PED13/PATHFit 13: DUAL/INDIVIDUAL SPORTS GAMES, MARTIAL ARTS AND DANCE

PHYSICAL ACTIVTIES
TOWARDS HEALTH AND
FITNESS

DANCE, MARTIAL ARTS &

INDIIVIDUAL/ DUAL SPORTS GAMES
PATHFIT 3: DUAL AND INDIVIDUAL SPORTS

Sports -Is an activity that requires physical actions and skills where individual or team compete under the
set of rules. It is classified into individual, dual or team sports.

Individual Sports- Is a sports in which participants compete as individuals, such boxing, bowling and
swimming.
-Has higher amount of discipline, self-confidence, focus and passion.
- The individual player solely responsible for winning or losing.
Dual Sports- In individual sports, no partner is required to compete or play the game, while dual sports
are Sports that require two players on each side. Some sports, such Tennis, Table Tennis,
and Badminton.
-Many variables are considered to determine the success or failure of the team. Although
individual qualities and skills are helpful, performance will not rely on a single talent. A
team’s performance or success depends on the collective effort of all players.
Overview

Table Tennis (or ping-pong, as it is often called as a form of recreation), is a popular individual and dual
racket sport. Two opponents (in singles) or two teams of two opponents (in doubles) can play a match
consisting of games and points. The player due to strike the ball first is the server and the player who
receives the serve is called the receiver. It is an indoor game and could be enjoyed by everybody, even the
physically handicapped.

The overall objective of the game is to win the match by winning enough points to win more than half of
the number of maximum possible games to be played. A secondary objective (and some would say the
main objective) is to have fun and get a bit of exercise at the same time!

LESSON 1: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

Like many other sports, Table Tennis began as a mild social diversion. It was probably played with
improvised equipment in England, during the last quarter of the 19th century. Though Table Tennis
evolved, along with Badminton and Lawn Tennis, from the ancient game of Tennis (also known as Jeu de
Paume, Real tennis, Court Tennis or Royal Tennis.

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Table tennis started in the early 1880s as a miniature version of tennis in
England. Hollow, banjolike, rectangular rackets, and rubber or cork
balls were the equipment
during the

first few years of the game. The game

was sometimes called as indoor tennis,
“whiff whaff”’ “gossima”, or

“gossamer”.

Englishman, James Gibb, in 1890, first introduced the celluloid ball, permitting increased control of it. In
1902, E. C. Goode introduced the rubber-faced racket,
permitting variety of strokes and spins to be placed on ball.
Some sources also credit Gibb with inventing the name "ping
pong", which was supposed to have been derived from the
sound of the ball. John Jacques register "Ping Pong" as a trade
name in England. The American rights to the name are sold to
Parker Brothers.

Table tennis is controlled by the worldwide organization,

International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), founded in 1926
in Berlin, at which time it sponsored the first

World Table Tennis Championships in London. ITTF adopted uniform rules and standardized the
implements of play. The table tennis official rules are
specified in the ITTF handbook.

Interest in table tennis rapidly increased in other

countries. Since 1988, table tennis has been an
Olympic sport. Some reasons for its popularity are as
follows: it is not an elaborate

sport; it could played indoor; equipment is

inexpensive; it requires limited space; it could be enjoyed by all; and could be played by physically
handicapped individuals.

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In the 1950s, paddles that used a rubber sheet combined with an underlying sponge layer changed the
game dramatically, introducing greater spin and speed. These were introduced to Britain by sports goods
manufacturer S.W.

Hancock Ltd.

From 1970's up to present, China is the dominant force in both men's and women's events on the world
scene, winning multiple events at all world championships. In 1985, the two color rule is adopted to
reduce the effectiveness of combination rackets.

