I

nternati
onalorGl
obalc
ommunicat
ionr
eferstothephenomenonofexchangi
ngknowl
edge,
i
deas,andinfor
mati
onandi
nter
acti
onofindi
vidualac
rosst
heborder
sinsteadofal
imi
tedor
l
ocalarea.

CHALLENGESFACI
NGDEVELOPI
NGCOUNTRI
ES

1.Col
onialexper
ience:
Devel
opi
ngcount
riesar
eallf
ormercoloniesofdevel
opedcount
ries
(mostl
yFrenchandEnglis
h).
Cul
tur
eshavebeenvandal
ised.
We' veadaptedtothel
if
estyleof
ourcol
onialmasters
.

2.Tradi
tionalAf
ric
anVal
ues:Ours
yst
emofcommunicat
ionisf
acet
oface,wedonotpay
attenti
ont omasscommuni
cati
on.
thecr
edi
bil
it
yofanAfri
canmantobeli
evesomet
hingisby
facetoface.

3.Ter
rai
n:Cli
matecondi
ti
oninmos tdevel
opi
ngc
ount
riesdonotgi
ver
oomf
orc
ommuni
cat
ion.
someplacesorl
ocat
iondonothavesignal
s.

4.
Inf
rastr
uctur
alf
aci
li
ties
:Lac
korpoorqual
it
yinf
ras
truc
tur
esi
nthedevel
opi
ngc
ount
riese.
g
NoSteadyPowers
upply.

5.Accesstovit
alinf
ormation:Devel
opingc
ountr
iesdon'thaveacc
esstovi
tali
nfor
mati
on
becausethereisnoaccountabl
egovernmentandgovernmenttrytohi
dvit
alinf
ormat
iont
othe
publi
c.

6.Owners
hipofmedia:I
ndevel
opedcount
ries
,mediaaremostl
yownedbypr
ivateandc
annot
besubj
ectedtogover
nmentunli
kesomedevelopi
ngcount
rieswhi
char
emostlyownedby
gover
nment .

7.Legalcons
traint
:Theyarel
awsthatar
esuppos
etoguideanat
ione.
gLawofs
edi
ti
on.
buti
n
developi
ngc ountr
ies,
theydonott
endtoabi
debythos
el aws
.

Devel
opingcountri
esar
emostf
acedwi
thlegalchal
lengese.gTherearelawsthatdef
amefr
ee
fl
owofinformati
onorcommuni
cati
on(
Lawofs edi
ti
on/defamation)andallt
heselawsar
e
st
ruct
urerfact
ors.

SI
TUATI
ONFACTORS

1.Pol
it
icalfac
tors/
s i
tuati
on:Gover
nmentmaynotal
lowfreefl
owofinf
ormat
ion,
ifnotf
or
democracyinourcount r
yNigeri
a.E.
gChi
nabeenbanforouts
idewor
ldnews,
eventherecent
banontwi t
terinNigeri
a.

2.Economicsi
tuat
ion:Ri
chorpoor
,thi
ssi
tuat
ioni
smeas
uredbas
edont
hef
inanc
ials
tabi
li
tyof
thedevelopi
ngcountr
y.

3.Soc
ials
ituat
ion:I
thast
odowi
thhowwer
elat
ewi
thoneanot
her
.i.
eTheEt
hni
candr
eli
gious
si
tuat
ioninNigeri
a.
4.Cr
osscult
urali
nfl
uenc
e:bas
edonourc
ult
uraldi
ver
sit
y,wet
endnott
oeas
ilyunder
stand
ours
elves
.

5.
Levelofdevel
opment
.

6.Fi
scalpoli
cies
:Lawstoi
mpr
ovet
heexi
sti
ngs
yst
ems
uchaseduc
ati
on,
heal
thc
are,
i
nfrast
ructuresect
or.

UNESCO

TheUnitedNati
onsEducat
ional,
Sci
enti
fi
candCult
uralOr
gani
zati
onisaspeci
ali
sedagenc
yof
theUnit
edNationsai
medatpr omoti
ngworl
dpeaceandsecur
ityt
hroughint
ernati
onal
cooper
ationi
neducati
on,t
hes ci
enc
es,andcul
tur
e.It
swasbornon16November1945.

