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ALL INDIA SENIOR SCHOOL

CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
20 19-2020
NAME: AHANA GHOSH
ROLL NUMBER: i ~~ 4 6 5 ,q
CLASS: XII
SUBJECT: JjlOLOG\' INVESTIGATORj1
i>ROJECjj
TOPIC: !-CA
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ASSISTED BY : GENNIA NATH

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1
 Certificate

This is to certify th
at I AHANA GH OSH
Saraswati Devi of class Xll of
Public School h
completed the BIO as successfully
LOGY Investigato
Prescribed by the ry Project as
All India Senior S
Examination (AISSC chool Certificate
E) for the academic
year 2019-20.
Date:

Principal' s Signatu
re

Signature of Exter
nal Examiner Signature of \nte
rna\ Examiner
 !-NDEX
-------------------

ON 1
INTRODUCTI
2
2. DEFINITIONS
IC A L FE A TU RES OF 3
3. HISTOLOG LS
CANCER CEL 4
A S T A S I S
4. MET
T IO N O F C A NCER 5
5. CLASSIFICA
NC ER 6T07
C A U S E S OF
CA
6.
N C E R S Y M PTOMS
7. C A 8
E N N O RM A L
BETWE
8. DIFFERENCE
N D C A N C E R CELLS 9
A IF FE RE N CE
ICA L D
9. MORPHOLOG A L A N D CANCER
RM
BETWEEN NO
CELLS N
10
C E R C E L L DNISIO
10. CA N 11 T O
F CANC E R
11. LOCATION O 12
13
GN OS IS O F CANCER
12. DIA
TM E N T O F CANCER 14
13. TREA
C KN O WL ED GEMENT
14. A
HY
15. BIBLIOGRAP
 1. I N T R O D U C T I O N
o f tf ie m o st fe a re d diseases in tfie
C a n ce r is o n e fakf ,, ye o y{ e e v e ry y e a r
o v e r
w o rf a a n d it a ff ec ts
11

in In d ia a[one.
m il fi o n ye o y{ e su cc u m
b to
W o rf tf w id e, m o re tf ia n
10
ye a r. L e t u s ex y[ o re w li a t is
tliis d is ea se e v e ry sy m yt o m s, diagnosis,
s o f ca n ce r,
ca n ce r, tfie ca u se
r.
a n d tr e a tm e n t o f ca n ce
fe re n ti a ti o n a n d yr o [i fe ra ti o n a re
In fi u m a n s, ce[{ d if re g u fa ri ze d 6 y tl ie ce{[e1e( -
a n d
liigfi{y m a n ip u [a te tf a [ ce [[s y re v e n t ,/e -.
N o rm
d iv is io n m ec h a n is m . if ic y ro y e rt y wfiic
tl i o f sy ec
u n co n tr o [{ et f g ro w
n.
ca [[ et f c o n ta c t inhibitio
ce [{ cy cf e m e c h a n is m in n o rm a {
5 \ b re a k d o w n o f tfii
s
fo rm a ti o n o f ca n ce r cells. 5\ s a
ce[{s {eacfs to tfie
ed :
re su ft , tu m o u rs a re fo rm

\ ~ M A L c£ .l- l. I
~, ~t o\ < .
t) tJ A ~ '-

a. l\ ~,~e~
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 2. DEPINITIONS
abn orm al cel1
Cancers are a large family of diseases tha t involve
oth er parts of
gro wth wit h the pot ent ial to invade or spr ead to
the body.

or tum our is a
They form a sub set of neoplasms. A neo pla sm
d growth and will
gro up of cells tha t hav e und erg one unr egu late
ted diffusely.
ofte n form a ma ss or lum p, but may be dist ribu
cer. The se
All tum our cells sho w the six hal lma rks of can
ant tum our .
cha rac teri stic s are req uire d to pro duc e a mal ign

The y inc lud e:

als
• Cel l growth and division abs ent the pro per sign
con trar y
• Con tinu ous growth and division eve n given
signals
• Av oid anc e of pro gra mm ed cell dea th
• Limitless num ber of cell divisions
• Pro mo ting blo od vessel con stru ctio n
~ form a
The pro gre ssio n fro m nor ma l cells ~o cells tha t
ltip le step s
detectable ma ss to out righ t can cer involves mu
known as ma lign ant pro gre ssio n.

J
 3. HISTOLOGICAL ''''""''""'"''""" '"''~......,..._.. ,.,,.,,.,,..,. ,..,._ ., - v w,,..,..,.,__,,.,,,,._.,,vv,,.,,..,.,.,,,.,.,,,.,.,,.,.,.,.,.,.,,,,,..,.,,,..,,,..,..,,

FEATURES OF CA_ NC ER
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,, ... ,,... , ......, ......, ..................,~...
_,,,,.,,,,,,.,,, ,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,, ,,,.,.,,,,,,,.,,

CELLS
Cancer cells are the cells which divide relentlessly. Typically, changes
in
Multip le genes are requir ed to trans form a norma l cell into a cancer
cell.

