Anatomy of Respiratory system

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 Respiratory system:-Introduction
Is an organ system that rhythmically takes in air & expels it
from body
o thereby supplying it with O2 & expelling CO2.

Principal functions
o Gaseous exchange
o Sound production
o Assistance in abdominal compression.

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 Respiration Includes
 Pulmonary ventilation
 Air moves in & out of lungs
 Continuous replacement of gases in alveoli (air sacs)
 External respiration
 Gas exchange b/n air & blood at alveoli
 O2 (oxygen) in air diffuses into blood
 CO2 (carbon dioxide) in blood diffuses into air
 Transport of respiratory gases
 Between lungs & cells of body
 Performed by cardiovascular system
 Blood is transporting fluid
 Internal respiration
 Gas exchange in capillaries b/n blood & tissue cells
 O2 in blood diffuses into tissues
 CO2
3 waste in tissues diffuses into blood
can be divided
1) Structurally
oUpper respiratory
tract &
o Lower respiratory
tract

2) Functionally
oConducting zone &
oRespiratory zone

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 Respiratory System:-Basic Structure
I. Upper respiratory system
Nose
Pharynx & associated structures

II. Lower respiratory system

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tree
Lungs & pulmonary alveoli

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 Respiratory System:- Functional classification
1) Conducting zone
Respiratory passages w/c
carry air to site of gas
exchange
Filters, humidifies & warms
air
Composed of
o nose, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles & terminal
bronchioles

2) Respiratory zone
Site of gas exchange
Composed of
o Respiratory bronchioles
o Alveolar ducts
o Alveolar sacs
Conducting zone labeled
6 o Alveoli
 Nose
 Provides airway
 Moistens, warms & Filters air
 Resonating chamber for
speech
 Contain:-Olfactory receptors

 Can be divided into

1) External portion
2) Internal portion

External nose

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 External Nose
 Visible portion
 Consists of
o bone & hyaline
cartilage

 Coverage
o muscle & skin
lined by
mucous
membrane

 External Nares
(nostrils)
o External
openings On
undersurface
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 Internal Nose(nasal cavity)
 large cavity beyond
nasal vestibule

 Lined with
o muscle & mucous
membrane.

 Connects with pharynx

posteriorly via choanae
(posterior nasal
apertures*)

 Nasal septum
o divides nasal cavity in
midline (to right &
9 left halves)
Nasal cavity:-
Bony boundaries
 Roof
o Ethmoid & sphenoid
 Floor
o palatine bones &
palatine processes of
maxillae
 Lateral walls
o ethmoid, maxillae,
lacrimal, palatine &
inferior nasal conchae

 Nasal septum
o formed by
perpendicular plate of
ethmoid, vomer, &
septal cartilage
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 Nasal Conchae
 3medially projecting
mucosa-covered
scroll-like structures
 Are
o Superior,
Middle &
Inferior
conchaes
 Meatus
o groove inferior to each
concha

 Conchae subdivide
nasal cavity in both
side into
o Superior,
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Middle &
Inferior
Linings of nasal cavity
 Vestibule* (just above nostrils)
 Lined with skin containing sebaceous & sweat glands and nose
hairs
 Filters large particulars (insects, dust particles etc.)
 The remainder of nasal cavity: 2 types of mucous
membrane
 Small patch of olfactory mucosa near roof (cribriform plate)
P  Respiratory mucosa: lines most of the cavity
r
e
p
ai
d
b Olfactory mucosa
y: *
-
T
iz
it
a
.
K
.( 12
P
Respiratory
Mucosa

 Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

P
 Scattered goblet cells
r
e
 Underlying connective tissue (lamina propria)
p
ai
d  Mucous cells – secrete mucous
b
y: Serous cells – secrete watery fluid with digestive enzymes, e.g.
T
-
lysozyme
 Together all these produce a quart/day
iz
it
a  Dead junk is swallowed
.
K
.( 13
P
 Paranasal Sinuses
Paired air spaces in bones of skull
Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid & maxillary bones
Open into nasal cavity
lighten skull, help in warmth & moistening of air, and
responsible for some sound resonance
Can get infected: sinusitis

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 Pharynx “throat” or “gullet,”
 ~13 cm long funnel-shaped organ,
 3 parts: naso-, oro- & laryngo pharynx
 Houses tonsils (they respond to inhaled antigens)
 Uvula closes off nasopharynx during swallowing (food doesn’t go into nose)
 Epiglottis posterior to tongue: keeps food out of airway
 Oropharynx & laryngopharynx:- common passageway for food & air
 also provides resonating chamber for certain speech sounds.

