Data Structure

Tuple, Set and Dictionary

IOU, NMS using Tuple Text embedding using Set Histogram using Dictionary

Vinh Dinh Nguyen

PhD in Computer Science
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Outline
Ø What is a Tuple in Python
Ø What is a Set in Python

Ø What is a Dictionary in Python

Ø Quizz

Ø Text Classification using Set

Ø Image Histogram using Dictionary

Ø Further Reading
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Data Structure?
A data structure is a storage that is used to store and organize data. It
is a way of arranging data on a computer so that it can be accessed
and updated efficiently.
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Review: From 1D to 2D List
Given that the teacher cannot remember students' names, please develop a
program to help her find a student's name based on his/her seat location in
the class.

Hàng 1/
Row 1 Vinh Ân

“Cô mời 2 bạn: ngồi ở vị trí hàng thứ 3, dãy thứ 1, và ngồi ở
vị trí hàng thứ 3, dãy thứ 2” lên bảng giải thích về 2D List
Hàng 2/
Row 2 Toàn Lâm

“Cô mời bạn Tám và bạn Chuyện” lên bảng giải thích về
Hàng 3/ Tám Chuyện 2D List
Row 3

Dãy 1/ Dãy 2/
Column 1 Column 2
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1D List Solution

Hàng 1/
Row 1 Vinh Ân

Hàng 2/
Row 2 Toàn Lâm

Hàng 3/ Tám Chuyện

Row 3
Are there any easier solutions? This one is really
difficult for newcomers
Dãy 1/ Dãy 2/
Column 1 Column 2
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2D List Solution
Teacher View
Progrogramer View

Column index 0 Column index 1 Column 1 Column 2

Row index 0
Vinh An Row 1 Vinh An

Row index 1 Toan Lam Row 2 Toan Lam

Row index 2 Tam Chuyen Row 3 Tam Chuyen

Use 1D List Vinh An

Use 1D List Toan Lam

student_list = [element1, element2, element3)
Use 1D List Tam Chuyen
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2D List Solution
Teacher View

Column 1 Column 2

Row 1 Vinh An
Row 2 Toan Lam How to access element:
row 0 and column 1
Row 3 Tam Chuyen row 0 and column 2

row1_retrieve = student_list[0] Vinh An

Column index 0 Column index 1

Row index 0
Vinh An row1_retrieve[0] Vinh

Row index 1 Toan Lam row1_retrieve[1] An

Row index 2
Tam Chuyen
student_list[0][0] Vinh
Progrogramer View
student_list[0]1] An
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2D List Solution
Column 1 Column 2

Row 1 Vinh An
Row 2 Toan Lam

Row 3 Tam Chuyen

Teacher View

Column index 0 Column index 1

Row index 0
Vinh An

Row index 1 Toan Lam

Row index 2
Tam Chuyen

Progrogramer View

Thanks! This one is easy to understand

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Mutable Vs. Immutable
In Python, everything is treated as an object. Every object has these three attributes:
q Identity – This refers to the address that the object refers to in the computer’s memory.
q Type – This refers to the kind of object that is created.
q Value – This refers to the value stored by the object.

Mutable Immutable
We can change the value of a variable We can not change the value of a variable (which we
(which we have stored) have stored)
List, Dictionaries, Set, … String, Tuples, …

While ID and Type cannot be changed once it’s created, values can be changed for Mutable objects.
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Mutable Vs. Immutable
vList is Mutable vString is Immutable
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Mutable Vs. Immutable
vList is Mutable vString is Immutable

Object Interning In Python

Optimize memory usage
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Tuple Motivation
v Develop a function to return personal information (multiple values)

# Function returning multiple values

def get_person():
name = "Camedinh" List Example
age = 2004
occupation = "Student"
return [name, age, occupation]

# Test
person = get_person()
person[0] = ” Your name has been hacked "
print(person[0], person[1], person[2])

Your name has been hacked, 2024, Student

v Can we prevent this happen?

