UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT, CHOBA, NIGERIA.

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

UTILIZING BIOMASS AS A CARBON SEQUESTRATION STRATEGY

BY

IBOK PATRICK AUGUSTINE

U2017/3030005

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

ACQUISITION OF THE BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING DEGREE IN CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING.

COURSE CODE: ChE512.2

COURSE TITLE: TECHNICAL SEMINAR

COURSE COORDINATOR: Prof. BENSON. E. & EDEH. I. (Ph.D.)

OCTOBER, 2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................................................I
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................III
CHAPTER ONE.................................................................................................................................1
1.1 OVERVIEW OF BIOMASS AS A CARBON SEQUESTRATION STRATEGY.......................................1
1.2 IMPORTANCE OF CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE...........................2
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THIS SEMINAR......................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO................................................................................................................................5
2.1 BIOMASS AS A CARBON SEQUESTRATION STRATEGY...................................................................5
2.1.1 Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) As A Primary.......................................5
2.1.2 Various Applications of Biomass for Carbon Sequestration...................................................7
2.1.3 Sustainability and Scalability of Biomass Utilization for Carbon Sequestration....................10
2.2 CARBON BIOSEQUESTRATION STRATEGY...................................................................................11
2.3 GEOLOGICAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION....................................................................................14
2.4 AFFORESTATION AS A METHOD FOR ENHANCING CARBON SEQUESTRATION.............................15
2.5 BIOENERGY PRODUCTION WITH CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION...............................16
2.6 ASSESSMENT OF REMOVAL AND SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL BASED ON BIOMASS SUPPLY AND
PROCESS ECONOMICS.....................................................................................................................17
CHAPTER THREE..........................................................................................................................19
3.0 DISCUSSION..............................................................................................................................19
3.1 CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................20
3.2 RECOMMENDATION..............................................................................................................21
REFERENCE...................................................................................................................................22

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1. Unlocking the potential of bioenergy with carbon capture and utilization or storage
(BECCUS) – Analysis. (Source – [Link])....................................................................................7
Fig 2. Carbon Capture Anaerobic Plant......................................................................................8
Fig 3. Carbon sequestration and cycle in terrestrial ecosystems.............................................12
Fig 4. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage...................................................................17

I
 ABSTRACT

This paper explores the potential of biomass as a dynamic strategy for carbon sequestration.
Leveraging organic materials, such as agricultural residues and energy crops, the approach
involves capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO2) to mitigate climate change. Focusing on
applications like bioenergy production and soil carbon enhancement, the paper highlights the role
of biomass in enhancing terrestrial carbon sequestration and contributing to a circular economy.

While opportunities abound in sustainable biomass utilization, challenges include responsible

sourcing, potential competition with food production, and the need for technological
advancements. Striking a balance between environmental benefits and social considerations is
crucial for the success of biomass as an effective carbon sequestration strategy.

In conclusion, this paper provides concise insights for policymakers and stakeholders,
emphasizing the significant role biomass can play in fostering a resilient and carbon-neutral
future.

II
 INTRODUCTION
Carbon sequestration is the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the
atmosphere or other sources to prevent its release into the atmosphere. The primary objective is
to mitigate the buildup of greenhouse gases, particularly CO 2, which contributes to climate
change and global warming. Sequestration involves storing carbon in various reservoirs or sinks,
such as soil, oceans, geological formations, and biological systems, to reduce the overall
concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. This process plays a crucial role in climate change
mitigation efforts by helping to offset the emissions produced through human activities like
burning fossil fuels and deforestation.

