ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FOR SMART CITIES IN INDIA

Ar.Maya Mohan1, Dr.M.Hemapriya2

1
Research Scholar, Department of Architecture, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Selaiyur,
Chennai Tamil Nadu, Email- [email protected]
2
Assistant professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research,
Selaiyur, Chennai Tamil Nadu, Email- [email protected]

Abstract (350 words)

Today, we live in a digitally superior society where computers and communication technologies connect
to deliver freight goods and online services by pressing a button or clicking the mouse. By the mid
2050’s, we will be surrounded by smart devices like Internet of Things. Even today, computers and ICT
are converging with social media on a large scale. Smart buildings along computerized highways are
changing the way planners’ work and design cities. Every city must have an ICT Master Plan for
reference of the municipal authorities. Smart cities are not smart because of their smartness in handling
transportation, services, and etc. but because they collect real time data from users and analyze it to
streamline their services in future.
Planners can use the checklist mentioned below to evaluate if a city is smart or smarter. There are six
parameters (Smart Economy, Smart People, Smart Governance, Smart Mobility, Smart Environment, and
Smart Living) for Smart Cities of which four are very important to Planners {Smart People, Smart
Mobility (Transport and ICT), Smart Environment (Natural Resources) and Smart Living (Quality of
life)}
There are around 1 billion smart phone users in India in 2023. Technologically, dashboards are provided
for smart cities. A citizen who has spotted a pothole in his street has to just what’s app its image to the
concerned authorities. Bills can be paid online for electricity, water, etc. Photo voltaic panels are used foe
street lights which automatically dim themselves when no one is around and can be switched off during
the day time. Speed cameras at junctions note the vehicle registration numbers of defaulters who exceed
speed limits. Bus systems were upgraded with GIS and GPS. Individual homes also have smart
technologies for heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, etc.

The best option for Indian Cities would be to upgrade their technology and harness the creative human
capital to the best advantage for these cities to multiply economically.

Keywords: Smart City, Internet of Things, ICT, GPS, Connectivity

Introduction

Many sci-fi fantasy movies show a futuristic society embedded in advanced technology in terms of
buildings, infrastructure and transportation.1 Today, we live in a digitally superior society where
computers and communication technologies connect to deliver freight goods and online services by
pressing a button or clicking the mouse. With intelligent and smart devices also called the Internet of
Things, the days are not far behind where scientific discoveries can make the future happen.

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By the mid 2050’s, we will be surrounded by smart devices like Internet of Things. Even today,
computers and ICT are converging with social media on a large scale. Smart buildings along
computerized highways are changing the way planners’ work and design cities. The city itself is a large
network of smart gadgets like smart TVs and computers intertwine to deliver goods and services in real
time through cyber space. These future cities are not mere hype but very achievable in the near future due
to advances in ICT and digital technologies like Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in the 21st century.

As of today, we have intelligent cities, wired cities, smart cities etc. Very soon, the city will turn into a
network of computers churning out data in real-time for better connectivity with smarter roads, traffic
systems, grids, and cities.2 Seamless connectivity can enable citizens to access their networks anytime
anywhere anyhow thus allowing for new types of jobs through hotdesking, video conferencing etc. and
changing the socio-economic landscape. Using sophisticated ICT systems makes the city smarter and
improves community building and connectivity by interweaving all the components of a city. Also, every
city must have an ICT Master Plan for reference of the municipal authorities. Smart cities are not smart
because of their smartness in handling transportation, services, and etc. but because they collect real time
data from users and analyze it to streamline their services in future.

Need for the Research

This paper evaluates the scope of advanced technology in Indian Smart Cities after discussing the cases of
Song Do, Singapore and Dubai which are smart sustainable cities. The geospatial intelligence of cities
and neighbourhoods emerge among other things, from the artificial intelligence of city and public domain
wide smart infrastructure, intelligent agents and virtual environments. Superior technologies can be
incorporated in Smart Cities by the corporators and other authorities but the stake holders of the smart
city mission are citizens, the municipal government and private organizations like NGOs engaged in this
partnership. Citizens can engage with smart tool boxes to craft smarter neighbourhoods and cities after
participating in virtual simulations, which offer a better quality of life. Both top-down and bottom up
strategic planning are a must for immediate action in city building.

