l[INcenr [EXERGISES]}| Q.3.1. What is the basic theme of organisation in the periodic table ? . The basic theme of organisati Ans me epee & janie of elements in the periodic table is to simplify and systematize the study Chemical properties, he vary meus and millions of their compounds. On the basis of similarities in the study simple pe — elements have now been divided into different groups. This has made individually ise the properties of elements are now studied in form of groups rather than Q.3.2, Which important property did Mendeleev use to classi in his peri i uaanear use to classify the elements in his periodic table and did Ans. Mendeleev used atomic weight as the basis of classification of elements in the periodic table. He arranged the then known elements in order of increasing atomic weights grouping together elements with similar properties. He sincerely stuck to this basis leaving out blank spaces where elements were not known at that time. For example, the element gallium after aluminium and germanium after silicon were not known at the time Mendeleev prepared his periodic table. He called these elements as eka- aluminium and ekasilicon. Later, these elements were discovered and their properties were found to be similar to those predicted by Mendeleev. Q.3.3. What is the basic difference in approach between Mendeleev’s Periodic Law and the Modern Periodic Law ? ‘Ans. Mendeleev Periodic Law states that the physical and chemical properties of the elements are a periodic function of their atomic weights while Modern Periodic Law states that physical and chemical Properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers. Thus, the basic difference in approach between Mendeleev's Periodic Law and Modem Periodic Law is the change in basis of classification of elements from atomic weight 10 atomic number. Q.34. On the basis of quantum numbers, justify that the sixth period of the periodic table should have 32 elements. : ‘Ans. In the modem periodic table, each period starts with the filling of a new principal energy level. Thus, the sixth period begins with the filling of principal quantum number, n = 6. When n= 6, (= 0. 1, 2,3. But (i according to aujbau principle, the electrons are added to different orbitals in order of their increasing energies, Now the energy of 6d-subshell is higher than that of 7s- subshell but energies of Sd- and 4f- : UESTIONS AND EXERCISES Oors” ‘hat of 6p-subshell. Therefore, in 6th period, electrons can be filled in only 6s, We sdand gpsobels inaee energies increase inthe order :6 5<4 <5 d<6 p. Now, s-subshell has two, p-subshell has three, d- subshell has five and f-subshell has seven orbitals. Hence, in all, there are 16 ie 3 + 5 +7) orbitals that can be filled in this period. Since according to Pauli’s exclusion principle cach orbital, at the maximum, can accommodate two electrons, therefore, 16 orbitals, at the maximum, ng and hence sixth period has 32 elements. Q.35. — a a and group, where would you locate the element with Z/= 114? ‘Anes ‘The ling of he 6th period ends tgfn. Thereafe, the ling of 7h period sas Like in th period The filing ofthe 6 Png of four subshells ce. 7s, 7P, 6d and Sf occurs, But according to aufbaw ao rsa cgies increase in the order: 7 <57<6.4<7p. Therefore, ler th next woCO 0 ON sia Tees NEW COURSE CHEMISTRY (x!) Keay clements with Z = 87 and Z = 88 are s-block elements, the next fourteen, j eo. flock elements,the Next ten, ie, 89 and Z = 104 -112 are d- block elements and the ‘ y ~ 18 are p-block elements, Therefore, the element Z.= 14 is the second irblock clement ie group 14 ‘of the 7th period. Thus, the location of the element with Z,= 114 in the period table i Period = 7th Block : p- Block Group : 14 @.3.6. Write the atomic number of the element in the third period and seventeenth group ofthe periodic table, Ans. In the third period, the filling up of only 3s- and 3p-orbitals occurs. Therefore, in this period there are ‘only two s-and six p-block elements. Since third period starts with Z = 11 and ends at Z = 18, therefore, clements with Z = 11 and Z = 12 are s-block elements. The next six elements with Z = 13 to 18 are p- block elements and belong to groups 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18. Therefore, the element which will lie in the third period and'seventeenth group will have Z = 10+ 7 = 17 Q. 3.7. Which clement do you think would have been named by (®) Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (ii) Seaborg’s group ? Ans. () Lawrencium (Z = 103) and Berkelium (Z = 97) (if) Seaborgium (Z = 106) Q. 3.8. Why do