Carbon sequestration encompasses both natural processes, occurring through biological,

chemical, or physical means, and human-assisted methods facilitated by technology. Natural
sequestration involves the inherent ability of ecosystems, such as forests and oceans, to capture
and store carbon dioxide (CO2). On the other hand, technological advancements have led to
enhanced or engineered processes, notably within carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects,
where CO2 emissions are captured at their source, preventing their release into the atmosphere.
This dual approach, combining nature's mechanisms with human innovation, constitutes a
comprehensive strategy to mitigate the impacts of greenhouse gas emissions on the global
climate

III
 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 OVERVIEW OF BIOMASS AS A CARBON SEQUESTRATION STRATEGY

Biomass refers to non-fossilized and biodegradable organic material originating from plants,
animals, and/or micro-organisms, including products, by-products, residues, and waste from
agriculture, forestry, and related industries, as well as the non-fossilized and biodegradable
organic fractions of industrial and municipal wastes, including gases and liquids recovered from
the decomposition of non-fossilized and biodegradable organic material.

Biomass stands out as a substantial and impactful carbon sequestration strategy, providing a
viable method for capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere. As a
versatile strategy, the utilization of biomass involves capturing and storing carbon in organic
materials derived from living organisms, contributing to both environmental sustainability and
climate change mitigation. Biomass also plays a pivotal role in bioenergy production, offering a
renewable alternative to fossil fuels. The synergy of biomass with carbon capture technologies,
exemplified in Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), presents a dynamic
approach to sustainable energy production while preventing CO2 emissions.

With diverse sources such as wood residues, crop residues, energy crops, algae, and animal
waste, biomass offers flexibility in addressing environmental, economic, and regional
considerations. Implementing sustainable practices, including afforestation, reforestation, and
carbon farming, enhances the effectiveness of carbon sequestration. However, addressing
challenges like the "food vs. fuel" debate and ensuring responsible land management is crucial
for long-term success.

Ongoing technological advances in biomass conversion, such as pyrolysis and gasification,

contribute to more efficient and environmentally friendly processes. Innovations in biomass-
based products, like biochar, further enhance carbon storage capabilities. Biomass-based carbon
sequestration yields positive environmental impacts, promoting biodiversity, soil health, and
ecosystem resilience, while also offering economic opportunities such as job creation and market
development.

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1.2 IMPORTANCE OF CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN MITIGATING CLIMATE
CHANGE

The importance of carbon sequestration in mitigating climate change cannot be overstated, as it

addresses one of the key drivers of global warming—the accumulation of greenhouse gases,
particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), in the Earth's atmosphere. Here are several reasons why
carbon sequestration plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change:

a) Reducing Atmospheric CO2 Levels:

Carbon sequestration involves capturing and storing CO 2, preventing it from being
released into the atmosphere. This reduces the overall concentration of greenhouse gases,
thereby mitigating the greenhouse effect and lowering the Earth's temperature.
b) Climate Change Mitigation:
Excess CO2 in the atmosphere is a major contributor to climate change. By sequestering
carbon, we can actively work to mitigate the impacts of global warming, including rising
sea levels, extreme weather events, and disruptions to ecosystems.
c) Preserving Biodiversity:
Carbon sequestration, especially in natural ecosystems like forests and wetlands,
contributes to the preservation of biodiversity. Healthy ecosystems, acting as carbon
sinks, not only store carbon but also provide habitats for diverse plant and animal species.
d) Promoting Sustainable Practices:
Implementing carbon sequestration strategies encourages the adoption of sustainable
practices in various sectors, such as agriculture, forestry, and energy production. This
fosters a transition towards more environmentally friendly and resilient systems.
e) Supporting Renewable Energy:
Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is a technology that combines
bioenergy production with carbon capture. This process not only produces renewable
energy but also actively removes CO 2 from the atmosphere, contributing to a more
sustainable energy future.

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 f) Building Climate Resilience:
Mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration helps build climate resilience by
reducing the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. This is essential for
adapting to the changing climate and minimizing the associated risks.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THIS SEMINAR

The objective of this paper is to comprehensively explore biomass as a dynamic and impactful
method for carbon sequestration, achieving this through the following key goals:

I. Define Biomass and Carbon Sequestration:

Clearly define the fundamental concepts of biomass and carbon sequestration,
establishing a foundational understanding for the audience.