Genetic changes can occur at differ ent levels and by differ ent
mechanisms. The gain or loss of an entire chromosome can occur
throu gh errors in mitosis. More comm on are mutat ions, which are
changes in the nucle otide sequence of genomic DNA.

Cancer cells having distinguishing features visible under the

microscope.

The shape size prote in composition, textur e of nucleus is often

altered in malignant cells. The nucleus may acquire grooves or
indentations chromatins may aggregate or disperse, and the
nucleolus can became enlarged

Different combinations of abnormalities are characteristic of

differ ent cancer types.
 4-~--METASTASIS
al site by local spread,
Cancer _can sp rea d from its origin
lymph nodes or by
lymphatic sp rea d to regional sites ' known as
haematoge nous sp rea d via the blood to distant
.
metastasis.
s all over the body.
When cancer spreads it usually spread
e sym pto ms of me tas tat ic can cers depend on the tumour
Th
ph nodes (which can be
location an d can include enlarged lym
n and are typically hard),
felt or sometimes seen under the ski
ge d liv er or enlarg ed spleen , wh ich can be felt in the
enlar
bones and neurological
abdomen, pain or fracture of affected
symptoms.

ffe ren t typ es of can cer s ten d to metastasize to particular

Di
places for metastases to
organs, bu t overall the most common
bones.
occur are the lungs, liver, brain and the

What Is Metastasis?

1'
T!~~ /6:
>.,j~ )
1. Cancer cell t
Invade surrounding
'9!.le
/jJ eJ tfSIU81 and ven el1

·~·~
,,.,
2. Cancer cell•
are transported
by the clrculatory
1y1tem to dl1tant 11te1
ii
3. Cancer cell1 -·- --~
relnvade and grow
at new locatlon
····- -

5. C L A SS IF IC A IJ Q N Q E
C A N C ER
- .,.,...,,.,,., VI ,,.,_ -,Jv- ✓ -'J'"' ,,. ,,.,,.JV.#' _ _,

on their ability to
It is classified into two types of tumours based
undergo metastasis (spreading)
ad to the other
1. 801tl1J1t ll411COl4tS - These tumours do not spre
parts of the body.
quickly and spread
2. Ma lliJ IUU II ll411tOldS - These tumours gro w
ty is called as
to other normal tissues of the body. This proper
metastasis.
monly found in
Example: Breast cancer. It is a type of cancer com
females. It develops from the breast tissues

So me im po rta nt typ es of Cancer are:

ease.
a) Leukaemia: Cancer of whi te blood cells shows an abnormal incr

b) Carcinomas: Cancer of epithelial cells.

c) Sarcomas: Cancer of connective tissue.

d) Lymphomas: Cancer of lymphatic tissue.

e) Diplomas: Cancer of adipose tissue.

 6. CAUSES OF CAN CER
__..__..,.................... .. . .. ,. , ,. .. ,..,.

• Chemicals : T□bacc□ smoking

• Diet and exercise : over nutrition . high-salt diet. physical inactivity
• Infections :
• Oncovirus
• Bacterial infections
• Hepatitis 8
• Hepatitis C
• T-cell leukaemia
• Radiations : Ionizing radiation , nan ionizing UV radiation
• Heredity : Inherited genetic defect
• Physical agents : Physical carcinogens, frequent consumption □f hat
drinks
• Hormones : Cell proliferations, higher levels □f sex hormones

7. CANCER SYMPTOMS
It Any persistent lump or thickening in tissue, especially in the lip
and tongue or breast.
• unexplaine d lose of wei.ght
. . Difficulty in swallowing .
It Persistent cough or hoarseness .
. . A change in digestive habits.
It Loss of blood through natural orifice or excess out of date , loss
of blood in women.
It A swelling or sore throat that does not heal easily.
 -
I i

8. l)IFFEl~~~NCE lll•:' rW~: 1◄:N N()RMAL

CEIJJ ANI> CANCEi{ CEl~L
I I,

NOl~MAL CELLS CANCER CELLS

Cell Reproduction
Cell reproduction is needed to These cells may have gene mutations
replenish the cell population that ages or chromosome mutations affect the
I or becomes damaged or destroyed. reproductive properties of the cells.
Normal cells reproduce properly. They do not experience biological
ageing and maintain their ability to
re licate and ow.
Cell communicat ion
Cells communicate with other cells Cancer cells lose the ability to
through chemical signals. These communicate with other cells throug
signals help normal cells to know chemical signals. They also lose the
when to reproduce and when to stop sensitivity to anti growth signals from
reproducing. Cell signals are usually surrounding cells. These signals
transmitted to a cell by specific normally restrict cellular growth.
roteins.
Cell Specialization
Normal cells have the ability to Cancer cells do not have the ability to
differentiate into specialised cells. differentiate into specialised cells.
These cells proliferate many times fo r
Ion eriod of time.
Cell Death
Normal cells have the ability to seH When the genes in normal cells are
destruct when they become damaged damaged beyond repair certain DNA
or diseased. checking mechanism signal for cell
destruction

Normal Cancer
 9. MORPHOLOGICAL
DlfI'ERENCE BETWEEN
CANCERAND NORMAL
-CELLS
~

Normal Cells Cancer Cells -"'

·--------------------------· 11'---.. . ···························
 ,l 0.- CA NC ER CE LL
........., ........... ......... , .. ,,........ ................. , ......, .. ,,.. ~ ,

DIV ISI ON
Most cancers arise as cells acquire a series of mutations (changes in DNA)
that make them divide more quickly, escape internal and external controls
on division, and avoid programmed cell death start.