elements in the same group have similar physical and chemical properties ? Ans. Elements in the same group have similar electronic configuration and hence have similar physical and chemical properties. Q. 3.9. What does atomic radius or ionic radius mean to you ? Ans, Atomic radius literally means size of the atom. It can be measured either by X-ray or by spectroscopic methods. In case of non-metals, atomic radius is called covalent radius, It is defined as one-half the distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms of the same element in a molecule. For example, the internuclear distance between two chlorine atoms in chlorine molecule is 198 pm. Therefore, the covalent radius of chlorine atom is 198/2 =99 pm (0-99 A). In case of metals, atomic radius is called metallic radius. /t is defined as one- half the distance between the two adjacent atoms in the crystal lattice. For example, the distance between two adjacent copper atoms in solid copper is 256 pm, therefore; the metallic radius of copper is 256/2 = 128 pm (1-28 A). Tonic radius means size of the ion. An ion can be a cation or an anion. The size of a cation is always smaller than that of the parent atom because loss of one or more electrons increases the effective nuclear charge. As a result, force of attraction increases and hence the ionic size decreases. On the other hand, the size of the anion is always larger than the parent atom because the additon of one ot more electrons decreases the effective nuclear charge: AS a result, the force of attraction decreases and hence the ionic size increases, For example, the ionic radius of Na* is 95 pm while the atomic radius of sodium is 186 pm. On the other hand, ionic radius of fluoride ion ini 136 pm whereas the atomic radius of fluorine atom is only 72 pm. Q. 3.10. How do atomic radii vary in a period and in a group ? How do you explain the variation ? Ans. Within a group, the atomic radius increases down the group. This is because a new energy shell (Le Principal quantum number increases by unity) is added at each succeeding element while the number of electrons in the valence shell remains o be the same. In other words, the electrons in the valence shell of cach succeeding element lie farther and farther away from the nucleus. As a result, the force of attraction of the nucleus for the valence electrons decreases and hence the atomic size inc creases. In contrast, the atomic size decreases as we move from left to right in a period. This is because that within a period the outer electrons remain in the same shell but the nuclear charge increases by one unit at each succeeding element. Due to tis increased nuclear charge, the attraction of the nucleus far the ‘outer electrons jncreases and hence the atomic size decreases, Q. 3.11. What do you understand by isoelectronic species ? Nante the each of the following atoms or ions. (Fi) Ar (ili) Mg* (iv) Rb* hich have the same number Ans. ons of different elements wl nuclear charge are called isoelectronic ions, ‘Species that will be isoelectronic with of electrons but different magnitude of ther Eee ean CITY IN (i) F-has 10 (941) electrons. Therefore, the nea ve Ne (10 + 0) ; sodium ion, Nat (11-1) : ma; each one of Which contains 10 electrons, (id) Ar has 18 electrons. Therefore, Species nitride ion, N (743) ; oxide ion OF (8 +2), neon, vgnesium ion, Mg2* (12-2) ; aluminium ion, AI'* (13-3) ete are isoelectronic with it. the species phosphide ion, P? (15 + 3), sulphide ion ; S? (16 + 2) : chloride ion, CI (17 + 1), potassium ion, Kt contains 18 electrons, are eee calcium ion, Ca®* (20-2), etc. each one of which (iii) Mg?* has 10 (12-2) electrons, theref aoe i which contains 10 eiccirees fais ecclesia ae N*, 0%, F-, Ne, Na*, AD, etc. each one of * ge bas xe Gr ‘ y electrons. Therefore, the species bromide ion, Br (35 + 1), krypton, Kr (36 + 0) and strontium Sr°* (38 — 2) each one of which has 36 electrons, are isoelectronic with it Q. 3:12. Consider the following species. N*, 07, F-, Nat, Mg** and AI>*. (i) What is common in them ? (ii) Arrange them in order of increasing ionic radii ? Ans. (a) Each one of these ions contains 10 electrons and hence all are isoelectronic ions. (b) The ionic radii of isoelectronic ions decrease with the increase in the magnitude of the nuclear charge. Fot example, consider the isoelectronic ions : N, 02° , F”, Na*, Mg?