BUDGET PREPARATION AND IMPLEMENTATION are important processes for any

organization, Steps: 1.Establish goals and objectives 2.Gather data 3.Identify income
sources and insurance reimbursements 5.Identify expenses 6.Create a budget plan
7.Review and finalise budget plan 8.Implement the budget 9.Evaluate Pefromance
CLINICAL PHARMACY: is a Branch of pharmacy that focus on use of love
CONCEPT OF CLINICAL PHARMACY:Clinical pharmacy is a specialized branch of
pharmacy that focuses on safe and effective use of medications in patient care. It is a patient
centred approach involve working with health care professionals.▪️use specialized knowledge
of medication.▪evidence based , focus on optimised patient outcomes
FUNCTIONS & RESPONSIBILITIES OF CLINICAL PHARMACISTS:
1.Medication therapy mngment 2.Drug utilization review 3.Adv drug reaction monitering
4.Patient counselling 5.Clinical practice guidelines 6.Medication safety initiatives
DRUG THERAPY MONITORINGis process of asessing a patient's medicaton regimen to
ensure that it is safe, effective, and appropriate for their individual needs. The goal of drug
therapy monitoring is to identify and resolve medication-related problems, optimize
therapeutic outcomes, and prevent adverse drug reactions. Steps:1.Collecting and
reviewing medication histories 2.Assessing patient's clinical status 3.Evaluating efficacy and
safety of medications 4.Identifying and resolving medication related problems 5.Monitering
and documenting outcomes.
MEDICATION CHART REVIEW inyolves evaluation of a patient's medication Chart by a
pharmacist or other healthcare professional to ensure the safe and effective use of
medications. The review typically involves a comprehensive assessment of the medication
regimen including patient's medical history, allergies, current medications, dosageS, and
administration schedules. Goals: of medication chart review is to identify and prevent
medication-related problems, such as drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, or
inappropriate dosing.The pharmacist or healthcare profesional also make recomendations
for changes to the medication regimen, such as adjustıments to dosages or changes to the
medication itself. In addition to identifying medication-related problems, medication chart
review may also involve patient education and counseling. The proper use of medications,
potential side effects, and other important considerations. Medication chart review typically
conducted on a regular basis for patients in hospital. Requires thorough understanding of
pharmacology, patient care and medication management as well as strong communication
and collaboration skills to work effectively.
CLINICAL REVIEW is a process of evaluating a patient's medical condition and treatment
plan to optimize their care. This is conducted by a clinical pharmacist or other healthcare
professional. Involves a comprehensive assessment of the patient's medical history,
physical examination findings, laboratory test results, and medication regimen. Goal: to
identify and prevent medication- related problems, such as drug interactions, adverse drug
reactions, or inappropriate dosing. Make recommendations for changes to the medication
regimen, such as adjustments to dosages or changes to the medication itself. Identifying
other medical issues or concerns that may impact the patient's overall health and wellbeing.
recomendations for further diagnostic testing, referrals to other healthcare providers, or
counseling on lifestyle modifications.
PHARMACIST INTERVENTION refers to process of identifying and resolving medication-
related problems by a pharmacist. It involves a proactive approach to patient care, where the
pharmacist takes an active role in ensuring that the patient is receiving the most appropriate
and effective medication therapy. Includes; 1. Medication therapy management 2.Medical
reconciliation 3.Adv drug reaction monitering 4.Patient education and monitering 5.Disease
state management - short term, chronic
WARD ROUND PARTICIPATION refers to active involvement of a clinical pharmacist in the
interdisciplinary ward rounds, where the patient's medical condition and medication regimen
are discussed and evaluated by a team of healthcare professionals. Includes:
1. Medication review 2.Adv drug reaction monitering 3.Medication reconciliation 4.Patient
education and counselling 5.Disease state management.
MEDICATION HISTORY AND PHARMACEUTICAL CARE:
Medication history is a crucial component of pharmaceutical care, which involves
obtaining&documenting a comprehensive record of patient's medication use, including
prescription and non-prescription medications, supplements, and herbal products.
Pharmaceutical care is a patient-centered practice that aims to optimize the patient's
medication therapy outcomes by providing individualized medication therapy management
and monitoring. Pharmacists who practice pharmaceutical care are responsible for
assessing the patient's medication-related needs, identifying medication-related problems,
and developing a care plan to address them.
Pharmaceutical care involves several steps, 1. Collecting& analyzing patient information,
such as medication history, medical history, and laboratory results. 2. Identifying medication-
related problems, such as drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, medication non
-adherence, and inappropriate dosing. 3.Developing a care plan that includes medication
therapy management, patient education, and monitoring. 4. Implementing care plan in
collaboration with patient, helthcare providers& caregivers. 5.Monitoring patient's medication
therapy outcomes and adjusting care plan as needed to optimize their health outcomes.
DOSING PATTERN & DRUG THERAPY BASED ON PHM.KINTIC& DISEASE PATTERN:
Dosing Pattern refers to specific schedule or regimen by which a medication is
administered. It includes details such as the dose amount, frequency& duration of treatment.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of movement of drugs within the body, including their
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. For example, in patients with impaired
renal or hepatic function, dosing adjustments may be necessary to ensure that drug levels
do not reach toxic levels or fall below the therapeutic range. In some cases, it may be
necessary to use alternatıve dosing routes, such as intravenous or subcutaneous
administration, to achieve the desired effect. ▪️Clinical pharmacists can collaborate with
prescribers to adjust dosing patterns based on patient caracteristis and disease progression,
monitor drug levels, and recommend alternative therapies when necessary. By taking a
comprehensive approach to drug therapy, clinical pharmacists help to maximize effectivenes
of treatment while minimizing risk of adv effects.
OVER-THE-COUNTER (OTC) sales refer to the sale of medications or other products
without a prescription from a healthcare professional. They consider to be used as non
serious conditions. These products are typically sold directly to the consumer in retail
settings, such as pharmacies, grocery stores, and convenience stores. Examples include
pain relievers, cough and cold medicines, allergy medications, and digestive aids.
Functions of pharmacist in otc: 1.Providing info and guidance 2.Amswer questions to

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patients 3.Perform screening assessments 4.Identify contraindications and provide guidance
RATIONALE USE OF OTC MEDICATIONS: Controlled use. As otc medications generally
considered safe for use, it is still important to use them apropriately& rationally to avoid harm
Guidelines for rationale use of otc med; 1.Read the label 2.Know your medical history
3.Be aware of potential side effects 4.Avoid polypharmacy ie, taking multiple medications
5.Dont exceed recommended doses 6.Seek professional advice