*
*

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 Larynx “voice box”
a continuation of conducting division
o that connects laryngopharynx with trachea.
Positioned
o in anterior midline of neck at C4 - C6 level

has 2 functions.
Primarily
a) prevent food or fluid from entering in to trachea & lungs
during swallowing
b) permit passage of air (breathing)

A secondary role
o to produce sound
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 Framework of Larynx
 9 cartilages connected by membranes & ligaments
I. Three large unpaired cartilage
1) Thyroid cartilage
2) Epiglottic cartilage
3) cricoid cartilage

II. Six smaller (3 paired cartilage )

1) Arytenoid cartilages
2) cuneiform cartilages
3) corniculate cartilages

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 Framework of Larynx

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 ….Larynx, vocal cords
 2pairs of strong CT bands are stretched across upper
opening of larynx
o from thyroid cartilage anteriorly to arytenoid cartilages
posteriorly.
 These are :
A. Vocal folds (true vocal cords)
B. Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
 Vestibular folds
 support vocal folds
 produce mucus from its epithelial lining, w/c keep vocal
folds from drying out
 are not used in sound production
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 Folds of Larynx

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 Laryngeal muscles
extremely important
o in closing glottis during swallowing
o In speech.

There are 2groups :

1) Extrinsic muscles
o responsible for elevating larynx during
swallowing

2) Intrinsic muscles
o change length, position, & tension of vocal
21 folds.
 The muscles:- control length & size of opening by moving
arytenoid cartilages
 Sound is produced by vibration of vocal cords as air is
exhaled
a) If vocal folds are taut, vibration is more rapid & causes higher pitch
b) Less tension on vocal folds produces lower sounds.

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 Trachea “windpipe”
 Semi-rigid tubular organ
o ~12 cm long & 2.5 cm in
diameter
 Connect
o larynx to principal bronchi

 16-20 C-shaped rings of

hyaline cartilage joined by
fibro-elastic CT
o Flexible for bending but stays
open despite pressure changes
during breathing

 In thorax divides into

23 o two primary bronchi
 Bronchial Tree
Bronchial tree bifurcate at the level of sternal angle
1) Right main (primary) bronchus (more susceptible to aspiration)
2) Left main (primary) bronchus
Each main or primary bronchus runs into hilus of lung
posterior to pulmonary vessels

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 ….Bronchial Tree
Main(primary) bronchi divide into
o secondary(lobar bronchi)
Lobar bronchi into
o tertiary(segmental bronchi)
Continues dividing: about 23 times
o Bronchioles (<1 mm)
Bronchioles in turn branched rapidly in to Smallest…
o terminal bronchioles (<0.5 mm)
Terminal bronchioles in turn into
o respiratory bronchioles(microscopic branches )
Respiratory bronchioles in turn into
o several alveolar ducts
Alveolar ducts lead into alveolar sacs
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 Respiratory Zone
(End-point of respiratory tree)

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 Pulmonary Alveoli
The alveolar ducts open into pulmonary alveoli as out
pouching's along their length
Alveolar sacs
o are clusters of pulmonary alveoli

respiratory division of lungs

o Makes by alveolar ducts, pulmonary alveoli & alveolar sacs

Pulmonary alveoli
o are functional units of respiratory system
o Is about 350 million/ lung
 provides very large surface area for diffusion of gases
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 …Pulmonary Alveoli
Each pulmonary
alveolus is only one cell
layer thick
Three type of cells
1) Type I cells
o permit diffusion
2) Type II cells
o secrete surfactant
(w/c reduces
tendency for
pulmonary alveoli to
collapse)
3) Dust cells
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 Pleurae
double layered serous
membrane
Enclose & protect each
lung
Layers are
1) Parietal pleura
2) Visceral pleura

