeter has dia of 2.2 m pipe and 0.6 m at the throat, with water flowing through it. The difference of pressure between the main and the throat is measured by a differential mercury ‘gauge, which shows a deflection of 5.1 cm. find the discharge through the meter and also calculate the velocity of water at throat. Take coefficient of meter as 0.98 ‘a AA415, 16, a, 18 19, {An oll of specific gravity 0.8 is flowing through a venturimeter having inlet diameter 20 cm and throat diameter as 10 cm. The oll-mercury differential manometer shows a reading of 25 cm. Calculate the discharge of oll through the horizontal venturimeter. Take Cd = 0.98. A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter 20 cm and throat diameter as 10 cm is used to measure the flow of oil of specific gravity 0.8. The discharge of oil through venturimeter Is 60 litres/sec. Find the reading of the oll-mercury differential manometer. Take Cd = 0.98. ‘A 300 mm x 150 mm venturimeter is provided in a vertical pipe line carrying oil of specific gravity 0.9, ‘the flow being upwards. The difference in elevation of the throat section is 300 mmm. the differential mercury manometer shows a gauge deflection of 250 mm. Calculate: (a) The discharge of the oil (b) The pressure difference between the entrance section and throat section. Take coefficient of meter as 0.98 and specific gravity of mercury as 13.6. What is a pitot tube? How itis used to measure the velocity at any point in the flowing liquid? A pitot tube is mounted on an airplane to indicate the relative speed of the plane. What differential pressure intensity will the instrument register when the plane is travelling at a speed of 200 km/hour in ‘a wind blowing at 60 km / hour against the direction of motion of the plane? Take specific weight of air as 11.9 N/m? and C, for pitot tube as 0.98 UNIT-4 Orifices and Mouthpieces 1 Define an orifice meter. Derive the equation for discharge through the orifice meter. Discuss the merits and demerits of venturimeter with respect to the orifice meter. (a) Define the orifice and mouthpiece. What is the difference between the two? (0) Explain the classification of orifices and mouthpieces based on their shape size and sharpness. (a) define the following: (i) coefficient of velocity (i) coefficient of contraction and (ii) coefficient of discharge. (b) derive the expression : coefficient of discharge = coefficient of velocity x coefficient of contraction (©)efine venacontracta, (a) differentiate between a large and a small orifice. Obtain an expression for discharge through a large rectangular orifice. (b}what do you understand by the terms, wholly submerged and the partially submerged orifice? Prove that the expression for discharge through an external mouthpiece is given by Q=0.885 AV [where, a= area of mouthpiece at outlet; V = velocity of jet of water at outlet] A sharp edged circular orifice of diameter 7.5 mm is provided in a tank containing water to a height of 1.2 m above the orifice. The jet strikes a wall 1.25 m away and 0.35 m vertically below the center line of the contracted section of the jet. The actual discharge through the orifice Is. ‘measured to be 40 kg of water in minutes. Compute the orifice coefficients and the power loss at the orifice. A rectangular orifice, 1.5 m wide x 1.0 m deep, is discharging water from a tank. Ifthe water level Inthe tank is 3.0 m above the top edge of the orifice, find the discharge through the orifice. Take the coefficient of discharge for the orifice Cd = 0.6. A rectangular orifice, 2.m wide x 1.2 m deep, is fitted in one side ofa large tank. The water level ‘on one side of the orifice is 3 m above the top edge of the orifice, while on the other side of the orifice; the water level is 0.5 m below its top edge, Calculate the discharge through the orifice if cé= 0.64,9. An internal mouthpiece of 80 mm diameter is discharging water under a constant head of 8 ‘meters. Find the discharge through mouthpiece, when, (i) the mouthpiece is running free; (I) the mouthpiece is running full 10. An external cylindrical mouthpiece of diameter 150 mm is discharging water under a constant head of 6 m. Determine the discharge and absolute pressure head of water at vena contracta. “Take C.= 0.885 and C. for vena contracta = 0.62. atmospheric pressure head = 10.3 m of water. 