After the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, the ITTF instituted several rule
changes that were aimed at making table tennis more viable as a
televised spectator sport. First, the older 38 mm (1.50 in) balls were
officially replaced by 40 mm (1.57 in) balls in October 2000. This
increased the ball's air resistance and effectively slowed down the game.
By that time, players had begun increasing the thickness of the fast
sponge layer on their paddles, which made the game excessively fast and
difficult to watch on television. A few months later, the ITTF changed
from a 21-point to an 11-point scoring system (and the serve rotation was reduced from five points to two),
effective in September 2001. This was intended to make games more fast-paced and exciting.

The ITTF also changed the rules on service to

prevent a player from hiding the ball during service, in order to increase
the average length of rallies and to reduce the server's advantage,
effective in 2002. For the opponent to have time to realize a serve is
taking place, the ball must be tossed a minimum of 16
centimetres (6.3 in) in the air. The ITTF states that all events after July 2014 are played with a new poly
material ball.

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 In the Philippines, Table Tennis Association of the Philippines (TATAP) which was founded in 1951 was
the governing body of table tennis. Last April 2018, the Phil. Table Tennis Federation, Inc. (PTTF) is the
recognized National Sport Association (NSA) for table tennis in the country wherein it aims to promote
the sport of table tennis throughout the country.

Ian “Yanyan” Lariba, a Filipina who hailed from Cagayan del Oro City represented the Philippines in the
table tennis competition of the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil.

LESSON 2: VALUES AND BENEFITS

Table tennis is a fun way to spend an afternoon with your family and
friends. It also great health benefits. Like most sports, table tennis
offers great health benefits, great mind-body stimulation, aerobic
exercise. Unlike other sports, however, the overall risk for injury with
table tennis is quite low.

Values and benefits of table tennis are as follows:

1. Health and Fitness. Table tennis is good for your health - it's great
for getting up a sweat and getting the heart rate up. Played at the
higher levels, it's one of the fastest sports around. A couple of hours a
week hitting the ball do wonders for your fitness.

2. Gentle on Your Body. It's easy on the body. You can play the game
according to your own capabilities and limitations, and still
be competitive. And being a non-contact sport, you don't have to
worry about those bruises or even broken bones that you can get in
contact sports.

3. It could be played by all. There's no age or gender barriers - it's

common at clubs for 60 year old veterans to be playing 15 year old
juniors, or men playing against women, and with everyone having a great time and a close match.

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 Families can all play each other. In fact, many athletes with disabilities can compete on equal terms with
ablebodied athletes at table tennis, since there is much more to the game than sheer power or strength

4. A Sport for Life. Table tennis is a lifelong sport that can be played competitively right up to your
eighties and beyond. It's never too late to start.

5. Keeps You Mentally Sharp. As you get older, table tennis is good for the brain. There is an awful lot of
thinking, planning, and strategizing going on out there on the court, all of which helps keep the old grey
matter active!

6. You Can Play Anytime. Table tennis is an indoor, non-seasonal sport. You can play it all year round,
day or night, and you don't have to worry about bad weather or covering up to keep those harmful
ultraviolet rays off you.

7. You Can Play Anywhere. It's space efficient. You don't need a huge amount of space to have fun at
home, in the dormitory lobby and a foldaway table can be put away when you aren't using it.

8. Make New Friends. Table tennis is a great social sport. You'll get to meet plenty of people down at the
local clubs or in your PE Class. Play a competition once in a while and you'll be able to compete and
make friends with a whole bunch of fellow table tennis enthusiasts.

9. You Don't Have to Spend a Fortune. You don't have to spend a lot of money to play table tennis. A basic
table tennis racket, net and a ball are not too costly compared to other sports. Plus, the cost of joining a
club and club fees are usually quite low compared to sports such as golf or tennis.

10. Enjoy Yourself. It's fun! Table tennis is a wonderful sport to take up for life. It's easy to play, yet
difficult to master. You'll always have another challenge to look forward to, and another mountain to
climb.

LESSON 3: ETHICS AND ETIQUETTES

Table Tennis has a set of customary social manners and rules that players should follow so that it makes
playing the game fun, enjoyable, and even memorable for everyone may it be in practice games or in
tournaments. Players are expected to conduct themselves in a sportsmanlike manner.