II. Explore Natural and Technological Processes:

Delve into both natural processes, such as photosynthesis and ecosystems, and
technological advancements, particularly Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage
(BECCS). This exploration highlights the integration of biomass in capturing and storing
carbon emissions.
III. Assess Environmental and Economic Impacts:
Evaluate the environmental impacts of biomass-based carbon sequestration, emphasizing
benefits to biodiversity, soil health, and ecosystem resilience. Simultaneously, assess
economic opportunities stemming from biomass utilization, including job creation and
market development.
IV. Examine Technological Advances:
Scrutinize ongoing technological advances in biomass conversion, including pyrolysis
and gasification, as well as innovations in biomass-based products like biochar. This
examination underscores the evolving and efficient processes associated with utilizing
biomass for carbon sequestration.

3
Through achieving these objectives, this seminar aims to contribute valuable insights into the
multifaceted role of biomass in carbon sequestration, addressing its applications, challenges, and
potential contributions to global climate change mitigation efforts.

4
 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 BIOMASS AS A CARBON SEQUESTRATION STRATEGY

Biomass stands out as a significant strategy for carbon sequestration, providing a means to
capture and store carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Biomass encompasses various
sources, including wood and wood residues, crop residues, energy crops, algae, and animal
waste. Biomass, in the form of trees, plants, and crops, engages in natural processes such as
photosynthesis to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. Stored carbon in biomass components,
including roots, stems, and leaves, contributes to the natural carbon cycle. The diversity of
biomass sources provides flexibility in addressing specific environmental, economic, and
regional considerations.

The emergence of the Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (BECCS) concept
underscores its pivotal role in mitigating climate change by actively working to keep global
atmospheric CO2 concentrations below critical levels. The main pathways for biomass energy-
based carbon removal include biomass combustion or fermentation with CO 2 capture,
compression, and transportation to geological sites for long-term sequestration, as well as
biomass conversion to fuels with biochar co-production that can be stored long-term as a soil
amendment.

Biomass plays a pivotal role in bioenergy production, offering a renewable alternative to fossil
fuels. The synergy of biomass and carbon capture technologies, as seen in Bioenergy with
Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), presents a dynamic approach to sustainable energy
production while preventing CO2 emissions.

Biomass has gained importance in climate change strategies, with applications including
biofuels, biomass burning for electricity and heat, biodigesters that create commercial methane,
biochar to improve soil, as well as insulation, building materials, and bioplastics (Toensmeier et
al, 2020).

2.1.1 Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) As A Primary Strategy

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Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is a carbon sequestration strategy that
involves capturing and permanently storing CO 2 from processes where biomass is used for
energy production. BECCS is a key approach to keep global atmospheric CO 2 concentrations
below critical levels and mitigate climate change (Fajardy et al, 2023, Fridahl et al, 2018). The
process of BECCS involves two technologies: biomass is converted into heat, electricity, or
liquid or gas fuels (the “bioenergy” step), and the carbon emissions from this bioenergy
conversion are captured and stored in geological formations or embedded in long-lasting
products (the “carbon capture and storage” step).

Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is a comprehensive strategy that involves
several key steps to capture and store carbon dioxide (CO 2). Here's an overview of how BECCS
works:

a. Biomass Feedstock:
BECCS begins with the cultivation or sourcing of biomass feedstock. This can include
various organic materials such as wood, crop residues, energy crops, or algae.
b. Combustion or Conversion to Bioenergy:
The biomass feedstock is then subjected to a process that can involve combustion,
gasification, or other conversion methods to produce bioenergy. This energy can take the
form of heat, electricity, or biofuels.
c. Carbon Capture:
During the bioenergy production process, the CO 2 emissions released into the atmosphere
are captured. This can be achieved through technologies like carbon capture and storage
(CCS) or chemical absorption.
d. Separation of CO2:
The captured CO2 is separated from other byproducts and pollutants generated during the
biomass conversion process. This step ensures a pure stream of CO 2 for subsequent
storage.
e. Transportation:
The separated CO2 is then transported from the bioenergy production facility to the
storage site. This transportation can occur through pipelines or other means, depending
on the scale and location of the facility.