* and Al**. All these ions have 10 electrons but their nuclear charges increase in the order: N* (+ 7), O% (+ 8), Fr (+ 9), Nat (+ 11), Mg’ (+ 12) and AP+ (+ 13). Therefore, their ionic radit decrease in the order : N>- 0? > F-> Na* > Mg** AP+. Q.3.13. Explain why cations are smaller and anions are larger in radii than their parent atoms ? ‘Ans. The ionic radius of a cation is always smaller than the parent atom because the loss of one or more electrons increases the effective nuclear charge. As a result, the force of attraction of nucleus for the electrons increases and hence the ionic radii decrease. In contrast, the ionic radius of an anion is always larger than its parent atom because the addition of one or more electrons decreases the effective nuclear charge. As a result, the force of attraction of the nucleus for the electrons decreases and hence the ionic radii increase. Q.3.14. What is the significance of the terms ‘isolated gaseous atom’ and ‘ground state’ while defining the ionization enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy ? ‘Ans. (i) Ionization enthalpy is the minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from an isolated gaseous atom so as to convert it into a gaseous cation. The force with which fin election is attracted by the nucleus of an atom is appreciably affected by presence of other atoms 7 within its molecule or in the neighbourhood. Therefore, for the purpose of determination of ionization enthalpy, it is essential that these interatomic forces of attraction should be minimum. Sinee in the gaseous state the atoms are widely separated, therefore, these interatomic forces are minimum. Further Since it isnot possible to isolate a single atom for the purpose of determination ofits ionization enthalpy. therefore, the interatomic distances are further reduced by carrying out the measurement at alow pressure Of the gaseous atom. It is because ofthese reasons, thatthe term isolated gaseous atom has been included in the definition of ionization enthalpy. (i) Electron gain enthalpy is the energy released when an isolated gaseous atom in the ground state accepts an extra electron to form the gaseous negative ion. ‘The term isolated gaseous atom has already been explained above. The term gfound state here means that the atom must be present in the most stable state, Le. the ground state. The reason being that when the isolated gaseous atom isin the excited state, lesser amount of energy will be released when it gets converted into gaseous anion aftr accepting an electron. Therefore, for comparison purposes the electron gain enthalpies of gaseous atoms must be determined in their respective most stable state, i.¢., ground state. Q. 3.15. Energy of an electron in the ground state of the hydrogen atom is - 2-18 x 10-1 J. Calculate the scnisesion enthalpy of atomic hydrogen in terms of kJ bold mot. Tonination energy is the amount of energy fequired 1 remove the electron from the ground state to Ans. infinity. = Now, energy of the electron in the ground state = — 218 x 10-1 J Energy of the electron at affinity = 0. JUESTIONS AND exencises NeGHr TELS BOSL*fate of hydrogen atom or! y= 218 x 10S e ground st ‘The energy required to remove an electron in the grount —(218x | = 0~ (its energy in the ground state) = Hl 218% 10!8 x6.02%10" jy 2.18% 10!8 x 6.0210 ++ Tonization enthalpy per mole of hydrogen atoms = 7000 = 131236 kJ mot 1 1312-36 x 103 J mol” : r: Q.3.16. Among the second period elements, the actual ionization energies are in the orn Li Mgt (1s? 2s? ap6 3st) “2, gr 2 042 278) ‘Neon gas configuration After the removal of the first electron, Ni sraee ie) the removal of the first electron, Na* acquires the more stable neon gas configurati second electron from Na sto be removed from the more stable noble (xe, neon) gee conheumeeny os the loss of second electron from Mg gives the more stable neon gas configuration. Thus, Nie oe more than A; Hy of Mg, . ea OG Q. 3.18. What are the various factors due to which the ion tends to decrease down the group ? ‘Ans, Within the main group elements, the ionization enthalpy decrease due to the following two factors. * regularly as we more down the group @ Atomic.size. On moving down the group, the atomic size increase i one new principal energy shell at each succeeding element, Acs pate to the addition of electrons from the nucleus increases. Consequently, the force of attraction of rigs tne valence electrons decreases and hence the ionization enthalpy decreosar ‘nucleus for the valence zation enthalpy of the main group elementsSee — EXE lODICITY IN Pi Screening effect, With the as 3167 the valence electrons increaes, a result, the force of attraction ionization enthalpy decreases shel, the numberof inner electron shells which shield \e shielding effect