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Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial

Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial

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ezekiel nyamu
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102 views

Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial

Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial

Uploaded by

ezekiel nyamu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Organization and

Architecture Tutorial
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/
computer-organization-and-
architecture-tutorials/?ref=shm

Last Updated : 30 Jun, 2024



In this Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial, you’ll learn all the
basic to advanced concepts like pipelining, microprogrammed control,
computer architecture, instruction design, and format.

Computer Organization and Architecture is used to design computer


systems. Computer Architecture is considered to be those attributes of a
system that are visible to the user like addressing techniques, instruction
sets, and bits used for data, and have a direct impact on the logic
execution of a program, It defines the system in an abstract manner, It
deals with What does the system do.

Whereas, Computer Organization is the way in which a system has to


structure and It is operational units and the interconnections between
them that achieve the architectural specifications, It is the realization of
the abstract model, and It deals with How to implement the system.

Table of Content
 Basic Computer Instructions :
 Instruction Design and Format :
 Computer Arithmetic :
 Microprogrammed Control :
 Memory Organization :
 Input and Output Systems :
 Pipelining :
 IEEE Number Statndards
 Miscellaneous :
 Programs :
 Quick Links :

Basic Computer Instructions


1. A simple understanding of Computer
1. Issues in Computer Design
1. Computer System Level Hierarchy
1. Computer Architecture and Computer Organization
1. Basic Computer Instructions
1. Timing diagram of MOV Instruction in Microprocessor
1. Assembly language and High level language
1. Addressing Modes
1. Memory based Vs Register based addressing modes
1. Von Neumann architecture
1. Harvard Architecture
1. Interaction of a Program with Hardware
1. Simplified Instructional Computer (SIC)
1. Instruction Set used in simplified instructional Computer (SIC)
1. Instruction Set used in SIC/XE

4900. RISC and CISC

1. RISC and CISC | Set 2

1. Vector processor classification

1. Essential Registers for Instruction Execution

1. Single Accumulator based CPU organization

1. Stack based CPU Organization

1. General Register based CPU Organization

1. Data Transfer instructions in AVR microcontroller


1. Arithmetic instructions in AVR microcontroller

1. Conditional Branch Instructions in AVR Microcontroller


1. CALL Instructions and Stack in AVR Microcontroller
1. Branch Instructions in AVR Microcontroller
1. Logical Instructions in AVR Microcontroller
1. Data Manipulation Instructions
1. Machine Control Instruction
1. Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) Architecture

Instruction Design and Format


1. Different Instruction Cycles
1. Essential Registers for Instruction Execution
1. Machine Instructions
1. Instruction Formats (Zero, One, Two and Three Address Instruction)
1. 2-address instruction and 1-address instructions
1. 3-address instruction and 0-address instruction
1. 3-address instruction and 2-address instructions
1. Register content and Flag status after Instructions
1. Debugging a machine level program
1. Vector Instruction Format
1. Vector instruction types
1. Branch Prediction in Pentium
1. Instruction Word Size
1. >> Problem Solving on Instruction Format

Computer Arithmetic
1. Computer Arithmetic | ALU and Data Path
1. Computer Arithmetic | Set 1
1. Computer Arithmetic | Set 2
1. Difference between 1’s complement and 2’s complement
1. Restoring Division Algorithm For Unsigned Integer
1. Non-Restoring Division For Unsigned Integer
1. Booth’s Algorithm
1. Overflow in Arithmetic Addition
1. How the negative numbers are stored in memory?
1. Conventional Computing vs Quantum Computing

Quiz on Number Representation

Microprogrammed Control
1. Micro-Operation
1. Microarchitecture and Instruction Set Architecture
1. Types of Program Control Instructions
1. Difference between CALL and JUMP instructions
1. Hardwired v/s Micro-programmed Control Unit
1. Implementation of Micro Instructions Sequencer
1. Performance of Computer
1. Control Unit and design
1. Horizontal micro-programmed Vs Vertical micro-programmed
control unit
1. Camparisons between Hardwired Vs Micro-programmed Control unit
1. Computer Organization | Subprogram and its characteristics

Memory Organization
1. Introduction to memory and memory units
1. Memory Hierarchy Design and its Characteristics
1. Difference between Byte Addressable Memory and Word
Addressable Memory
1. Difference between Simultaneous and Hierarchical Access Memory
Organisations
1. Register Allocation
1. Cache Memory
1. Cache Organization | Set 1 (Introduction)
1. Multilevel Cache Organisation
1. Locality and Cache friendly code
1. Locality of Reference and Cache Operation
1. Amdahl’s law and its proof
1. Subroutine, Subroutine nesting and Stack memory
1. RAM vs ROM
1. What’s difference between CPU Cache and TLB?
1. Different Types of RAM