6
 f. Storage:
The final step involves storing the captured CO2 in geological formations, such as
depleted oil and gas fields or deep saline aquifers. This storage prevents the released CO 2
from re-entering the atmosphere and contributes to long-term carbon sequestration.

The key idea behind BECCS is that the carbon emitted during the bioenergy production process
is offset by the carbon that was initially absorbed by the biomass during its growth. This creates
a carbon-neutral or even carbon-negative cycle, as more CO 2 is removed from the atmosphere
than is released during the entire process.

BECCS not only contributes to mitigating climate change by reducing net CO 2 emissions but
also aligns with the goals of sustainable energy production. However, it's important to note that
the scope of this seminar covers BECCS as a carbon capture technique with biomass.

Fig 1. Unlocking the potential of bioenergy with carbon capture and utilization or storage
(BECCUS) – Analysis. (Source – [Link])

2.1.2 Various Applications of Biomass for Carbon Sequestration

Various applications of biomass for carbon sequestration include:

I. Biofuels and Biomass Burning:

Biomass, in its diverse applications such as biofuels and biomass burning for electricity
and heat generation, emerges as a multifaceted solution contributing significantly to

7
 carbon sequestration. By leveraging bioenergy production, biomass acts as a powerful
offsetting mechanism against industrial emissions, effectively mitigating the impact of
greenhouse gases on the environment (Fajardy et al, 2023). This integrated approach not
only facilitates the transition towards sustainable and renewable energy sources but also
actively participates in the carbon sequestration process, thereby playing a pivotal role in
addressing the challenges posed by climate change.
II. Capturing Carbon in Anaerobic Digestion:
Through anaerobic digestion (AD), waste materials like food waste undergo processing to
produce energy, establishing a circular system where waste is redirected from landfills to
power or heat residential spaces or fuel transportation. Complementary to AD, carbon
capture and storage (CCS) and utilization (CCU) technologies can be employed to
harness carbon dioxide that would otherwise be emitted into the atmosphere. AD plants
stand poised not only to curtail carbon emissions through CCS but also to create a
revenue stream by utilizing the captured CO2 as a valuable by-product for applications in
the food and drink manufacturing industry or pharmaceuticals.

Fig 2. Carbon Capture Anaerobic Plant. (Source – [Link]).

8
III. Biochar:
Biochar, derived from the thermal conversion of biomass in the absence of oxygen,
emerges as a transformative agent with dual capabilities—enhancing soil quality and
serving as a long-term carbon storage solution. Beyond its fundamental role as a soil
amendment, biochar contributes to climate change mitigation by sequestering carbon in
soils, presenting an innovative approach at the intersection of sustainable agriculture and
environmental stewardship. As an eco-friendly strategy, biochar not only improves water
retention and nutrient availability but also provides an avenue for waste utilization,
aligning with circular economy principles. Despite its promising benefits, the responsible
selection of feedstock, consideration of optimal application rates, and ongoing
technological advancements are crucial for maximizing the efficacy of biochar while
addressing sustainability challenges.
IV. Insulation, Building Materials, and Bioplastics:
Biomass emerges as a dynamic and sustainable solution, extending its utility beyond
energy production to the creation of insulation, building materials, and bioplastics. In
doing so, biomass actively contributes to carbon sequestration by storing carbon within
these derived products. Whether in the form of plant-based insulation materials, eco-
friendly building components, or renewable bioplastics, the carbon sourced from biomass
is effectively retained, offsetting emissions associated with conventional alternatives.
This dual role of biomass, as both a versatile material source and a carbon sequestration
agent, exemplifies its pivotal role in advancing environmentally conscious practices
across various industries.
V. Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration:
Biomass, coupled with soil carbon-boosting strategies like conservation agriculture,
agroforestry, and biochar, emerges as a formidable force in terrestrial carbon
sequestration. By integrating these approaches, we not only enhance soil health and
agricultural sustainability but also actively contribute to the overarching objective of
reducing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This synergistic effort underscores the pivotal
role of biomass and innovative soil management practices in mitigating climate change,
fostering a sustainable balance between agricultural productivity and environmental
stewardship (Nayak et al, 2022).