UNESCO' sfoundi
ngmission,
whic
hwasshapedbytheSecondWorl
dWar,ist
oadvancepeac
e,
sus
tainabledevelopmentandhumanr
ight
sbyfaci
lit
ati
ngcoll
abor
ati
onanddial
ogueamong
nat
ions.

Duet othehighlevelofonesi
dedcommunicat
ionbetweenthedevel
opedcountr
iesandthe
developingc
ount r
ies.t
heUNESCOs etupacommitteetoaddres
sthei
ssues
,thereshoul
dbe
exchangemedi umbet weendevel
opedanddevel
opingcountr
ies.

OBJ
ECTI
VEOFUNESCO

UNESCOFocusesonas etofobj
ect
ivesi
nthegl
obalpr
ior
ityar
eas'
Afr
ica'
and'
Genderequal
it
y'.
Andother
sinc
luding;

a.
Att
aini
ngqual
it
yeduc
ati
onf
oral
landl
if
elongl
ear
ning.

b.
Mobi
li
zi
ngs
cienc
eknowl
edgeandpol
icyf
ors
ust
ainabl
edevel
opment
.

c
.Addr
ess
ingemer
gings
oci
alandet
hic
alc
hal
lenges
.

d.
fos
ter
ingc
ult
uraldi
ver
sit
y,i
nter
cul
tur
aldi
alogueandac
ult
ureofpeac
e.

e.
Bui
ldi
ngi
ncl
usi
veknowl
edges
oci
eti
est
hroughi
nfor
mat
ionandc
ommuni
cat
ion.

GLOBALVI
LLAGE

Gl
obalvil
lageiss
uchanenvi
ronmentwheretheworl
dconsi
der
edasas
ingl
ecommuni
tyi
n
whi
cht el
ec ommuni
cat
ionsl
inkthei
nhabi
tantst
oget
her.

Inotherwords,Globalvil
lageisanideawhereallt
hepeopl
eoftheworl
dwilll
iveasasingl
e
soci
et yandpr
ovidec ommuni cat
ionandservi
cestoeac
hothert
hroughtheuseofinf
ormati
on
andc ommunicati
ont echnology.
*Thatis
,"t
hewor
ldbas
edoni
nfor
mat
ionandc
ommuni
cat
iont
echnol
ogyi
scal
ledGl
obal
vi
llage.
"

Theideaof​t
heGl
obalvi
ll
agewasfi
rstmentionedbyCanadianphi
los
opherMar
shal
lMc
Luhani
n
hisbook“TheGut
enbergGal
axy”
.Forthi
sreason,Mar
shallMcLuhan.

*I
n1964Mar
shal
lMc
Luhanwr
oteabookunder
standi
ngmedi
a.

DI
SADVANTAGEOFGLOBALVI
LLAGE:

1.
Por
nogr
aphi
cMat
eri
als

2.
Expos
ureofYout
htoHol
lywoodmovi
es.

3.Cul
tur
alBas
t ar
dis
ati
on:Ourc
ult
urehavebeenf
orgot
tenbec
aus
ewet
ryt
oadaptt
otheways
ofDevel
opedcountr
ies
.

4.Nudi
tyonthest
reet
:Inwhatwec
allc
ivi
li
sat
ion,
theot
hers
ideef
fec
tiss
moki
ng,
cheat
ing,
i
ndecentdr
essi
ngetc.

5.
Fraud:
Ithasl
eadt
ohi
ghr
ateofi
nter
netf
raud.

ADVANTAGE

1.
Educati
on:Youc
anr
eadandbeeduc
atedonl
ine,
allar
easofc
onc
ent
rat
ionc
anbec
over
ede.
g
e-
lear
ning.

2.Commerce:Noneedt
ogotothemarketorbankset
cYouc
anshopforwhatyouwantonl
ine
anditwi
llbedel
iver
edt
oyou.andyoucanals
omakebanktr
ans
acti
onsfromyourmobil
eapp.

3.
Sec
uri
ty:

4.
Agr
icul
tur
e

MEDI
ACONVERGENCE

1.
SuperMedi
a-Soc
ialmedi
a

2.
Thel
anguageus
ed

3.
Economi
calSys
temf
all
en

4.
Soc
ialEnvi
ronment
5.
Ent
ert
ainment

6.
Pol
it
icals
yst
emf
all
en

CLASSACTI
VITY

SearchforAdvant
ageandDi
sadvant
ageofGl
obal
izat
ionandt
hePos
iti
onofNi
ger
iai
n
Globali
zati
on.