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Tuple Motivation
v Develop a function to return personal information (multiple values)

Tuple Example v How to use a Tuple

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What is a Tuple
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What is a Tuple
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What is a Tuple
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What is a Tuple
v Structure

tuple_name = (element-1, …, element-n)

Tuple unpacking
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What is a Tuple
v Structure

tuple_name = (element-1, …, element-n)

( ) can be removed Tuple with one element

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What is a Tuple
v + and * operators

count() - đếm số lần xuất hiện của một giá trị

index() - tìm vị trí xuất hiện của một giá trị
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What is a Tuple Dùng hàm zip() cho tuple

len() - Tìm chiều dài của một tuple

Lấy giá trị min và max của một tuple

Sắp xếp các giá trị trong một tuple

 list2tuple
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Tuple Examples
Swapping two variables Memory requirement

tuple2list

Tuple slicing 21
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Tuple Examples
Case 1: delta<0
v Example: Solve quadratic equation

Case 2: delta>0

Case 3: delta=0

Data is protected

22
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Q&A Time
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Outline
Ø What is a Tuple in Python
Ø What is a Set in Python

Ø What is a Dictionary in Python

Ø Quizz

Ø Text Classification using Set

Ø Image Histogram using Dictionary

Ø Further Reading
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Set Motivation

List

1 0 2 1 0 2

Set
1 3 2 4 5 6

Lists and tuples are standard Python data types that store values in a sequence. Sets are another standard Python data type that also store
values. The major difference is that sets, unlike lists or tuples, cannot have multiple occurrences of the same element and store unordered values.
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Set
v Create a set
Items with different data types

Using curly brackets

Set comprehension
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Set

Access the items of a set Copy a set

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Set

Add an item Insert a set to another set

Join two sets Not allow duplicate values

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Set

difference function symmetric_difference

difference_update function symmetric_difference_update

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Set
v Bitwise operator
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Set
v Remove an item
remove(item)
Remove an item from the set. Set comprehension

discard(item)
Remove an item from the set if it is present.

[Link]
/[Link]?t#set
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Set
v Remove an item

remove(item)
Remove an item from the set. discard(item)
Raises KeyError if elem is not contained in the set. Remove an item from the set if it is present.

[Link]
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Set
v Create a set

Unordered and unindexed Cannot contain unhashable types

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Set

Set ßà List
and Tuple
???

???
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Q&A Time
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Outline
Ø What is a Tuple in Python
Ø What is a Set in Python

Ø What is a Dictionary in Python

Ø Quizz

Ø Text Classification using Set

Ø Image Histogram using Dictionary

Ø Further Reading
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Dictionary Motivation
number_list = [11, 15, 35, 20, 18, 9]
11 15 35 20 18 9
Index 0 1 2 3 4 5
index
value
number_list[0] => 11

It's very hard to remember that the 1st element in a list has index 0, is there an easier
way to remember this?

number_dict ={”One”:11, “Two”:15, ”Three”:35, “Four”:20, “Five”:18, “Six:9” }

11 15 35 20 18 9
key "One Two Three Four Five Six

key
value

number_dict[“One”] => 11
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Dictionary Motivation
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Dictionary
Any immutable can be dictionary
v Structure bracket key. like string , number, tuple

dictionary_name = {key-1:value-1, …, key-n:value-n}

element comma colon

Create a dictionary
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Dictionary
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Dictionary
v Create a Dictionary
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Dictionary

v Update a value v Copy a dictionary

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Dictionary
v Hàm copy() chỉ sao chép v Sử dụng hàm deepcopy()
kiểu shallow trong module copy
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Dictionary
v Get keys and values
Get keys
Get keys

Get keys and values

Get values
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Dictionary
v Get a value by a key

Get value using get() function Get value and delete the corresponding item
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Dictionary

popitem() - lấy ra một phần tử ở cuối dictionary clear() - xóa tất cả các phần tử của một dictionary

Use del keyword to delete an item

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Dictionary
v Key that does not exist

Try to delete a non-existing item Try to get an item by a non-existing key

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Dictionary

setdefault() function example

Result ???
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Dictionary
v Get a value via a key

Method 1 Method 2
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Dictionary

Merge two dictionaries Check if a key exists

Remove empty items Dictionary comprehension

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Q&A Time
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Outline
Ø What is a Tuple in Python
Ø What is a Set in Python

Ø What is a Dictionary in Python

Ø Quizz

Ø Text Classification using Set

Ø Image Histogram using Dictionary

Ø Further Reading
53
Outline
Ø What is a Tuple in Python
Ø What is a Set in Python

Ø What is a Dictionary in Python

Ø Quizz

Ø Text Classification using Set

Ø Image Histogram using Dictionary

Ø Further Reading
54
Set in Text Classification

v Text classification

Preprocessing Machine
Text
Sample (standardization & Learning Output
Algorithm
vectorization)