or the scree! ses. A. of the nucleus 1g effect or the screening effect increases. As rucleus for the valence electrons further decreases and hence the Q. 319. The first ionization enthalpy values (in kJ mot or B 801 al Ga In Tl e S77 879 558 589 How will you explain this deviation from the general a Ans. On moving down the group 13 from B to Al, general trend ? ") of group 13 elements are : the ionization enthal increase in at enthalpy decreases as expected due to an cree eae size and screening effect (of s- and p-electrons of the 2nd shell) whch outweigh the ‘arge. However, A; H, of Ga is only slighly higher (2 kJ mol") than that of Al while that of Tl is much follows : tuch higher than those of Al, Ga and In. These deviations can be explained as Al follows immedi: | pres ipinn ae after 2 block elements while Ga and In follow after d-block elements and Tl tectvely doen eames: Since d-and feletrons shield the valence electrons from the nucleus Tess freeuvely than ® and prelectrons, therefore, valence elecons remain fairly strongly attracted by the ne , effective nuclear charge increases and consequently ionization enthalpy increases. Thus, as we move from Al to Ga, due to ineffective shielding ofthe valence electrons by 34- O~. In other words, electron gain enthalpy of F is much more negative (~ 328 kJ mol") than that of oxygen (-141 kJ mot"). s (ii) In general, the electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative on moving down the group, But the ‘chlorine (~ 349 kJ mot) is more negative than that of fluorine (~ 328 ki electron gain enthalpy of ¢ M Mw tol), The reason for this deviation is the small size of F atom, Due to its small size, the electron- Glectron epulsions inthe relatively compact 2p-subshel ae comparatively large and hence the incoming icctrom isvnot accepted with the same ease as isthe case with larger Cl atom, Consequently, electron gain enthalpy of Cl is more negative than that of F. Q. 3.21. Would you expect the second electron gain enthalpy of O as positive, more negative or less negative than the first ? Justify your answer. / ‘Ans. The second electron gain enthalpy of O is postive as explained below : * When an electron is added to © atom to form O- ion, energy is released. Thus, first electron gain thalpy of is negative. ‘ aah a © (g) + € (g) 2 0" 6) eg H =~ 141 molt ‘dded to O~ to form O” ion, energy is absorbed to overcome the strong is a Bat when ante ee be nya caged Oo andthe second leston bring ald ost y Thus, she second electron gain enthalpy of oxygen (s posi Oo @+e@* (g) i Meg H = + 780 kJ mot!SSE Dw COURSE CHEMISTRY (X!) eae NEI 2 anthalpy and electronegativity ? Q. 3.22. What is the basic difference between the terms electron ie ony "Ff the atomn of an element to Ams. Both electron gain enthalpy and eleetronegatvity refer to the fenden’y Ol TY tag gaseous atom to attract electrons. Whereas electron gain enthalpy refers 10 the tendency © “the tendency of accept an additional electron to form a gaseous negative jon, electrone ee Saleh banal the atom of an element to attract the shared pair of electrons towards it ina cc eae Q. 3.23. How would you react tothe statement thatthe electronegativity of Non Pauling the nitrogen compounds ? Ans. The electronegativity of any given atom is not constant. of N on Pauling scale is 3-0 in all nitrogen compounds is wrong. the state of hybridization and the oxidation state of the element. T percentage of s- character of a hybrid orbital increases or the oxidati example, the electronegativity of N increases as we move from sp> the electronegativity of N in NO; where oxidation state of N is +4 is oxidation state of N is +2. Q. 3.24. Describe the theory associated with the radius of an atom as it (a) gains an electron (b) loses an electron. Ans. (a) Gain of electrons. When a neutral atom gains one electron to form an anion, its radius increases. The reason being that the number of electrons in the anion increases while its nuclear charge remains the same as the parent atom. Since the same nuclear charge now attracts greater number of electrons, therefore, force of attraction of the nucleus on the electrons of all the shells decreases (i.e., effective nuclear charge decreases) and hence the electron cloud expands. In other words, the distance between the centre of the nucleus and the last shell that contains electrons increases thereby increasing the ionic radius. Thus, e ee ‘Therefore, the statement that the electronegativity ‘Actually electronegativity varies with ‘The electronegativity increases as the ‘on state of the element increases. For — sp? — sp-hybrid orbital. Similarly, higher than that in NO where the ‘Atom, Electrons, Anion + 7 Nuclear charge 18 Electrons +17 lonic size +17 i 99 pm 181 pm (2) Loss of electrons. When a neutral atom loses one electron to form a cation, its atomic radius decreases. The reason being thatthe number of electrons inthe cation decreases while its nuclear charge remains the same as the parent atom. Since the same nuclear charge now attracts leseer number of electrons, therefore, the force of attraction ofthe nucleus onthe electrons ofall the shellsincreases( effective nuclear charges increases) and hence the size of cation decreases, Thus " @= @ ) “ | sar: |S Caton | eee 1 Nuclear charge a 0 +n lonic size. +n 186 pm 95 pm Q. 3.25. Would you expect the first ionization enthalpies of two isoto different ? Justify your answer. ‘Ans. Ionization enthalpy, among other things, depends upon the electronic conf and ‘nuclear charge (number of protons). Since the isotopes of configuration and same nuclear charge, they are expected to have »pes of the same element to be same or guration (number of electrons) an element have the same lect © same ionization enthalpy,qe aS (6, What are major diferences between mi RES are E etals and non-t Ans. Elements which have a stron n-metals ? vehich have a strong tendency tendency to lose electrons 0 form cations are called metals while Hone Mt strong reducing agents, thoy have leg ees © form anions are called non-metals. THs metals ae ateat ee ionization enthalpies, ave ss negative leon ‘gain enthalpies, Non-metals, on the other hand, nic compounds. ; high negative electron gain enthalpies pander agents, they have high ionization enthalpies, have - high electronegativ : 09.327. Use the periodic able to answer the oder eel es form acidic oxides and covalent compounds. (a) Identify an element with five electrons in the outer subshell (b) Identify the element that would tend to lose two electrons. (0) Identify the element that would tend to gain two electrons. (d) Identify the group havi qui 7 oe group having metal, non-metal, liquid as well as gas'at room temperature. np’. This electronic configuration is characteris cxamples are F, Cl, Br, I, At, etc. eee! (6) The elements which have a tendency to lose two electrons must have two electrons in the valence ‘ns2, This electronic configuration is shell. Therefore, their general electroni aan eroupt cme ean eh metas ad (c) The elements which have a tendency to accept two electro shell. Therefore, their general electronic configuration is ns? np’ characteristic of group 16 elements and their examples are O and S. (@) A metal which is liquid at room temperature is mercury. Itis a transition metal and belongs © BO" 12. ‘A non-metal which is a gas at room temperature is hydrogs (group 16), fluorine, chlorine (group 17) and inert gases (group 18). ‘A non-metal which is a liquid at room temperature is bromine (group 17)- Q. 328. The increasing order of reactivity among group 1 elements is ir examples are Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, ete. of group 17 is F > Cl > Br >I. Explain. .ce shells and thus have a strong ve only one electron in their respective valen "she tendency to lose electrons, in turn, depends upon the ionization enthalpy ‘Ans. The elements of group 1 ha tendency to lose this electron. Since the ionization enthalpy decreases down the grou noweases in the same order : Li Cl > Br >I. potentials of group 17 elements des T (40:53 V), therefore, their reactivities ‘Alternatively, tendency to accept electrons can Pe enthalpy becomes less and less negative as 6 1° 1 to LF, however, is the most reactive due 108 ‘low bond dissociation energy. (0.329. Write the general electronic configuration of s-, p> de, and f-block elements : 1-2 wheren=2-7 (i p-Block elements ns? np'® where n= 2-7 Ans. (i) -Block elements : "5 (iii) d-Block elements : ("— 1) di-10 ns? where = 4-7 (iv) f-Block elements : ("~ afr n- Daren where n= oT (Q. 3.30. Assign the position of the element having ‘outer electronic configuration, (i ns? np’ for n=3 (ii) (nid? nstfor n= 4and Gi) (n-2f7 @-Dain ‘for n = 6 in the periodic table. ‘Ans, (i) n = 3 suggests that the element belongs to third period. Since therefore, the given él i block element. Further since electrons, eee group ‘element = 10-+ no. of electrons in the val The complete electronic co! (sulphur) The general electror 5 (a) The general electronic configuration of the elements having five electrons in the outer subshell is ns? 17, ie., halogens and their mis must have’six electrons in the valence 2 np*. This