 Pleural cavity
o space b/n visceral & parietal
pleurae
o contains lubricating fluid.
 reduces friction b/n
membranes during
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breathing.
 Lungs
are paired cone shaped organs in thoracic cavity.
Each lung has 4surfaces
1) Mediastinal (medial) surface
2) Inferior surface (base of the lung)
3) Superior surface (apex of the lung)
4) Costal surface
Right & left lungs
o are basically similar, they are not identical

Hilum of lung
o found on medial surface of lung
o Used for passage of pulmonary vessels, nerves, & bronchi
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 Lungs: anterior view

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 Lungs size
• Vary greatly among adult individuals
average
Length 25cm - 35cm
Width 10cm - 15cm

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 Each lung
has
 An apex -blunt superior end
• ascends above the level of the1st rib into the root of the neck

A base -the concave inferior surface

• resting on and accommodating the ipsilateral dome of the
diaphragm.

 lobes & fissures.

 Surfaces (costal, mediastinal, Superior & diaphragmatic).

 Borders (anterior, inferior, and posterior).

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 Three surfaces:
Costal surface
- adjacent to the sternum,
costal cartilages, and ribs

Mediastinal surface
- including the hilum of the
lung and related medially to
the mediastinum and
posteriorly to sides of the
vertebrae

Diaphragmatic surface
- resting on the convex dome
of the diaphragm
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Right lung
 It has 3 lobes and 2 fissures
lobes
 Superior (upper) lobe
 middle lobe
 inferior (lower) lobe
2 fissures
 horizontal fissure
 oblique fissure

Left lung (two lobes)

 It has 2 lobes and 1 fissure
 Superior (upper) lobe
 inferior (lower) lobe

 1 oblique fissure
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Bronchopulmonary segment
bronchopulmonary segment
- Each segmental bronchus, together with the part of the
lobe it supplies.
 A bronchopulmonary segment is the zone of distribution
of a segmental bronchus & is a functional, anatomical &
surgical unit of lung tissue.

 Each lobar (secondary) bronchus, which passes to

a lobe of the lung, gives rise to segmental
(tertiary)bronchi each segmental bronchus then
enters a bronchopulmonary segment.

 There are 10 bronchopulmonary segments in each lung.

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 The main bronchopulmonary segments
Right lung
Superior lobe: Apical, posterior, anterior

Middle lobe: Lateral, medial

Inferior lobe: Superior (apical), medial basal, anterior basal,

lateral basal, posterior basal

Left lung
Superior lobe: Apical, posterior, anterior, superior lingular,
inferior lingular

Inferior lobe: Superior (apical), medial basal, anterior basal,

lateral basal, posterior basal
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 Bronchopulmonary segment: Right Lung

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Bronchopulmonary segments are numbered and named
 Differences b/n right & left lung
Right lung Left lung
Size Larger and heavier Small and lighter
(700gm) (600gm)
Length and width Shorter & broader Longer and narrower

Anterior border Straight Cardiac notch &

lingula
Lobes and fissures 3lobes & 2fissures 2lobes & 1fissure

Arterial supply 1 bronchial artery 2 bronchial arteries

Bronchi 3 lobar & 10 2 lobar & 8-10

42 segmental bronchi segmental bronchi
 Vasculature of lungs & pleurae
Each lung has 1pulmonary artery & 2pulmonary veins
Pulmonary artery
Right & left pulmonary arteries arise from pulmonary trunk
at the level of sternal angle
Each arteries carry poorly oxygenated (venous) blood to
lungs for oxygenation.

Pulmonary vein
 Two on each side
 carry well-oxygenated blood from lungs to LA
 Beginning in pulmonary capillaries, the veins unite into
larger & larger vessels.
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