”Make money” Preprocessing Embedding Fully-connected layer

0 1 2 4 5 6 7 4 8 Embedding features Support Vector Machine Spam

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Set in Text Classification
- Example corpus
sample1: ‘We are learning AI’
sample2: ‘AI is a CS topic’
(1) Build vocabulary from corpus

index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
word pad are/a ai we topic learning is cs

(2) Transform text into features

We are learning AI AI is a CS topic

Standardize, Vectorization we are learning ai ai is a cs topic

3 1 5 2 2 6 1 7 4
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Set in Text Classification
vVocabulary Building

Python is a high-level, interpreted, general-purpose

programming language. Its design philosophy
emphasizes code readability with the use of significant Python Program
indentation. Python is dynamically-typed and garbage- (using Set
collected. It supports multiple programming structure)
paradigms, including structured, object-oriented and
functional programming.

Input Output

“Python is a high-level” 15 4 25 29 22
Text data Vocabulary
Numerical Data
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Outline
Ø What is a Tuple in Python
Ø What is a Set in Python

Ø What is a Dictionary in Python

Ø Quizz

Ø Text Classification using Set

Ø Image Histogram using Dictionary

Ø Further Reading
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Image in Computer Vision

Grayscale image

Binary Image

Color image
59 Image Coordinate System: Grayscale Image

Access pixel at a specific location

Read image
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Image Histogram: Dictionary

Histogram Algorithm
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Image Histogram: Dictionary

Histogram Algorithm

255 0 255 255 255 0 255

255 0 0 255 255 0 255
255 0 0 0 0 0 255
0 0 255 255 255 0 0
0 0 255 255 255 0 0
255 0 255 255 255 0 255
255 255 0 0 0 255 255
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Image Histogram: Dictionary

Histogram Algorithm
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Image Histogram: Dictionary

Histogram Algorithm
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Summary
Data Structure Ordered Mutable Constructor Example

List Yes Yes [] or list() [5. 7, ‘yes’, 5.7]

Tuple Yes No () or tuple() (5.7, ‘yes’, 5.7)

Set No Yes {} or set() {5.7, ‘yes’ }

Dictionary No Yes {} or dict{} {‘key’: value}

Text embedding using Set Histogram using Dictionary

IOU, NMS using Tuple
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References
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Outline
Ø What is a Tuple in Python
Ø What is a Set in Python

Ø What is a Dictionary in Python

Ø Quizz

Ø Text Classification using Set

Ø Image Histogram using Dictionary

Ø Further Reading
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IOU Calculation Using Tuple
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IOU Calculation Using Tuple
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IOU Calculation Using Tuple
# Tính diện tích của 2 box A, B
$ - 𝑥 $ ) ∗ (𝑦 $ - 𝑦 $ )
area1 = (𝑥!"# !%& !"# !%&
' '
area2 = (𝑥!"#
' -𝑥 '
!%& ) ∗ (𝑦!"# - 𝑦!%& )

# Tìm tọa đọ của vùng giao nhau (Intersection)

$ ( (
𝑥𝐴 = max(𝑥!%& , 𝑥!%& ) = 𝑥!%&
$ ( (
𝑦𝐴 = max(𝑦!%& , 𝑦!%& ) = 𝑦!%&

$ ( $
𝑥𝐵 = min(𝑥!"# , 𝑥!"# ) = 𝑥!"#
$ , 𝑦( ) = 𝑦 $
𝑦𝐵 = min(𝑦!"# !"# !"#

# Tính diện tích vùng giao nhau

𝑊 = 𝑥𝐵 - 𝑥𝐴

H = yB – yA

intersection_area = w*h

# Tính diện tích phần hợp nhau

union_area = area1 + area2 - intersection_area

# Dựa trên phần giao và phần hợp để tính IoU

IoU = intersection_area / union_area
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Non-Maxima Suppression: List & Tuple

Non Maximum Suppression

Algorithm
List Tuple Step 1 : Select the prediction S with highest confidence score and remove
it from P and add it to the final prediction list keep. (keep is empty
initially).

Step 2 : Now compare this prediction S with all the predictions present
in P. Calculate the IoU of this prediction S with every other predictions
in P. If the IoU is greater than the threshold thresh_iou for any
prediction T present in P, remove prediction T from P.

Step 3 : If there are still predictions left in P, then go to Step

1 again, else return the list keep containing the filtered predictions.