Following this etiquette will ensure your matches go over smoothly without conflict.

1. Observe sportsmanship when playing.

2. Control of temper and language is important.

3. Learn to win and lose gracefully.

4. Never question the official’s decisions.

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 Understanding some of the basics of table tennis etiquette will help you fit in with
your friends, teammates and others and help you look like you know what you’re doing.

Young players should always: Young players should never:

Treat Sports Leaders with respect, Cheat

i.e. coaches, team captains, selectors,
Use violence or physical contact that
club officials, etc
is not allowed within the rules
Play fairly at all times, do their best
Shout or argue with officials, team
Respect team members, even when mates or opponents (list appropriate in
things go wrong your club)

Respect opponents, be gracious in Harm team members, opponents or

defeat their property

Abide by the rules set down by Bully or use bullying tactics toisolate
team managers when travelling to another player
away events.
Use unfair or bullying tactics to gain
Behave in a manner that avoids

LESSON 4: TABLE TENNIS EQUIPMENT’S

Table

The table is 2.74 m (9 ft) long, 1.525 m (5 ft) wide, and 76 cm (30 inch) high, layered with a smooth
coating. The table or playing surface is divided into two halves by a 15.25 cm

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(6 inch) high net. The table surface is often in a green, blue or dark color (see ITTF Laws).

Fig. 1. Table tennis table showing the dimensions

Table Tennis Table Caring Tips:

Cleaning

Once you are finished playing your final round, take a dry cloth and wipe away any dirt build up. For a
deeper clean, create a gentle cleaner with 2 cups of water and ⅓ cup of vinegar. Lightly dampen a cloth
and wipe down the table until it is completely clean, then let air dry. This cleaning method can be used
about every 2-3 months, but ultimately will depend on how much you are using your table. Regardless if
your table indoors or outdoors, cleaning your table is essential for long-lasting play.

Covering

One of the most simple ways to keep your table clean is by keeping a cover on after you’re done playing.
If you are not going to be using your table for a long period of time, a cover will prevent the build-up of
dirt and debris. Table Tennis cover can protect and provide a barrier against rain, snow, dirt, sun, mold,
and mildew. If your table is indoors, having a table cover is still important for protection.

Repairing

After years of play, your table will start to show the effects of wear and tear. With the correct repairs, your
table can last for generations.

Ball

The international rules specify that the game is played with a light 2.7 gram, 40 mm diameter ball. It is
made of celluloid material or plastic material, colored white or orange, with a matte finish. Stars on the

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ball indicate the quality of the ball. Three stars indicate that it is of the highest quality, and is used in
official competition (see ITTF Laws).

Table Tennis Ball Care Tips:

Be very cautious around Table Tennis balls because break easily once stepped on or

placed near or on fire, also clean these balls to achieve maximum traction on your rubbers.

Racket

Players are equipped with a laminated wooden racket covered with rubber on one or two sides depending
on the grip of the player. This is called either a paddle, racket, blade or a bat. The wooden portion of the
racket, is often referred to as the "blade." There are no official restrictions on the shape or size of the blade
itself, however, these dimensions are optimal for most styles of play. International rules specify that one
side must be red while the other side must be black. The player has the right to inspect his opponent's
racket before a match to see the type of rubber used and what color it is. There are two types of rubbers
used by players: ordinary pimpled rubber and the sandwich rubber (see ITTF Laws).

Fig. 2. Racket Sandwich Rubber and balls

Fig. 3. Ordinary Pimpled Rubber

Fig.3a Fig.3b

Table Tennis Racket Care Tips:

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The Blade:

If you buy a brand new blade, it's well worth getting the blade sealed, if it's not already sealed. Sealing the
blade means putting a thin layer of varnish/lacquer on the playing surfaces of the blade, which (1) stops
water from soaking into the wood when gluing with water-based glues, and (2) stops splinters of wood
coming off the surface when removing a used rubber.