ADVANTAGESOFGLOBALI
ZATI
ON(
INTERNETSOURCE)

1.
Wor
ldwi
des
ecur
edc
ommuni
cat
ionwi
thi
nfews
econds
.

2.
Eas
ytohavei
nfor
mat
ion.

3.
Inc
reas
ingc
apabi
li
tyofadapt
ingt
echnol
ogy&Us
es.

5.
Devel
opedl
ivi
ngs
tyl
e.

6.
Inc
reas
edhumanef
fi
ci
enc
yofwor
k.

7.
Expandt
radeandc
ommer
ce.

8.
Eas
ytr
ans
act
ions
yst
em.

9.
Avai
labl
eeduc
ati
onalr
esour
ces
.

Havi
ngmedi
calf
aci
li
ti
ess
itt
ingathome.

10.
Givi
ngopi
nionandmakepeopl
eawar
ebywr
iti
ngondi
ff
erentpl
atf
orm.

DI
SADVANTAGES-

1.
Pri
vac
yofi
nfor
mat
ionbr
eaki
ngdownduet
oint
ernett
echnol
ogy.

2.
Mis
useofi
nfor
mat
ion.

3.
Somet
imesf
akenewsmakess
oci
alc
oll
isi
on.

4.
Economi
cdepr
ess
ioni
nonec
ount
ryc
ant
riggeradver
ser
eac
tionsac
ros
sthegl
obe.

5.Gl
obalcompeti
ti
onput
spr
ess
ureons
mal
lbus
ines
seswhodonothaver
esour
cest
ocompet
e
onaglobals
cale
HOWHASTECHNOLOGYPROPELLEDGLOBALCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

1.Tec
hnol
ogyhasbeenabl
etoabol
isht
imeyous
eet
hingsast
heyar
ehappeni
nge.
gbr
eaki
ng
news.

2.
Tec
hnol
ogyhasbeenabl
etoabol
ishdi
stanc
eors
pac
e.

3.
Technologyhasmadeever
yoneareport
er.wenowhavec
iti
zens
hipj
our
nal
ismbutt
he
di
sadvant
ageisthat
,ther
earemorefakenews.

NEWSAGENCI
ES

Anewsagenc
yisanor
gani
zati
onthatgat
hersnewsreport
sandsell
sthemtosubsc
ribi
ngnews
or
gani
zat
ions
,suc
hasnewspaper
s,magazi
nesandradioandt
elevi
si
onbroadc
aster
s.

Althought herearemanynewsagenc iesaroundt heworl

d,fourgl
obalnewsagencies,
Agence
Franc e-
Presse(AFP)
,Associ
atedPress(AP),ReutersandUnitedPres
sInter
nati
onal(RUPI
)have
offic
esinmos tcountr
iesoftheworld,coverallareasofi
nformati
on,andprovi
dethemajori
tyof
internati
onalnewsprint
edbyt heworld'snews papers
.

PASTQUESTI
ONS&ANSWER

Q1Whatar
ethePr
obl
emsofNi
ger
iai
nter
msofI
CTi
nfr
ast
ruc
tur
es?

ANS:

1)I
nadequat
eFundi
ngt
ofi
nanc
eICTdevel
opmenti
nNi
ger
ia–

I
nabil
it
yofGovernmentstoprovi
deadequat
efundi
ngf
ori
nfr
ast
ruc
tur
eint
heSt
ateand
Nat
ionalBudget
sinNiger
ia.

2)I
nternalSecuri
ty–Cas esofi
nternals
ecur
ityi
nvari
ouspart
sofNigeri
ahaver
esult
edinboth
des
troyedI CTi
nfr
as t
ruct
ure,aswellasunwi
lli
ngnes
sinServi
cePr
oviderst
obui
ldinf
ras
truct
ure
i
nthosear easorrepai
rthosedestr
oyed.

3)Weakmoni t
ori
ngandevaluati
onofinfr
astr
uctureproj
ectsandContr
actors–Cont
rac
tor
sar
e
someti
mesabletoprovi
deinadequat
ei nf
ras
truc
t ur
e,goodsandservi
ceinthefac
eofweak
monit
oring.

