Cornell Notes
Key Concepts
1. Force and Motion
• Acceleration: Defined as the slope of the velocity-time (v-t) graph.
• Force Calculation:
– A force acts for 0.1 s on a body of mass 2.0 kg initially at rest, resulting in a
final velocity of 2 m/s.
• Magnitude of Force: 40 N
– A cricket ball (mass = 100 g) moving at 30 m/s is brought to rest in 0.03 s.
• Average Force: 100 N
– A car (mass = 480 kg) moving at 54 km/h is stopped by brakes in 10 s.
• Force Applied by Brakes: 720 N
– A bullet (mass = 50 g) moving at 100 m/s strikes a wooden block and comes
to rest after penetrating 2 cm.
• Initial Momentum: 5 kg m/s
• Final Momentum: 0 kg m/s
• Retardation: 2.5 x 10^5 m/s²
• Resistive Force: 12,500 N
– A force causes an acceleration of 10 m/s² in a body of mass 500 g.
• Acceleration in 5 kg Body: 1 m/s²
– A car moving at a uniform velocity of 30 m/s is stopped in 2 s by applying a
force of 1500 N.
• Change in Momentum: 3000 kg m/s
• Retardation: 15 m/s²
• Mass of Car: 100 kg
2. Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• Statement: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
• Examples:
– A book on a table experiences a downward force (weight) and an upward
force from the table, resulting in zero net force.
– When walking, a person pushes the ground backward, and the ground
pushes the person forward with equal force.
3. Free Fall
• Motion Under Gravity:
– For a freely falling body from height h, the equations of motion are:
• ( v = gt )
• ( h = gt^2 )
• ( v^2 = 2gh )
– If the initial velocity is u:
• ( v = u + gt )
• ( h = ut + gt^2 )
• ( v^2 = u^2 + 2gh )
– For a body thrown vertically upwards:
• ( v = u - gt )
• ( h = ut - gt^2 )
• ( v^2 = u^2 - 2gh )
– At the highest point, ( v = 0 ), maximum height ( h = ), and total time of
journey ( t’ = 2t ).
4. Mass and Weight
• Mass:
– Definition: Quantity of matter in a body, scalar quantity.
– S.I. Unit: Kilogram (kg).
– Constant for a given body and does not change with location.
• Weight:
– Definition: Force with which the earth attracts a body, vector quantity.
– Direction: Downwards towards the center of the earth.
– S.I. Unit: Newton (N).
– Relationship: ( W = mg ) (Weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity).
5. Additional Notes
• The mass of a body increases with velocity, but this change is significant only at
velocities approaching the speed of light (3 x 10^8 m/s). For velocities less than
10^6 m/s, mass is considered constant.