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2.1.3 Sustainability and Scalability of Biomass Utilization for Carbon Sequestration

The sustainability and scalability of biomass utilization for carbon sequestration are critical
considerations in evaluating its effectiveness as a climate change mitigation strategy. Here are
some insights from the provided sources:

 Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS):

BECCS is a significant strategy that involves capturing and storing CO2 from processes
where biomass is used for energy production. It is viewed as a key carbon dioxide
removal approach to keep global atmospheric CO2 concentrations below critical levels
and avoid catastrophic climate change.
 Sustainability Challenges:
The sustainability of biomass utilization for carbon sequestration is a concern due to the
projected high demand for biomass. While modest consumption of biomass for carbon
sequestration could be sustainable, the anticipated demand is exceedingly high, leading to
a global scramble for biomass. This raises concerns about the collision between
governments and industries unless significant changes in expectations are made.
 Scalability and Feasibility:
Biomass energy with carbon capture and sequestration (BECCS) is heavily relied upon in
scenarios of future emissions consistent with limiting global mean temperature increase.
The feasibility of key implicit and explicit assumptions about BECCS technologies,
including biomass resource, land use, CO2 storage capacity, and carbon capture and
storage deployment rate, is a subject of investigation to assess its scalability and
practicality (Vaughan et al, 2018).
 Technological Pathways:

10
 The technological pathways for bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration involve
biomass production, transportation, conversion, and carbon capture. These pathways are
essential for evaluating the sustainability and scalability of biomass utilization for carbon
sequestration.

The sustainability and scalability of biomass utilization for carbon sequestration are complex
issues that require careful consideration, especially in the context of the high demand for
biomass and the feasibility of large-scale implementation of carbon capture and storage
technologies. These factors are crucial in assessing the long-term effectiveness and viability of
biomass as a carbon sequestration strategy.

2.2 CARBON BIOSEQUESTRATION STRATEGY

Carbon biosequestration strategies encompass various methods for capturing and storing carbon
dioxide (CO2) using biological processes. Here are some insights from the provided sources:

i. Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration:

The augmentation of terrestrial carbon sequestration represents a critical endeavor, and
this goal is significantly advanced through the strategic implementation of biomass and
soil carbon enhancement techniques. Conservation agriculture, agroforestry, and biochar
stand out as pivotal approaches, collectively contributing to the storage of carbon in both
vegetation and soils. By fostering this synergy, these methods not only fortify soil health
but also play a crucial role in mitigating climate change by actively curbing the influx of
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This comprehensive strategy underscores the
interconnectedness of sustainable land management practices and the imperative to
address climate challenges through targeted and multifaceted interventions.

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 Fig 3. Carbon sequestration and cycle in terrestrial ecosystems (Source – ResearchGate).

ii. Biological Carbon Sequestration:

Biological carbon sequestration constitutes a pivotal mechanism for mitigating climate
change by harnessing nature's capacity to store carbon dioxide. This intricate process
involves the absorption and retention of carbon dioxide in various biological reservoirs,
including vegetation such as grasslands and forests, as well as within soils and oceans. At
the heart of this carbon sequestration is the transformative power of photosynthesis,
where plants convert atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic compounds. Within soils,
this organic carbon, known as soil organic carbon (SOC), becomes a reservoir for long-
term carbon storage.
The role of agroecosystems is particularly noteworthy in this context, as innovative land
management practices within agricultural landscapes can actively contribute to carbon
sequestration. Through the adoption of sustainable practices like cover cropping, reduced
tillage, and agroforestry, agroecosystems become dynamic contributors to the

12
 enhancement of soil organic carbon. This not only bolsters soil health but also aligns
agricultural activities with broader climate change mitigation goals.
In essence, biological carbon sequestration encapsulates the harmonious interplay
between natural processes and human-influenced ecosystems. By recognizing the
significance of these intricate relationships and implementing conscientious land
management practices, we can leverage biological carbon sequestration as a potent ally in
the global effort to reduce carbon dioxide levels and combat climate change.