14569. Types of computer memory (RAM and ROM)

1. Secondary memory – Hard disk drive

1. Introduction to solid-state drive (SSD)

1. Read and Write operations in memory

1. 2D and 2.5D Memory organization

Input and Output Systems


1. Priority Interrupts | (S/W Polling and Daisy Chaining)
1. I/O Interface (Interrupt and DMA Mode)
1. Direct memory access with DMA controller 8257/8237
1. Asynchronous input output synchronization
1. Programmable peripheral interface 8255
1. Interface 8255 with 8085 microprocessor for 1’s and 2’s
complement of a number
1. 8255 (programmable peripheral interface)
1. Microcomputer system
1. Working of 8085-based Single board microcomputer
1. Interface 8254 PIT with 8085 microprocessor
1. Synchronous Data Transfer
1. Input-Output Processor
1. MPU Communication
1. Memory mapped I/O and Isolated I/O
1. BUS Arbitration

Pipelining
1. Instruction Level Parallelism
1. Execution, Stages and Throughput
1. Types and Stalling
1. Dependencies and Data Hazard

IEEE Number Standards


1. IEEE Standard 754 Floating Point Numbers

Miscellaneous
1. Microprocessor
1. Microprocessor | Externally Initiated Operations
1. Bus organization of 8085 microprocessor
1. Generations of computer
1. Intel x86 evolution and main features
1. Memory Banking
1. Introduction to quantum computing
1. Conventional Computing vs Quantum Computing
1. Rethinking binary with Quantum computers
1. Flynn’s taxonomy
1. Clusters In Computer Organisation
1. Parallel processing – systolic arrays
1. 8259 PIC Microprocessor
1. Block Diagram of 8259 Microprocessor
1. Microprocessor | 8251 USART

20071. Evolution of Microprocessors

1. Human – Computer interaction through the ages

1. Computer Ports

1. Introduction to Parallel Computing

1. Hardware architecture (parallel computing)

1. Computer Architecture | Multiprocessor and Multicomputer

1. Timing diagram of INR M

Programs
1. Program for Binary To Decimal Conversion
1. Program for Decimal to Binary Conversion
1. Program for decimal to octal conversion
1. Program for octal to decimal conversion
1. Program for hexadecimal to decimal

Quick Links
 ‘Quizzes’ on Computer Organization and Architecture !
 ‘Practice Problems’ on Computer Organization and Architecture !

Computer Organization and Architecture


Tutorial – FAQs
What is computer organization?

Computer organization refers to the operational units and their


interconnections that realize the architectural specifications of a
computer. It involves the structural relations and the manner in which the
components of the computer system are connected and work together.

What is computer architecture?

Computer architecture is the conceptual design and fundamental


operational structure of a computer system. It encompasses the layout of
the hardware, the design of the instruction set, and the techniques for
data handling and processing. The objective is to outline a blueprint that
ensures optimal performance and efficiency.

What is the difference between computer organization and


architecture?

While computer architecture is concerned with the conceptual design and


functional specification of a computer system, computer organization
deals with the detailed operational implementation of the system.
Essentially, architecture provides the macro-level blueprint, while
organization focuses on the micro-level realization.

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Why is understanding computer organization and


architecture important?
Understanding computer organization and architecture is crucial for
designing efficient computer systems, improving existing ones, and
making informed decisions about hardware resources. It also helps in
optimizing software to make full use of the underlying hardware and
enhance overall system performance.

What are the key components of computer organization?

The key components of computer organization include the central


processing unit (CPU), memory hierarchy (registers, cache, RAM, and
secondary storage), input/output devices, and the interconnection system
(buses and communication channels) that allows these components to
interact effectively.

Conclusion
this Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial has covered the
fundamental concepts essential for understanding how computer systems
function. From the basic building blocks like registers and ALUs to
complex concepts such as pipelining and memory hierarchies, you now
have a solid foundation. This knowledge is crucial for anyone pursuing a
career in computer science or related fields. Keep exploring and practicing
these concepts to deepen your understanding and stay updated with the
latest advancements in computer architecture. This tutorial is just the
beginning of your journey into the fascinating world of computer systems.

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