Atomic structure and the Periodic table
Atomic number tells how many protons are there
Mass number tells how many neutrons are there.
Electrons = Protons are equal
First shell only has 2 electrons.
The 2nd and 3rd shell has 8
electrons in an electronic
structure.
The electrons are held in place by
electrostatic forces.
GROUP 1: The alkali metals
Elements Atomic Mass Melting Boiling
number number point in °C point in °C
Lithium, Li 3 7 180 1360
Sodium, Na 11 23 98 900
Potassium, 19 39 63 777
K
Properties of Group 1:
Mass number and Atomic number increases as you
go down the group.
Melting and Boiling point decreases as you go
down the group.
They all contain 1 electron in its outer shell
Structure of Group 1 metals
Contains 1 electron in the outer shell.
The atom gets larger as you go down
the group
They are called group 1 metals
because they react with water to
form alkalis.
The trends I group 1 are
The boiling point decreases as you go
down the group
The element become less reactive as
you go down the group.
GROUP 7: The halogens
(Extension material)
Element Atomic Electroni Mass Colour Melting Boiling
number c number point in point in
number °C °C
Fluorine, 9 2,7 19 Pale -220 -188
F yellow
Chlorine, 17 2,8,7 35 Yellowis -101 -34
Cl h green
Bromine, 35 2,8,8,7 80 Brown -7 59
Br
Properties of group 7
Halogens are non-metals
Fluorine and Chlorine are liquid at room
temperature.
Boiling point and Melting point increases as
you go down the group.
Color gets darker as you go down the group.
All the elements contain 7 elements in the
Structure of group 7
The size of the atom increases as
you go down the group.
The atoms are similar in that way
they all have 7 electrons in its
outer shell.
GROUP 8: The Noble gases
Element Atomic Electroni Mass Melting Boiling
number c number point in point in
number °C °C
Helium, 2 2 4 -270 -269
He
Neon. Ne 10 2,8 20 -249 -246
Argon, Ar 18 2,8,8 40 -189 -186
Properties of group 8 gases
The melting point increases as
you go down the group.
Sizes of atom increases as
you go down the group.
The other electrons are full (8
electrons) expect for Helium
(2 electrons).
Melting and boiling point of
Krypton are higher than
Argon.
They are inert (unreactive)
and don’t form compounds.
Atoms are more stable when outer
shell is completely full of electrons.
The elements in compounds are
held together by Chemical bonds.
The bonds can be formed in two
ways:
The atoms can lose or gain
electrons
or
Atomic can share electrons.
Losing electrons
E.g. sodium reacts with other elements by losing an
electron. When this takes place the sodium atom forms
an ion. If the outer shell is not full then the element is
not stable so to make it stable we lose or gain an
electron
We write Sodium ion as Na+ as it has given an electron
Gaining electrons
An atom can also become an ion by gaining electrons.
E.g. the elements have outermost electron shell almost
shell in some groups. To fill its outermost shell, a
chlorine atom gains an electron. So now chlorine ion is
more stable then chlorine atom.
We write Chlorine atom as Cl- as it has taken an
electron.
Ionic Bond
Sodium ion and chlorine
ion form ionic bond to form
the compound sodium
chlorine. In an Ionic bond
there is an attraction
between the positively
charged ion, sodium, and
the negatively charged ion,
Other ionic compound
Ionic compounds are those that
are made from ions. They form
when a metal reacts with a non-
metal.
In some elements more than
one electron is lost or gained.
E.g. when magnesium combines
with oxygen to form magnesium
Magnesium reacts with chlorine
to form magnesium chloride
(extension material.)
Extension material: when
magnesium forms an ionic
compound with chlorine, two
ions of chlorine are formed.
The magnesium atom loses the
two electrons form its outermost
shell and forms a magnesium
ion, Mg2+. Two chlorine ions are
attracted to the magnesium ion
and form ionic bond to form the
ionic compound magnesium
chloride. MgCl2.
Sharing electrons
When non-metals from compounds with other non-
metals they do so by sharing electrons to fill their
outermost electron shells.
Hydrogen and Chlorine
Hydrogen atom has just one electron in
its outermost shell; in this first shell there
is only room for two electrons
Chlorine atom has seven electrons in its
outermost shell; in this electron shell
there is room for eight electrons.
Atoms share a pair of electron, so both
hydrogen and chlorine have their
outermost electron shells full of
electrons.
A molecule of hydrogen chloride is
formed; its formula is HCL
The type of diagram is known as a dot and cross
diagram
This type of chemical bond where electrons are shared
is called a Covalent bond.
Some more examples of this bond are:
HYDROGEN AND HYDROGEN
HYDROGEN AND NITROGEN
Giant structures in ionic
compounds
Sodium
chloride is
an ionic
compound.
The ions of
sodium,
Na+, and
chlorine,
Cl-, have
equal and
opposite
charges so
they are
strongly
attracted
to one
another.
These
forces,
Giant
called
electrostati
c forces,
act in all
directions
and form
Many
substances that
have covalent
bonds are
formed of
simple
molecules:
oxygen, carbon
dioxide and
methane, E.g.
This is because
the force Giant structures of ca
holding the
molecules
together are
very strong but
the forces
between
molecules are
week. The force
between the
molecule are
called
Intermolecular
forces
The carbon
However, some atom in
covalent diamond forms
substances a giant
such as silicon structure. Each
dioxide have carbon atom
giant covalent forms four
structures. strong covalent
How is ionic
bond different
A molecule is a
to covalent
name given to
bond?
a particle when
An ionic bond is more than one Covalent and io
formed when atom where the
atoms lose or atoms share at
have
gain an
electron but in
least one
electron in a
prope
a covalent bond covalent bond.
Ionic
is formed bond
when Covalent bond
Very high A
melting and Low melting and boiling
atoms share
boiling points. macromolecule
points
electrons
is a giantForce holding the
Very strong electrostatic
forces
When holding
a metalions molecule. molecules
E.g. is strong
together.
joins a non- although the
Silicon dioxide,
metal it forms diamondintermolecular
or forces are
weak.
ionic graphite.
compound.
Conducting electricity
Ionic
compounds will
conduct
electricity if
Ionic
they are Substances Covalent
dissolved in substances
Compounds
water or if theymade from Substances made from
ions form giant
are melted to [Link] molecules have
These
form aionic
[Link] ow melting points and
have very high melting boiling points because
points and boiling these are only weak
points
Ionic because the forces between the
forces between
compounds can the ions molecules.
are strong.
conduct
electricity Atoms that share
because the electrons can form
ions have an giant structures called
electrical macromolecules. These
charge. The have very high melting
ions must be points because the
free to move atoms are joined by
about and carry strong covalent bonds.
When ionic compounds Simple covalent
the electrical
are dissolved in water
charge. molecules do not
or melted, they can conduct electricity.
Covalent
substances
made from
conduct electricity
because the ions are
free to move about and
carry the electrical
charge.