The Rubbers:

Rubbers must be kept clean and away from the elements, to ensure maximum performance and best
longevity. If not kept clean, chemicals from your fingers and sweat will eat away at the rubber, and dirt or
dust particle will grind into the delicate surface upon impact, wearing down your rubber prematurely. For
pimpled rubbers, you may use soft bristle toothbrush.

Net Assembly

This is stretched across the center of the table by a cord attached to a post at either end. It measures 6ft
long and the ball must pass over it for a rally to continue (see ITTF Laws).

Fig. 4. Net and Its Assembly

LESSON 5: SAFETY & ETIQUETTE RULES OF TABLE TENNIS

Table Tennis is a serious sport with potential for injury when playing a game or a match. The following
are a list of safety tips that will help keep you injury free and out on the table.

A. A proper warm up is necessary before starting play. Warming up involves 5-15 minutes of
light physical activity to elevate your heart rate and make your muscles warmer. Then follow up
with some gentle stretching to finish the warm up.

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B. When using more than one ball during practice drills, don't leave balls under or near your
feet, where you might easily stand and break or trip over them. During multiple ball drills be
careful when picking up the balls that are rolling around the court, You should stay clear of the
players doing the drills because you might end up getting hit by a racket, or have one of the
players tripping over you.

C. Don't walk onto or through other players' courts until you make eye contact with the players
involved. A player with his back to you may not even know you are there, and may suddenly
move backwards during a point, causing a collision with the potential to injure both of you.

D. When playing doubles, keep aware of where your partner is, so that you don't accidentally
hit him with your bat, or run into each other without expecting it. Sooner or later you will run
into each other, so at least be prepared so that you can soften the impact.

E. Don't jump over the barriers between courts. You may accidentally catch your foot on the
barrier and end up tripping over it or if there is ball on the other side of the barrier, you may just
to land on a ball and fall down and hurt yourself.

F. Don't take your water bottle onto the court because it is very easy to spill water without
noticing it. It is also illegal by many professional TT organization standards. When changing
ends take a quick look around to see that there are no opponent’s sweat all over the floor. Use
paper towels or floor towels to clean water spill or sweat from the floor. Please do not use your
own towel.

G. Be careful around tables and make sure that roller tables have their brakes on and that their
bracing struts are in proper position. Also, please do not sit or lean on tables. Also most of our
tables require two people to set up safely. Always ask a friend to help you in setting up and
folding down the tables.

H. Do not use a cracked blade because you never know when it might finally snap and have
the racket head go flying away, possibly endangering others and hitting someone else. Also don't

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 ever throw your racket around or hit the table as a sign of frustration. This is a form of equipment
abuse and is not tolerated at our court.

I. When you are on court, show proper courtesy and good manners at all times. Don’t mess
around while others are trying to play matches. You may accidently get hit by the players racket
and hurt yourself.

J. While playing if you experience sharp pain stop for a short break. As we get older due to
wear and tear on our bodies, we may turn a small injury into a large one by ignoring our body's
warning signs and flare up new pain. So listen to what your body is telling you and play safe and
have fun.

LESSON 6: TERMINOLOGIES IN TABLE TENNIS

Common Terminologies

In order to comprehend how the game of Table Tennis played, you need to know some of the common
terms used in playing the game.

Anti or Anti-loop or Anti-spin- A smooth rubber with very low surface friction, used to defend against
excessive spin or to confuse the opponent. This type of rubber deactivates spin and speed, returning a
"dead" ball.

Assistant Umpire – The person appointed to assist the umpire with certain decisions.

Backhand- A shot executed where the back of your hand is pointing towards the opponent, to the left of
the elbow for a right handed player and vice versa for a left handed player

Backspin- A type of spin used mostly on defensive shots. When you chop down on the ball, you produce
backspin. The bottom of the ball will move away from you.

Bat- An alternative name for the racket.