Intelligent cities, virtual cities, digital cities, information cities are all perspectives on the idea that ICT is
central to the operation of the future city. The goal is to Use ICT to engage with the citizens of the
community through key online initiatives using web based tools and techniques to enhance human
computer interaction (HCI). Big data is collected from transportation networks like MRTS. Most useful
data comes from mobile networks (online purchasing, social networking on Facebook, etc.). Here,
privacy and security issues need to be addressed. In the UK, the data thus collected (from The Tube or
The Underground and mobile networks) is made anonymous before it reaches the civic authorities. These
authorities study citizen behaviour with respect to this data and craft their policies accordingly.

Opportunities with Advanced Technology in the Indian Context

There are around 1 billion smart phone users in India in 2023. Smart phones have access to online
services. Users have varied technologies and platforms which must be integrated with new technologies
for better delivery of services, social and economic benefits. Top companies like IBM and Siemens,
CISCO, Microsoft, Oracle, SAP are selling their smart city solutions to corporators. 3 Though these

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technological giants at first offer online services and mobility, they can expand into larger domains with
the data that they collect by tracking citizens throughout the day through technologies like Global
Positioning Systems (GPS) through satellite remote sensing on smart phones either stationarily or in
vehicles. Geographical Information Systems have displayed trackable data since 1990 first as navigation
maps. This combined with electronic messaging and traces left from e-purchases define active consumer
behaviour and can be used by civic bodies after the crowd-sourcing open source data has been made
anonymous, in order to build equitable and efficient neighbourhoods and cities through correlation and
analysis of databases of temporal tags and geo tags. When tiny digital sensors and cameras are installed in
public areas, even more data can be collected in the public realm. For example, the number of pilgrims
attending a temple function or the number of citizens accessing a busy street can be counted using
cameras and this data can be used for urban design. Urban local bodies can also have dashboards for
providing citizen services. The citizens’ satisfaction level with the newly developed facilities can also be
recorded through feedback mechanisms and the facilities can be upgraded accordingly on an interactive
basis. The data or city analytics here is subjective and must be handled with care. Social media like
Facebook and X along with geo tags can capture short text data from users. Content management has
emerged as a new field on the social media scene when combined with geo-spatial information used for
mobility management. Volunteers can collect positional information of users with the aid of GPS
technologies to aid the urban local bodies in their endevaours. A base map can be devised and
interpolated with Google Maps on a street by street basis to mine relevant data from total traffic volumes.
Many governments are sharing this data with their citizens and making the data public in different
formats. In this context, privacy and security of the citizen’s data comes into purview. Before the data is
provided to the civic bodies or published in the public realm, it must be anonymised.

Smart cities are urban centers using advanced technology to improve the standard of living and quality of
life of the citizens in ubiquitous ways using IoT devices like meters, lights, sensors etc that are connected
to networks that collate and analyze data for traffic regulation, better air quality and pollution regulation,
safety through control centers in case of fires, COVID19 and other hazards, etc. Furthermore, this data is
used by city administrators for e-governance i.e., payment of property tax, electricity bill etc.
Viewing the larger city-scale picture, some of the applications of IoT in smart cities are:
Smart transportation that uses cameras, sensors and network connected vehicles helps to enhance safety,
reduce traffic jams and congestion. For example, cameras count the number of citizens passing through a
crowded street in a Central Business District or Temple Festival. This data is used by monitoring agencies
and administration.
Smart grids can use alternate energy sources such as Wind, Solar Photovoltaic etc. that can be tapped in
by the grid thus indirectly reducing the energy bills. Also, surplus energy can be returned to the grid (this
was tried out in parts of Seattle by IBM).4
Smart parking can be enabled by IoT devices and driver alerts can be issued to help citizens find
appropriate parking lots in a crowded city market real time, for example. Additionally, parking tickets and
speeding tickets can also be issued.
Smart street lighting aids in reducing electricity consumption and further carbon emissions by dimming
street lights and changing their colour and intensity based on the traffic situation and the weather
prevalent at that time.