A cell might first lose activity of a cell cycle inhibitor, an event that would
make the cell's descendants divide a little more rapidly. It's unlikely that
they would be cancerous, but they might form a benign tumour, a mass
of cells that divide too much but don't have the potential to invade other
tissues (metastasize).

Over time, a mutation might take place in one of the descendant cells,
causin g increased activity of a positive cell cycle regulator. The mutation
might not cause cancer by itself either, but the offspring of this cell would
divide even faster, creating a larger pool of cells in which a third mutation
could take place. Eventually, one cell might gain enough mutations to take
on the characteristics of a cancer cell and give rise to a malignant
tumour, a group of cells that divide excessively and can invade other
tissues.

/
I
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if.r - - -- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- --
~

11. LO CA l ~I<)N FCJR CA NC ER

LU N GS : The cancer of lungs is becom ing more promi nent in our cou ntry
which causes maxim um death in our count ry. It is malign ant and causes no
sympt oms in early stages. The main reason for lung ca ncer is cigare tte.
Witho ut treatm ent t he rate of survival of these patien ts are zero. In total,
40% of cance r patien t is affecte d by lungs cance r.

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... ..........- ., -. '\ ·. -1~ \
I

ii) BREAST: The breast is comm on site of cance r in wome n (rare in men). It
seems like a lump over the breast . It begins in the cells of milk produ cing
d ucts o r in the glandu lar tissues. It causes redness, pigme ntatio n and
irregu lar shape of the breast .

Breast Cancer

,, CANCER
.
• •
l

Lobule, Oud1

iii) BONE: Bone cance r mainly affects the pelvis or the long bones of the arm
and legs. Surgical remov al of the bone cance r is most comm on treatm ent.
It causes pain, swelli ng and tende rness in the affect ed area, fatigue ness.
•

hs in women . It
iv) OVA RY: It is the fifth most common cause of cancer deat
Gradually, there
causes pain in pelvis, the lowe r abdomen, and back pain.
may also be nausea, redness, loss of appetite.
Uterus

I
Normal ovary

l',..;...,t,--t -- Vagina

F g 2 Cancer o' the Ova ·y

spreads rapidly to
v) PANCREAS: It begins in the tissues of your pancreas. It
depression, bloo d
the near by organs. It causes pain in uppe r abdomen,
clots, yello wing of your skin and whit e eyes.

Tne,e s ca nce '

, ,..
111

Ca1cer th £> lymp h nod;,s

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R 'J W -c .,a n 1£-a ,,

 •

12. Diagnosis of Cancer

The detection and diagnosis of cancer are very important
before it spreads to other parts of the body. Identification of
cancer genes is very valuable to prevent cancer.

The following methods are used to detect cancer -

1. Biopsy.
2. Histopatholog ical studies of tissue.
3. Radiography technique.
4. Oomputed tomography.
5. Magnetic resonance imaging.
6. Molecular biology techniques.

13. Treatment of Cancer

Commonly, three types of treatment are available for cancer.
1. SittlJOIY - Surgically removing localized cancerous mass
(Effective for benign tumours)
2. RtuliatioH tllll,apy - In this therapy, radiation is used to
kill the cancer cells.
3. t!,lul11totA01apy- Chemotherapeutic drugs are used to kill
the cancer cells.

Many chemical drugs have side effects in cancer patients like

hair loss. So, interferons are injected into the cancer patient to
develop the immunity against cancer.
 Common sites and symptoms of
Cancer metastasis

B r a i n - - - - - - -- --
- Headaches ,
i_J_ >
- Seizures
- Vertigo

Respirato..--v-----
- Cough
- Hemoptysis
- Dyspnea - -
;').. . t '
- ~-~
ll
£--
Lymph node ,~ ) -~
- Lymphadenopathy ~: ~ -:i •
I ,_ ~ .-
~ --.;f\P" ff ' . ~

Liver------ -.l~ ,. :--:; .... , ~~ ~

fr , ...,.,., ..
,
-
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- Hepatomegaly ~ ~.. 1
- Jaundice ,Jbt "
S keleta I - - = - - --
- Pain
- Fractures
- Spinal cord
compression
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 A~knowledgement

I would like to express my thanks of gratitude to our

Principal BN Singh sir for giving me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
"Cancer Biology" which has helped me in doing a lot of
research . I would extend my heartiest thanks to my
Biology teacher M rs. Gennia Nathnam for providing me
with all the support I required at all times .

I would like to gratefully thank my parents for

providing me with all the facilities and a favorable
environment at home .

I would also thank my friends who have given me

support and helped me in finalizing the project in the
given time frame .

THANKYOU
 111.JIU~llA l-tlY.

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