Carbon biosequestration strategies epitomize a diverse array of biological methodologies

designed to capture and store carbon dioxide, forming a comprehensive approach to climate
change mitigation. These strategies encompass multifaceted techniques, notably the
augmentation of terrestrial carbon sequestration through biomass and soil carbon enhancement
practices. Within this paradigm, the storage of carbon in vegetation, soils, and oceans unfolds as
a pivotal component driven by intricate biological processes.

The enhancement of terrestrial carbon sequestration stands out as a key facet, employing biomass
and soil carbon boosting approaches such as conservation agriculture, agroforestry, and biochar.
These methods harness the dynamic synergy between ecosystems and human-influenced
practices to actively capture and store carbon in the terrestrial environment.

Simultaneously, biological processes contribute significantly to carbon storage across diverse

realms. Vegetation, including forests and grasslands, acts as a substantial reservoir, capturing
carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and anchoring it within plant structures. Soils become
another crucial arena for carbon storage, with organic carbon accumulating through
decomposition and other microbial activities. Oceans, too, play a role in this intricate ballet by
absorbing and storing carbon, forming a substantial sink within Earth's interconnected systems.

The overarching objective of these carbon biosequestration strategies is clear: to play a pivotal
role in mitigating climate change by actively reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentrations. By systematically leveraging natural and enhanced biological processes, these
strategies underscore the importance of harmonizing human activities with the environment to
create a sustainable and resilient future.

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2.3 GEOLOGICAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION

Geological carbon sequestration, a cornerstone in the realm of carbon capture and storage (CCS)
technologies, plays a pivotal role in the global initiative to mitigate climate change. This
multifaceted process involves the meticulous capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions at their
industrial source, subsequent transportation to designated storage sites, and the injection of the
captured CO2 into geological formations, including depleted oil and gas fields, deep saline
aquifers, and unmineable coal seams.

The fundamental sequence begins with the capture of CO2 emissions at industrial facilities,
utilizing advanced technologies such as post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture, and
oxyfuel combustion. Following this, the captured CO2 undergoes transportation, utilizing
pipelines or alternative means, to reach its final destination for storage. The injection of CO2 into
selected geological formations ensures secure and permanent storage, mitigating the release of
CO2 into the atmosphere and addressing the critical challenge of reducing global greenhouse gas
emissions.

The advantages of geological carbon sequestration are substantial, including the utilization of
depleted oil and gas fields as storage reservoirs, the potential for large-scale storage capacity, and
the establishment of a permanent solution for carbon storage. Despite its promise, geological
carbon sequestration faces challenges, such as the careful selection of suitable storage sites,
ongoing monitoring to detect potential issues, the necessity of public acceptance through
community engagement, and the financial investment required for infrastructure development.

In essence, geological carbon sequestration stands as a robust and integral part of the broader
strategy to combat climate change. By offering a secure and efficient means to capture and store
CO2 emissions at an industrial scale, this technology contributes significantly to global efforts
aimed at achieving sustainable and long-term reductions in atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentrations.

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2.4 AFFORESTATION AS A METHOD FOR ENHANCING CARBON
SEQUESTRATION

Afforestation, which involves the establishment of forests on previously non-forested lands, has
been considered a method for enhancing carbon sequestration. However, recent research has shed
light on the effectiveness of afforestation projects in sequestering carbon. Here are some insights
from the provided sources:

 Effectiveness of Afforestation:
Recent research has cast a discerning light on afforestation carbon sequestration projects,
suggesting that their effectiveness may fall short of initial expectations, particularly when
compared to grasses. The study underscores a crucial disparity in our understanding:
while above-ground carbon storage in trees is recognized for its efficacy, the intricacies
of underground carbon storage in soils remain less well-understood (Bird, 2023).
The findings emphasize the imperative to decouple the assessment of afforestation carbon
sequestration projects' efficiency from the carbon storage contributions of grasses. This
nuanced approach is essential to accurately gauge the overall effectiveness of
afforestation initiatives and to inform future strategies for their expansion. By shedding
light on the complexities of soil carbon storage, this study prompts a reevaluation of the
relative contributions of trees and grasses, ultimately enhancing our capacity to design
more effective and sustainable carbon sequestration projects in the ongoing battle against
climate change.
 Challenges and Considerations:
The effectiveness of afforestation as a carbon sequestration strategy has been a subject of
investigation, with researchers emphasizing the need to understand the dynamics of soil
organic carbon and the contributions of different vegetation types to carbon storage. This
highlights the complexity and challenges associated with evaluating the efficacy of
afforestation for carbon sequestration (Ellery, 2023).
 Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation:
While afforestation has been considered a suitable climate change mitigation strategy,
recent research has raised questions about its effectiveness in sequestering carbon. The
study emphasized the need for a better understanding of the carbon sequestration

15
 potential of afforestation projects to ensure their sustainability and effectiveness in
mitigating climate change (Miripanah et al, 2019).

While traditionally hailed as a method to bolster carbon sequestration, afforestation faces recent
scrutiny in comparison to other natural carbon storage mechanisms, according to emerging
research. This questioning of its efficacy brings attention to the intricate dynamics of soil organic
carbon and the varied contributions of different vegetation types to overall carbon storage. The
evolving narrative underscores the imperative for a more nuanced and comprehensive
understanding of afforestation as a carbon sequestration strategy. In light of these complexities,
reevaluating the role of afforestation becomes essential for shaping more informed and effective
climate change mitigation strategies.

2.5 BIOENERGY PRODUCTION WITH CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION

Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (BECCS) is a process that involves extracting
bioenergy from biomass and capturing and storing the carbon, thereby removing it from the
atmosphere. BECCS can lead to net negative emissions as carbon stored by photosynthesizing
biomass growth is sequestered rather than released to the atmosphere.

The main carbon capture and sequestration pathways under consideration for biomass energy
carbon removal are biomass combustion or fermentation with CO 2 capture, compression, and
transportation to geological sites for long-term sequestration, as well as biomass conversion to
fuels with biochar co-production that can be stored long-term as a soil amendment.

Overall, bioenergy production with Carbon Capture and Sequestration stands at the forefront of
climate change mitigation strategies, showcasing the potential to not only produce renewable
energy but actively contribute to carbon removal from the atmosphere, thus advancing the global
goals of achieving a more sustainable and carbon-neutral future.

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Fig 4. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage. (Source – Wikipedia).

2.6 ASSESSMENT OF REMOVAL AND SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL BASED ON

BIOMASS SUPPLY AND PROCESS ECONOMICS

Assessment of removal and sequestration potential based on biomass supply and process
economics is an important consideration in evaluating the effectiveness of bioenergy production
with carbon capture and sequestration (BECCS) as a carbon sequestration strategy. The main
carbon capture and sequestration pathways under consideration for biomass energy carbon
removal are biomass combustion or fermentation with CO 2 capture, compression, and

17
transportation to geological sites for long-term sequestration, as well as biomass conversion to
fuels with biochar co-production that can be stored long-term as a soil amendment.

The effectiveness of these pathways in sequestering carbon depends on various factors, including
the availability of biomass supply, the cost-effectiveness of the process, and the feasibility of
carbon capture and storage technologies. A life cycle approach is essential to account for all
greenhouse gas emissions and uptakes associated with BECCS technologies to determine their
net contribution to climate change mitigation. The sustainability and scalability of biomass
utilization for carbon sequestration are also critical considerations in evaluating its effectiveness
as a climate change mitigation strategy.

Overall, the assessment of removal and sequestration potential based on biomass supply and
process economics is a crucial aspect of evaluating the effectiveness and viability of BECCS as a
carbon sequestration strategy

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 DISCUSSION

Our exploration of innovative carbon management strategies, particularly focusing on bioenergy

production with carbon capture and sequestration (BECCS) and anaerobic digestion (AD),
underscores the pivotal role these technologies play in addressing the urgent challenges of
climate change

BECCS, with its unique combination of bioenergy generation and carbon capture, presents a
promising avenue toward achieving carbon negativity and transitioning to a renewable energy
landscape. This multifaceted approach not only provides a solution to carbon emissions but also
aligns with global efforts for sustainable energy production.