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Smart waste management systems can enable better hygiene and sanitation facilities and waste disposal
by using IoT devices to alert authorities when the garbage bins are full and ensure garbage collection and
waste disposal at the earliest.
Smart water conservation by recycling waste water and controlling sprinklers in the irrigation of gardens
and parks based on weather and soil conditions monitored through IoT devices can save water.
Smart education and health care through video conferencing and remote access mechanisms can reduce
costly treatments, diagnose and treat ailments, track, and store and manage medical records.

Historical Types of Cities with an Example2

Knowledge Bases have existed since 1989. A good example of collecting useful urban data online is the
Copenhagen Base. Sharing the medical records of patients by providing instant access to medical
professionals in Copenhagen for error free treatment.

Virtual Cities have existed online since 1997 with online video conferences, chat rooms etc like American
Online Cities (AOL)

Broadband cities have existed since 1994. In these high speed networks, fibre optic cables are
interconnected to houses and businesses. A good example is Antwerp, Belgium.

Ambient/ Wireless Cities have existed since 1997, using wireless broadband networks and offering e-
services. A good example is New York City, USA

Digital Cities have existed since 1995. A good example of this type of city is Cape Town in South Africa.
In these cities, digital technologies power transactions to support urban needs and local information
through direct and indirect methods.

Ubiquitous Cities have existed since 2000. A good example of this type of city is Osaka, Japan where
citizens obtain information anytime, from anywhere to anybody using cutting edge computing
technologies.

Ecocities have existed since 2008. A good example of this type of city is Dongtan, Shanghai, China.
These cities use Internet of Things and other ICT technologies for sustainable growth and ecological
protection emphasising smart solutions for renewable energy production

Smart Cities have existed since 2004. A good example of this type of city is Brisbane, Australia. Here,
ICT powers the engines of growth in e-governance, transportation, environment, economy, education and
everyday life with smart citizens.

Some of the Advanced Technologies used abroad:

A smart sustainable city modelled on the Internet of Things blends ICT for better standard of living and
citizen services. IoT will modify indoor temperatures and switch off unnecessary lights in homes, detect
snags in equipment and fix machines remotely, and provide commuters with information on traffic jams

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on the go. Smart city is deployment of entirely automated IoT devices like actuators, RFID (Radio
Frequency Identification) and sensors with a communicational interface and computational capability
connected to the internet with many networking protocols for smartness in all walks of life. Internet
protocols such as HTTP, IPv6 and UDP/TCP help interact with devices such as refrigerator, heater,
washing machine and other electronic equipment. These equipments can be switched off or regulated
remotely. In the case of resource-constrained devices, internet protocols like ZigBee, HART and Z-wave
are used to communicate with non-electronic things such as furniture, food, clothing, etc.

Ways in which cities today are smarter:

1) Chicago has a new public surveillance system real time for responding to emergencies faster.

2) Cars in Stockholm are dynamically charged for congestion. Thus traffic policies allow for reducing
inner-city traffic and emissions considerably.

3) Galway, Ireland has advanced sensor network and real time data analysis, giving scientists to
commercial fishing up-to-date information. The data is monitored, managed and forecasts are predicted
through the data collected by sensors.

Case Studies:

SIBD – SONGDO INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS DISTRICT

SIBD is located on reclaimed land near Incheon City, Korea. It is a free economic zone of 610 ha with
55000 residents and satisfies LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) requirements
Song do, South Korea merges residential, business, medical and government data like a ubiquitous city.
Residents and businesses can have automated recycling and use universal smart cards to pay bills and
access medical records.
Citizens can control their apartments, offices and residences from anywhere via mobile interfaces and can
use fingerprint technology to unlock gates and doors
Video conferencing is used to deliver services like healthcare, education, healthcare etc. The wide area
network also regulates electricity and illumination, and water use in all the buildings.
The city is full of sensors and smart devices that track building fire and safety, monitor highway traffic
etc. For example, streetlights are switched off in empty streets to conserve electricity
In 2003, Birds Korea was against this project as it sat on wetlands with rare birds visiting and ought to
have been a site for a bird sanctuary.