electronic configuration is en (group 1), nitrogen (group 15), oxygen ‘Li Cl (+11:36 V), Br (1-08 V) and linked to electron gain enthalpy. Since electron gain re from Cl to I, therefore, reactivity increases from Cl the last electron enters the p-orbital, the valence shel] contains 6 (2 + 4) lence shell =10+6=16 is 1 s2 2s? 2,p® 3s? 3.p! and the element is SQ. 3.31. suggests that the element lies in the 4th period. . Since the d-orbitals are incomplete, therefore, it is d-block ele! a ease no. of d-electons + no, of s.elecuons =2-+2= 4. Thus, the elements les a group i br ‘ hewn h complete electronic configuration of the element is 1 s? 2 s? 2 p®3 s° 3p’ (titanium). (iti) n = 6 means that the element lies in the sixth period. Since the last ele therefore, the element is a f-block element. All f- block elements lie in group ce configuration of the element is [Xe] 4’ 5 d! 6 s2. The atomic number of the element = 64 and the element is Gd (gadolinium). . ‘The first (A; H,) and the (A; H,) ionization enthalpies (in kJ mol”) and the (A,, H) electron gain enthalpy (in kJ mol!) of a few elements are given below + ment, The group number of the element = .ctron goes to the f-orbital, 3, The complete electronic 544741422 Element AH, AH, AegH I 520 7300 - 0 1 419 3051 -48 m1 1681 3374 - 328 Iv 1008 1846 - 295 v 2372 5251 +48 vI 738 1451 -40 Which of the above element is likely to be : (@) the least reactive element (b) the most reactive metal (©) the most reactive non-metal (@) the least reactive non-metal (@) the metal which can form a stable binary halide of the formula MX, (X = halogen) ? (f the metal which can form predominantly stable covalent halide of the formula MX (X = halogen) ? - (a) The element V has highest first ionization enthalpy (A, H,) and positive electron gain enthalpy (4, H) and hence it isthe least reactive element. Since inert gases have positive A, H, therefore, the eletent-V must be an inert gas. The values of A, H,, A; Hy and A,, H match that of He, (®) The element Il which has the least ist ionization enthalpy (A, H,) and a low negative electron gain enthalpy (4, H) is the most reactive metal. The values of A; H,, A; Hy and A,, H match that of K (potassium) 8 (©) The element III which has high first ionization enthalpy (A, H,) and a very high negative electron gain enthalpy (Ay, H) is the most reactive non-metal. The values of A; Hy, A; Hy and eq H match that of F (fluorine). * (@) The element IV has a high negative electron gain enthalpy (A,, H) but not so i ; itis e igh first ionization enthalpy (A, H,). Therefore, itis the east reactive non-metal. The vilues of A, H,, A, Ht that of I (Iodine), 4; H), 4; Hp and A, H match (6) The element VI has low first ionization enthalpy (A, H,) but higher than that of alkali it appears thatthe element is an alkaline earth metal and hence will form binary halide, ae sae MX; (where X= halogen), The values of Hy, Hy and A, H match that of Mg (magnenarg (f) The element I has low fist ionization (4, H,) but a very higl vain therefore, it must be an alkali metal, Since the metal forms a pre formula MX (X = halogen), therefore, the alkali metal mustRES ees Sy oe Predict the formula of the stable y eas amt the following pairs of elements, ""¥ C™ Pounds that would be formed by the combination of (a) Lithium and oxygen (b) Magnesium and nitrogen (©) Aluminium and iodine (d) Silicon and oxygen (e) Phosphorus and fluorine \ (f Element 71 and fluorine. Lithit a ea ei os a a Sex 1). It has only one electron in thie valence shell, therefore, its le formed would be Li,O (thin onan tt Wt & Valence of 2. Therefore, formula ofthe compound Gena i aie (Group 2) and hence has a valence of 2. Nitrogen is a group 15 (magnesium nitride). = 3. Thus, the formula of the compound formed would be Mg3No, (c) Aluminium is group 13 element with a valence of 3 while iodine is a halogen (group 17) with a valence of 1. Therefore, the formula of the compound formed would be All; (aluminium iodide). (a) Silicon is a group 14 element with a valence of 4 while oxygen is a group 16 element with a valence of 2. Hence the formula of the compound formed is SiO, (silicon dioxide). (@) Phosphorus is a group 15 element with a valence of 3 or 5 while fluorine is a group 17 element with avvalence of 1. Hence, the formula of the compound formed would be PF; or PFs, (/ Element with atomic number 71 is a lanthanoid called lutetium (Lu), Its.common valence is 3. Fluorine is a group 17 (halogen) element with a valence of 1, Therefore, the formula of the compound formed would be LuF (lutetium fluoride). Q. 3.33. In the modern periodic table, the period indicates the value of (2) atomic number (b) mass number (c) principal quantum number (4) aéirinithal quantum number In the modern periodic table, each period begins with the filling of a new shell. Therefore, the period indicates the value of principal quantum number. Thus, option (c) is correct. Which of the following statements related to the modern periodic table is incorrect ? Ans, Q.3.34. (a) The p-block has six columns, becaue a maximum of 6 electrons can occupy all the orbitals in a 3) - subshell. ee (b) The d-block has 8 columns, because a maximum of 8 electrons can occupy all the orbitals ina 25 d- subshell. 