On the other hand, AD stands out as an effective waste-to-energy solution, redirecting organic
waste away from landfills and contributing to a circular economy. By integrating carbon capture
and utilization technologies, AD not only mitigates carbon emissions but also introduces a
potential revenue stream through the application of captured CO2 in valuable industrial
processes.

As we collectively navigate the complex landscape of climate change mitigation, these

technologies serve as beacons of hope and tangible solutions. They highlight the synergy
between environmental sustainability and economic viability, demonstrating that innovative
approaches can indeed pave the way for a more resilient, carbon-neutral future.

In moving forward, it is imperative that we continue to invest in research, foster international

collaboration, and implement supportive policies to propel these technologies into mainstream
adoption. By doing so, we can collectively contribute to the global imperative of mitigating
climate change and securing a sustainable and prosperous future for generations to come.

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3.1 CONCLUSION

Bioenergy Production with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (BECCS) represents a

transformative and multifaceted approach at the forefront of climate change mitigation strategies.
Its unique integration of bioenergy generation with the capture and sequestration of carbon
dioxide offers a holistic solution for managing carbon emissions. Key strengths include the
potential for carbon negativity, aligning with the global goal of reducing atmospheric carbon
dioxide concentrations.

BECCS not only contributes to renewable energy production but also addresses the imperative of
long-term carbon sequestration by utilizing geological formations for secure storage. The
technology's ability to repurpose biomass waste underscores its sustainability, providing an eco-
friendly alternative to conventional energy production.

However, the successful implementation of BECCS faces notable challenges, including

technological complexity, biomass feedstock considerations, and logistical requirements for
infrastructure development and storage site selection. Overcoming these challenges is essential
for realizing the full potential of BECCS on a global scale.

As we navigate the complexities of climate change, BECCS stands as a promising tool that,
when coupled with responsible practices and continuous technological advancements, has the
potential to significantly contribute to a sustainable and resilient future. The continued
exploration, refinement, and deployment of BECCS will play a crucial role in the broader effort
to address climate change and transition toward a low-carbon and environmentally conscious
energy landscape.

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3.2 RECOMMENDATION

To advance the effective deployment of Bioenergy Production with Carbon Capture and
Sequestration (BECCS), it is recommended to prioritize ongoing research and development,
focusing on technological enhancements for improved capture efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
Encouraging sustainable biomass practices through incentives and policies will ensure
responsible sourcing, while the implementation of supportive regulatory frameworks can
facilitate the adoption of BECCS projects.

International collaboration and knowledge-sharing are essential for addressing common

challenges and accelerating the global deployment of BECCS. Building public awareness and
trust, integrating BECCS strategically into existing energy systems, and supporting pilot projects
will further enhance its feasibility and effectiveness.

Establishing monitoring and reporting protocols is crucial for assessing the environmental impact
and carbon sequestration benefits of BECCS projects consistently. These recommendations
collectively form a comprehensive strategy to unlock the full potential of BECCS, contributing
significantly to the global effort for a sustainable and carbon-neutral energy landscape.

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 REFERENCE
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Ellery, M. (2023). To more effectively sequester biomass and carbon, just add salt: Salting and
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Fajardy, M., Greenfield, C. (2023). Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage: Tracking
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Fridahl, M., & Lehtveer, M. (2018). Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS):
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Miripanah, Z., Tavakoli, M., Rostaminya, M., & Naderi, M. (2019). Carbon sequestration via
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Nayak, N., Mehrotra, R., Mehrotra, S. (2022). Carbon biosequestration strategies: a review.
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Toensmeier, E., Garrity, D. (2020). How Climate Change Strategies That Use Biomass Can Be
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Vaughan, N. E., Gough, C., Mander, S., Littleton, E. W., Welfle, A., Gernaat, D. E. H. J., & van
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