11, A convergent-divergent nozzle fitted into the side of a tank containing water, under a constant head of 3 meter above the center line of nozzle, discharges into atmosphere. For maximum discharge, make calculations for ratio of exit diameter to throat diameter of the nozzle. The following assumptions may be made : (i) atmospheric pressure head is equivalent to 10.33 m of water; (i) separation occurs at an absolute pressure head of 2.5 m of water; (il) hydraulic losses ‘occur only in the divergent portion of the nozzle and amount to 20% of head loss at sudden enlargement for the same changes in area. If the throat diameter is 4 cm, compute the value of, maximum discharge. Weir and Notch 12, What is @ notch? Name the various types of notches. Drive an equation for the discharge over a rectangular notch. A rectangular notch 2.5 m wide has @ constant head of 40 cm. Find the discharge for the notch. Coefficient of discharge as 0.62 13. Show that flow of water, Q over a triangular notch is given by, Q 2x cq tand J2p 14. What is Francis’ formula for dscharge over a rectangular weir? ‘A welr 36 meters long is divided ito 12 equal bays by vertical posts, each 60 om wide. Determine the discharge over the weir if the head over the crest is 1.2 meters andthe veloaty of approach is2 ms 15, Derive the expression forthe discharge over a rectangular weir ifthe velocity of approach i considered. Neglect the effect of end contraction Wet down the Francs’ formula forthe discharge withthe veloty of approach Wirt down the Bazi's formula forthe cscharge with the velacty of approach 16. What sa weir? How tislfferet from the notch? Differentiate between sharp cested and broad crested wel. Find the maximum dscharge ove a broad crested wer Sm longif the head of water on upstream side i 0.96 m and the coefficient of discharge is 062. 17. Define velocity of approach, How does the velocity of approach affect the expression of discharge over the weir? A stream approaching a water fall f 185 m is gauged by a weir. The measured head over the weir is 0.3 m and the length of the weir crest is 3 m. The velocity of approach is 1.2 m/s and due tothisthe head may be supposed tobe increased by 1.5 (V2) Determine the power avalable from the fll assuming that 75% ofthe energy canbe utlzed. Adopt Francis! formula and neglect end contraction. 18. Why sa triangular weir more suitable than a cectangular weir for measuring discharge? Water flows over rectangular weie 1 m ata depth of 15 cm and afterwards passes through a ‘Wangular right angled wer. Find the depth of water through the triangular welr. Discharge coefficients forthe rectangular and triangular weits ae 0.62 and 0.59 respectively 19, A sharp edged weiris inthe form ofa symmetrical rapes, The horizontal bases 10cm wide, the topis S0cm wide and the depth s 30cm. estimate the at of flow when the upstream water surface Is 25 cm above the weir crest. Assume thatthe velocity of approach is neglebl, and the coefficient of cischarge is 0.6 both for the rectangular and triangular portions UNITSFlow through pipes 4. Classify the viscous flow. Explain the critical velocities. 2. Describe the Reynolds experiment with a neat sketch. What do you understand by Reynold’s ‘number? What useful information does it give? 3. Derive the Darcy's equation for the determination of the loss of head due to friction in pipeline. Explain with the help of a neat sketch — (a) hydraulic gradient (b) total energy line. 4. Prove that in the case of the transmission of power by means of water under pressure, the ‘maximum power is transmitted when the frictional loss of head in the pipe is two third of the total head supplied. 5. What size pipe should be installed to carry 5.5 x 10? m’/s of medium oil (kinematic viscosity v = 6x 10% m/s) under laminar flow condition? 6. Water is supplied to a town of 3,00,000 inhabitants from a reservoir 5 km away from the town, The per capita consumption of water per day is 150 litres and half of the daily supply is pumped in 8 hours. The highest and lowest water levels in the reservoir are 150 m and 100m respectively and the delivery end of the main supply pipe is at 25 m above reference level. If the head required at the delivery end is 15 m, make calculations for the diameter of supply ‘main. Take friction coefficient f = 0,04 in the Darcy equation, 7. Ata sudden enlargement of waterline from 24 cm to 48 cm diameter pipe, the hydraulic Bradient rises by 1 cm. Calculate rate of flow. 8, A.15 cm diameter pipe is attached to @ 10 cm diameter pipe by means of a flange in such a manner that axes of the two are in a straight line. Water flows through the arrangement at a rate of 2 m'/min. The pressure loss at the transition as indicated by differential gauge length (on a water mercury manometer connected between the two pipes equals & cm. Calculate the hhead loss and the coefficient of contraction. 