4)PoorNati
onalInfr
ast
ruc ture-
Thelac
kofrel
iable,
cleanelec
tri
cit
ys upply;c
onstrai
ned
i
nvestmentintheindust
r y;andthel
imit
edexi
stingbackboneinf
rastr
uc t
ur ei
nhi
bitfurt
her
expansi
onofICTTechnology.
5)Damaget oexi
sti
ngf
ibr
einf
ras
truc
tur
e–Thi
sisasar
esul
tofc
abl
ethef
t;r
oadwor
ksand
otheroper
ations
.

6)Int
erconnec
tDebts–Thecur
rentint
erconnec
tdebt
sintheIndust
ryowedhavei
mpededt
he
growthofbett
ernet
worksandfurt
herinvest
mentini
nfr
astr
ucture.

7)Governmentr el
uct
anc
etoinves
tfull
yinEducati
onalI
nfras
truc
t uralFaci
li
ti
esleadto
underdevelopmentandt
hecapaci
tyofmostyouthtoprovi
desustainableandindigenous
i
nfrastr
ucture.

#Q2.
Thepr
obl
emsofdr
ess
ingc
odei
smor
eofI
CTaf
fai
rs.
Dis
cus
s.

Q3.
Whatar
ethemaj
orpr
obl
emsofNAN.

ANS:

1)Admini
str
ati
on:Pr
omoti
oni
ntheNewsagenc
yofNi
ger
iai
snotbas
edonmer
it/
per
for
manc
e
butrat
herbyquotas
yst
em.

2)Fi
nanc
e:Nof
inanc
etooper
ate,
theyr
elyonyear
lybudgetwhi
chmayormaynotc
ome.

3)Equi
pment
:Mos
toft
heEqui
pmentus
eint
henewsagenc
yofNi
ger
iaar
eout
dat
ed.

4)Personnel
:Lackofqual
if
iedorwellt
rai
nedjour
nali
stinsomefi
eld.Theydon'
tworkon
requir
edpersonnel
.somearetrans
ferr
edfromotherser
vic
eorlackexperi
enceint
hefiel
dof
study.

5)Nos
tabi
li
tyi
npol
icyf
ormul
ati
onmaypr
ovepr
obl
emat
ict
oNewsagenc
yofNi
ger
ia.

6)ChangeofGover
nment
:

Q4.
Reut
erspi
oneer
edNewsAgenc
yRepor
ting.
Acc
ountf
ori
tsoper
ati
onalSt
rat
egy.

Q5.
Compar
eandCont
ras
tNTAandCNN.

ANS:

i
.Event houghtheyarebothnewsagency,
NTAi
sanaloguewhil
eCNNi
sDigi
tal
.Vi
ewersof
di
gitaltel
evis
ioncanwatchimprovedi
mageandsoundqual
it
yonanumberofpor
tabl
edevi
ces
i
ncludingmobi l
ephones.

i
i.
CNNhaveamai
nst
reams
itewhi
leNTAdonothaveamai
nst
ream.

i
ii
.NTAi
sal
ocalnews(
medi
a)whi
leCNNi
saf
orei
gnnewsmedi
a.

i
v.CNNgat
heri
nfor
mat
ioni
nter
msofagl
obalover
viewwhi
leNTAgat
heri
nfor
mat
ioni
nter
ms
ofnat
ional
,st
ateorr
uralover
view.

v.CNNtechnol
ogyi
smoreadvanc
edandhavemor
equal
if
iedper
sonnelc
ompar
etoNTAe.
gThe
rangeandqual
it
yofbr
oadcas
t.

Q6.
Whatdoyouunder
standbyt
het
ermGl
obalVi
ll
age.

ANS:

Gl
obalvil
lageiss
uchanenvi
ronmentwheretheworl
dconsi
der
edasas
ingl
ecommuni
tyi
n
whi
cht el
ec ommuni
cat
ionsl
inkthei
nhabi
tantst
oget
her.

Inotherwords,Globalvil
lageisanideawhereallt
hepeopleoftheworldwil
lli
veasas i
ngle
societyandpr
ovidec ommuni cati
onandservi
cestoeachot
herthroughtheuseofinf
ormat i
on
andc ommunicati
ont echnology.Thati
s,t
heworldbasedoninf
ormationandcommuni c
ation
technologyi
scall
edGl obalvill
age.

I
twasfir
stment
ionsbyaCanadianphi
los
opherMars
hal
lMcLuhani
nHi
sbook“
TheGut
enber
g
Gal
axy”i
n1964whichwaswrit
tentounders
tandt
hemedia.