Dubai
Taking the case of how Dubai’s Union’s (ITU) - standardised Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for
Smart Sustainable Cities under the banner “transformed to a global smart city first, Dubai is the first pilot
partner to implement the International Telecommunication Smart Dubai- The happiest place on Earth.”
Other cities like Valencia, Singapore, Buenos Aires, and Montevideo have signed up for similar projects.
Smart Dubai works with the ITU to set up a new world standard for smart cities that focus on
sustainability, access to opportunity and quality of life.

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Dubai hosts the majority of the world’s people. Cities are intertwined with economic growth. Cities
consume a lot of energy and emit green house gases. There is a need for sustainable growth. Whatever
environmental resources we inherit from our forefathers, we must give it untouched to the future
generation. Only then can we develop smart sustainable cities. In this context, we must educate children
about the choices that they need to make in order to sustain cities for the future.
Smart cities are large computer networks, disseminating information and status updates on pollution,
traffic patterns, services, parking spaces etc. Electronic systems actually sense and respond to people on
their problems pertaining to city infrastructure. Dubai has business processes cleared through a Single
Window System that simplifies and integrates delivery and procedures across a range of almost 100
public services.

Singapore
Next, let us take the case of Singapore. The citizens of Singapore had one basic question about the Smart
City project: Is it truly improving the sustainability, resilience and liveability or is the project making the
existing systems and infrastructure more efficient? Singapore uses the Smart Model Assessment Resilient
Tool (SMART) to evaluate the progress of its Smart City project.
The impact of the various initiatives taken up under the Smart City project may be either direct or
indirect and its outreach to citizens and their subsequent feedback also carries weight when concerning
sustainability, liveability, resilience, etc.
The Intelligent Community Forum awards from 1999 to 2010 covers Singapore. These cities were
awarded for their efforts in developing wi fi networks and eservices in order to sustain growth, innovation
and inclusion

The best way to get around Singapore is via its Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) subway system (Singapore’s
eSymphony transport system). This underground network has lines that stretch across the entire city.
However, once you're in the desired neighborhood, walking is your best option. MRT also operates bus
routes that can get you just about anywhere on the island.

Evaluation of Cities in the European Context:

The European Smart Cities have 6 key indicators as shown in Figure 1.

Fig 1: The Smart City Model (European Cities Version 4 -2015)

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Planners can use the checklist mentioned below to evaluate if a city is smart or smarter. There are six
parameters (Smart Economy, Smart People, Smart Governance, Smart Mobility, Smart Environment, and
Smart Living) for Smart Cities of which four are very important to Planners {Smart People, Smart
Mobility (Transport and ICT), Smart Environment (Natural Resources) and Smart Living (Quality of
life)}

Table 1.1: Checklist to evaluate if a City is SMART 2

S.No Broad Parameter Sub Parameter Rating

1 SMART PEOPLE
Level of Qualification
Affinity to life long learning
Social and ethnic plurality
Flexibility
Creativity
Cosmopolitanism/ Open-
mindedness
Participation in public life

2 SMART MOBILITY Local Accessibility

(Inter-) National Accessibility
Availability of ICT-infrastructure
Sustainable, innovative and safe
transport systems

3 SMART
ENVIRONMENT
Attractively of Natural Conditions
Pollution
Environmental Protection
Sustainable Resource Managements

4 SMART LIVING
Cultural Facilities
Health Conditions
Individual Safety
Housing Quality
Education Facilities
Touristic Attractivity
Social Cohesion

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Advanced Technology in Smart Cities in the Indian Context:

The Smart Cities Mission and National Institute of Urban Affairs set up 100 Smart Cities in India in 2015.
These cities were later called Climate Smart Cities with metrics to calculate their performance based on
Climate Smartness. However, the cities are actually ranked with a new ranking scale that has very little to
do with climate and more to do with Project Finance.

The cabinet passed a resolution for circular economy in smart cities recently. CITIS 2.0 is also receiving
foreign funds to work on climate in smart cities. Germany stands tall as a partner in Climate Smartness in
Indian Cities not just financially but also technically.

Lakefronts and other gathering spaces are pedestrianised and provided with e-bikes and free wi fi. Solid
Wastes and waste water recycling plants have been set up in several cities. Transport and communication
have been upgraded with metro projects, etc.

