Introduction
Heat has three ways to be transferred.
・Conduction; is a type of heat transfer directly from substance to substance
by vibration of atoms. When one side gets heated, the first atom starts to
vibrate and this process continues till the other side receives heat.
Materials that conduct heat better are called conductors and materials that
don’t conduct heat well are called insulators. Usually, materials that have a
high density of atoms are good conductors because atom collision occurs
quickly. (eg. copper, gold)
・Convention; is heat transfer that occurs in gases or liquids. Heated water or
air moves up and colder parts move down because heated water or gases are
lighter and this movement is called conventional current. Atoms in gases or
liquids are scattered so they are usually good insulators like the air.
・Radiation; is heat transfer in a form that is said wave transfer through the
space, for example, sunlight travels through the space to the Earth. The
electrical waves are produced by light and every hotter object is slightly
lighter than a cold object. Therefore, radiation occurs when an object
gets heated.
In this way, heat transfer has different types when it occurs in different
situations and substances.
Aim
The report aims to investigate how much difference the containers make to
prevent heat loss and identify which materials can prevent heat loss efficiently.
Hypothesis
The container’s Thickness would affect on speed of heat loss because the
thicker it is the more time is needed for heat to transfer through the atoms of
the container itself. Additionally, If the container is made of conductive
materials, that means heat transfer will occur faster than others because
atoms within the conductor are dense which indicates that atoms’ vibrations
are faster.
Equipment used in the experiment
>Metal vacuum x1
> Ceramic mug x1
>Paper coffee cup x1
> plastic cup x1
> Kettle x1
>thermometer x1
> stopwatch x1
>Heat protective grove
>safety grass
Management of Risks:
Hazard Risk Management of Risk
Heat of contaner Burns to hand Hand with care. Hold the can
steadily.
Glass of thermometer Getting cut Wear leather shoes
Method
1. Collected the equipment
2. Boil 100mm of water to the starting temperature of 90 degrees.
3. Quickly pour the 90 degrees of water into the first cup to ensure heat isn’t
lost.
4. Place the thermometer into the first cup and hold it upright to ensure
accurate measurements.
5. started the timer
6. Take temperature every 15 seconds for 2 minutes.
7. record the results
8. repeat steps 1-7 for every cups
Data
Metal vacuum Plastic cup
seconds temperature Temperature
15 80 15 80
30 77 30 79
45 75 45 79
60 75 60 73
75 75 75 70
90 73 90 69
105 72 105 66
120 70 120 65
Coffee cup Mug cup
seconds temperature seconds temperature
15 81 15 72
30 78 30 69
45 77 45 68
60 75 60 66
75 73 75 65
90 72 90 64
105 70 105 64
120 69 120 62
Graph
Heat loss of Metal vacuum
82
80
Temperature (⁰C)
78
76
74
72
y = -0.0802x + 80.036
70 R² = 0.9217
68
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time(seconds)
Heat loss of Plastic cup
90
80
70 y = -0.1611x + 83.5
Temperature(⁰C)
60 R² = 0.9512
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time( seconds)
Heat loss of Paper coffee cup
82
80
78
Tempreture(⁰C)
76
74
72
70
y = -0.1119x + 81.929
68 R² = 0.9872
66
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time(seconds)
Heat loss of Ceramic Mug cup
74
72
70
temperature(⁰C)
68
66
64
62 y = -0.0857x + 72.036
R² = 0.9446
60
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time(seconds)
Analysis
As a result of the heat loss of every single container, the mug cup lost the most heat, going from an initial
temperature of 90 to 62 degrees. On the other hand, the metal vacuum only dropped 20 degrees in two
minutes, making it the best at retaining heat. The coffee paper cup kept a temperature of 69 degrees, and
the paper coffee cup held onto 65 degrees coming in third. In addition, from the perspective of heat loss
rat, the container has the lowest rate of heat loss was a metal vacuum which is only 0.9217 degrees per
second and the plastic cup’s heat loss rate is 0.9521degrees per second. However, the heat loss rate of
coffee paper cup is bigger than the mug cup, 0.9872 degrees per second despite the temperature after two
minutes being higher than the mug cup. This indicates that the mug cup is a better heat retainer. In all
cases, heat loss occurred at the bottom of the cups due to heat conducting through the cup bottom to the
desk. Another way of heat loss was through convention, as the heated water rising into the surrounding air.
Additionally, heat was lost through conduction within the cup itself, and from the heated cup radiating
heat outward. The elements that make the speed of losing heat can be considered in two ways which are
the material that composes cups and the thickness of the cup. Metal vacuum and ceramic mug have
excellent results of heat loss rates, which are below 0.95 degrees per second, and they are both thick-
walled, so it reduces the speed of heat conduction because the thicker it is, the more time is needed for
heat to transfer. Therefore, cups like that is poor insulators and thin such as paper coffee cups and plastic
cups, heat can easily escape.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the experiment shows that the rate of heat loss depends on the materials and thickness of
the container. Materials like ceramic act as insulators, trapping heat within the water and reducing heat
loss from the container's bottom and sides. In contrast, conductive materials like plastic help heat
transfer, leading to more rapid heat loss from the container.
Evaluation
There was a time rug during step 3, leading to errors in differentiating between a coffee cup and a mug.
Thus, each team member needs to have clear knowledge and understanding of the experiment.
Confirming and clarifying each step before an experiment is necessary to enhance the quality and
accuracy of future research.
Bibliography
Galindo, A. (2023, January 25). What is Radiation? IAEA. [Link]
is-radiation