9. Apipeline, 40 m long is connected to a water tank at one end and discharges freely into the atmosphere at the other end. For the first 25 m of its length from the tank, the pipe is 15 cm diameter and then its diameter is suddenly enlarged to 30 cm. the height of water levelin the tankis 8 m above the centre ofthe pipe. Considering al losses of head which occur, determine the rate of flow. Assume pipe friction Af = 0.04 in Darcy ~ Weisbach formula for both the section of the pipe. 10, Two pipes each 250 m long are available for connecting to a reservoir from which a flow of 0.08 m*/s is required. The pipe diameters are 10 cm and 20 em respectively. Compare the hhead loss through the system ifthe pipes constitute a series and parallel arrangement. Neglect minor losses due to pipe transitions and fittings. Assume f = 0.01 In the Darcy relation hy ‘ativ?/ 2gd, 11, Two reservoirs are connected by @ pipeline which is 15 cm in diameter for the first 5 m and 25 em in diameter for the remaining 15 m. Entry to and exit from the pipe is sharp, and the water surface in the upper reservoir is 7.5 m above that in the lower reservoir. Represent the layout and tabulate the head losses by assuming that friction coefficient is 0.01 for both the pipes. Further, calculate the flow rate through the arrangement and draw the hydraulic gradient and. energy gradient lines. 12, Itis desired to develop 1000 kW of power at 85 % efficiency by supplying water to a hydraulic turbine through a horizontal pipe 500 m long. Determine the necessary flow rate and the minimum diameter of pipe to carry that discharge. Water is avallable at a head of 150 m. Take 1006 in the Darcy equation, y= 4flV’/ 2g Flow through Channels 13. (a) Derive Chezy equation for steady uniform flow in an open channel.14, 15. 16. 17 18, 19. ()Cleate theta ate andthe conveyance fora rectangular channel m wide for uniform flow ta dep of 15m. he bed tape veralto 1000 orona. As comment on the state of flow, i.e. whether tranquil or rapid. Use Chezy equation with 30 m/s. {a Why bed Sipe prodedin open channels? (b) Find the bed slope of trapezoidal channel of bed width 6 m, depth of water 3 m and side shoge of 3 hrontal to 4 vera, when the charge trough the chanel 30 Take Chery constant, ¢=70 (2) State the Manning formula andthe Bein forma for the Chee coefient (b) An irrigation canal of trapezoidal section has bed width of 3.5 m and bed slope of 1 in 1600. ifthe depth of fw Is 15 m andthe side slopes ofthe chanel ae (le vera to 2 horizontal determine the average Now vel ad the charge cared bythe canna Use Bazin formula with roughness factor K=158 ‘rectangular chan) m wie and 15m deep, has lone of 0.04 in and tnd wth smooth concrete plese. tis dese to enhance the discharge to 2 moxmum by changing the mensions ofthe channel but keeping the same amount of nn. Wok out the new dimensions andthe percentage cease nelscharge Forte month concrete plaster, ake Moning constant N=0.015 Atraperoldalchanelhassie slope 1101. tisrequired to dcharge 13.2 watr wth 2 bed gradient of In 1000 unined the valves of Chey C4 ned with concrete, ts Vales 60. he cost perm! of excavation fou teste cost perme ning. The chanel ‘tobe themest efferent one Find wheter the ned canal or the und cael be cheaper? What wile the dmerlons ofthat ecorola canal? Atraperodl channels equled to cary 6 m/s of water at vloty of 5 Fd the most economical cross section if the channel has side slopes 1 vertical to 2 horizontal (n = ¥). For the sme dscharge what svg In power would rest tl traperlal secon I replaced by a rectangular section 1.5 m deep and 3 m wide? Use C = 55 in Chezy formula. (Prove thatthe conan fr aximum dcharge occu ough chanel of trapezoid shapecanbeeoresied as: () 22% = WRTET and (ily =2 were is depot aw, bs wid the chanel ys yérauimean depth andthe sie slope equals vercal ton horn (b) Show that the condition for the most economical section for trapezoidal channel is that the sides have slope of — with respect to the base