Smart buildings are coming up and building clearance for the project is given only if the project has rain
water harvesting.

Other than this, technologically, dashboards are provided for smart cities. A citizen who has spotted a
pothole in his street has to just what’s app its image to the concerned authorities. Bills can be paid online
for electricity, water, etc. Photo voltaic panels are used foe street lights which automatically dim
themselves when no one is around and can be switched off during the day time. Speed cameras at
junctions note the vehicle registration numbers of defaulters who exceed speed limits. Bus systems were
upgraded with GIS and GPS. Individual homes also have smart technologies for heating, ventilation, air
conditioning, lighting, etc.

On the whole, the full potential of smart technologies is yet to come to Indian Cities. Some of the
concerns expressed by citizen groups is privacy and security of data collected by the Government of
India. The citizens expressed reservations to the smart aadhaar card project. Banks issue disclaimers
stating that they don’t ask for passwords. Phishing, fake QR codes and scamming warnings have also
been issued by the Government of India. Control rooms to view different CCTV cameras across a city are
also established by the police to act in case of any emergency situation or riots.

During COVID 19, an app was commissioned to tell each smart phone user how far away he was from an
active case. This technology did not work very well as people did not harness it properly.

Some cities are politically against the concept of Smart City for example Mumbai. Citizens must be active
participants for any smart city project to be successful. IoT technologies are yet to impact life in Indian
Smart Cities in a big way.
Current Scenario and Challenges:5

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Cities accommodate nearly 31% of India’s current population and contribute 63% of GDP (Census 2011).
The Smart Cities Mission's deadline is approaching in June 2024. Cities have created special purpose
vehicles to undertake both pan city and area based development projects in city improvement
(retrofitting), city renewal (redevelopment) and city extension (green field development). Smart cities are
also ranked by the Government of India frequently.
As on 2023, of the 100 smart cities, 32 smart cities have exceeded expectations by completing more
projects than planned. However 68 smart cities have to meet the targets set. Meghalaya has not completed
any project so far.
About 22% of total projects (1,745 of 7,947) that account for 33% out of Rs 1.70 lakh crore) of the total
cost are still ongoing. The majority of projects (6,202) have been completed, emphasizing the scale and
financial investment involved.6
The Ministry of housing and Urban Affairs has set up the Climate Centre for Cities (C-Cube) to drive
climate action in Indian cities under the stewardship of NIUA. The five broad categories of smart cities
are air pollution and mobility; water resource management; waste management; energy and green
buildings; and urban planning &development, green cover and biodiversity. The scores of the cities were
found to be the lowest in water resource management.

The challenges faced by smart cities are lack of smart leadership and vision by urban local bodies, lack of
technical knowledge and emergent new technologies, lack of awareness of urban design as a discipline,
lack of financial investments, lack of citizens’ participation in smart city projects and etc. 5

Conclusion:

Smart Cities must use advanced technologies for smart people to benefit from the systems and processes.
Taking governance online is the way forward for future cities. Smart cities must be climate and
environment conscious. Thus all buildings should be LEED certified. Net Zero buildings are also
encouraged.
India has enormous potential in crowd sourcing as it is a vibrant democracy. Social media and text
messaging through platforms like Twitter along with geo-tags are the way to the future.

COVID 19 saw many people work from home jobs and overnight the socio-economic situation became
online. Video conferencing can reduce time wasted in travel. Online shopping leaves traces which can be
used as data especially for consumer behaviour.

The best option for Indian Cities would be to upgrade their technology and harness the creative human
capital to the best advantage for these cities to multiply economically.

Primary Resources
1) Batty, M., Geographical Magazine of the Royal Geographical Society, January, 2013
2) Kanugo, V., Smart Cities, B.Arch Thesis, Hindustan Institute of Technology, October, 2014
3) Paraskevopoulos, D., The leading IoT software companies 2023, April, 2023
4) IBM Institute for Business Value, A vision of smarter cities, 2009
5) Nallapaneni, M.K., Smart Cities in India: Features, Policies, Current Status, and Challenges, March,
2018

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