3 (6) Each block contains a number of columns equal to the number of electrons that can occupy $4 that subshell. @ The block indicates value of azimuthal quantum number (P) for the last subshell that received (©) dlectrons in building up the electronic configuration. . 9 Ans. Statement (6) is incorrect while other statements are correct. The correct statement (b) is : the d-block has 10 columns, because a maximum of 10 electrons can occupy all the orbitals in a d-subshell. Anything that influences the valence electrons will affect the chemistry of the element, Which one of the following factors does not affect the valence shell ? « (@) Valence principal quantum number (n) () Nuclear charge (Z) (©) nuclear mass Tae ee 11 because nucleus consists of protons and neutrons, Whe: = ‘neutrons, fas Nace es al ao Th op a Q.3.35,Ew COURSE CHEMISTRY (x!) RISTO ee To eS Q. 3.36. The size of isoelectronic species - F-, Ne and Nat is affected by (a) nuclear charge (Z) (b) valence principal quantum number (n) (©) electron-electron interaction in the outer orbital (d) none of the factors because their size is the same. Ans. The size of the isoelectronic ions depends upon the nuclear charge ( the size decreases. For example, F- (+ 9) > Ne (+ 10) > Na* (+ 11). while all other statements are wrong. > Q. 3.37. Which of the following statements is incorrect in relation to ionization enthalpy ? (@) ionization enthalpy increases for each successive electron. (b) The greatest increase in ionization enthalpy is experienced on removal o noble gas configuration. (©) End of valence electrons is marked by a big jump in ionization enthalpy. ; ; (@) Removal of electron from orbitals bearing lower n value is easier than from orbital having higher n value. Ans. Statement (d) is incorrect. The correct statement is : Removal of electron from orbitals bearing lower value is difficult than from orbital having higher n value. All other statements are correct. Q. 3.38. Considering the elements B, Al, Mg and K, the correct order of their metallic character is : (a) B> Al> Mg > K (b) Al> Mg > B > K (c) Mg> Al> K > B (d) K > Mg> Al>B Ans. In a period, electronegativity increases and hence the metallic character decreases as we move from left to right. Therefote, metallic character of K, Mg and Al decreases in the order : K > Mg > Al. However, within a group, the electronegativity decreases and hence the metallic character, increases from top to bottom. Thus, Al is more metallic than B. Therefore, the correct sequence of decreasing metallic character is: K> Mg > Al> B, ice, option (d) is correct. Q. 3.39. Considering the elements B, C, N, F and Si, the correct order of their non-metallic character is : (a) B> C> Si>N.>F (b) Si> C> B>N>F (0) F>N>C>B>Si(d)F>N>C>Si>B (AMU Engg. 2011) Ans. In a period, the non-metallic character increases from left to right. Thus, among B, C, N and F, non- metallic character, decreases in the order : F > N > C > B. However, within a group, non-metallic character decreases from top to bottom. Thus, C is more non-metallic than Si. Therefore, the correct sequence of decreasing non-metallic character is : F>N > C>B > Si, ie., option (c) is correct. Q. 3.40. Considering the elements F, Cl, O and N, the correct order of their chemical reactivity in terms of oxidising property is : (a) F > Cl> O > N (b) F>O>CI>N(c) Cl>F>O>N(d)O>F>N>Cl ‘Ans. Within a period, the oxidising character increases from left to right. Therefore, among F, O and N, oxidising power decreases in the order : F> O > N. However, within a group, oxidising power decreases from top o bottom. Thus, Fis a stronger oxidising agent than C, Further because O is more electronegative than Cl, therefore, O is a stronger oxidising agent than Cl. Thus, overall decreasing order of oxidicin power is : F>O>CI>N, i.e, option (b) is correct. 8 2), As the nuclear charge increases ‘Therefore, statement (a) is correct if electrons from core