Blade- The wooden part of the racket.

Block- A topspin shot played close to the table with the racket making contact with the ball just after it
bounces.

Chop- A defensive return of a topspin stroke played with backspin, usually well away from the table.

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Closed Racket- A stroke played with the striking surface of the racket angled downwards, eg. a topspin
stroke or block.

Doubles- A game of table tennis where two people play on each side and alternate turns at striking the
ball.

Drive- A stroke played close to the table with your racket arm moving forward and slightly upwards in the
direction that the ball is going to travel.

Drop shot- A shot which drops very short over the net on your opponent's side of the table. Usually
played when your opponent is positioned away from the table.

Expedite- A rule which comes into operation if a game is unfinished after 10 minutes play (or at any
earlier time at the request of both players or pairs). Thereafter, each player shall serve for 1 point in turn
and if the receiving player or pair makes 13 returns, the receiver shall score a point.

Flick or Flip- A stroke played close to the table where you hit over the back or top of ball, using a loose
wrist action to impart topspin.

Forehand- A shot executed where the palm of your hand is facing your opponent, to the right side of the
elbow for a right handed player and vice versa for a left handed player.

Free Hand- The hand not holding the racket.

Game- A game is won by the player or pair first scoring 11 points unless both players or pairs score 10
points, when a game shall be won by the first player or pair subsequently gaining a lead of 2 points.

High Toss Serve- A serve where the ball is thrown high into the air. This helps the server to increase the
amount of spin and speed imparted onto the ball.

ITTF (International Table Tennis Federation)- The international governing body for the sport of table
tennis.

Inverted rubber- The most common racket covering. It consists of a sheet of rubber on top of a layer of
sponge. The pimples (pips) point inward, so the playing surface is smooth. Let- A rally where the result is
not scored.

Let Serve- If the ball, in passing over or around the net, touches it, provided the service is otherwise good,
the serve is replayed - or - if your opponent is not ready, the serve is replayed.

Lob- A defensive shot used against high-speed shots, where the ball is returned very high in the air.

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Long Pimples (Pips)- A type of racket covering. A sheet of rubber on top of a layer of sponge. The
pimples (pips) point outwards, so the playing surface is pimpled. Depending on the length and hardness of
the pimples, unusual types of spin can be imparted.

Match- A match consists of the best of any odd number of games (usually 3, 5 or 7).

Obstruction- A player obstructs the ball if he or she, or anything he or she wears or carries, touches it in
play when it is above or travelling towards the playing surface, not having touched his or her court since
last being struck by his or her opponent.

Open Racket- A stroke played with the striking surface of the racket angled upwards, eg. a push or
backspin shot.

PTTF – Philippine Table Tennis Federation, Inc. is the recognized National Sport Association (NSA) for
table tennis in the Philippines.

Paddle- An alternative name for the racket.

Penhold- A style of grip in which the racket handle is held between the thumb and forefinger. Used
mainly by Asian players.

Pimples- A type of racket covering. A sheet of rubber on top of a layer of sponge. The pimples (pips)
point outwards, so the playing surface is pimpled. Depending on the length and hardness of the pimples,
unusual types of spin can be imparted.

Ping Pong- A trademarked name. Used predominantly in USA. Often used interchangeably with table
tennis by the general public.

Playing Surface- The upper surface of a table tennis table which lies in a horizontal plane 76cm (2ft 6in)
above the floor.

Point- A unit of scoring in table tennis. A rally where the result is scored.

Push- A backspin shot usually executed over the playing surface.

Racket- The equipment used to hit the ball. Comprises of a wooden blade with rubbers affixed to it.

Racket hand- The hand that is holding the racket. Rally- The period during which the ball is in play.

Receiver- The player due to strike the ball second in a rally.

Referee- The person appointed to control a tournament.

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Rubber- The racket covering. Sometimes refers only to the rubber on top of a sponge base.

Sandwich Rubber- A type of racket covering. A racket covering with pimples inwards or outwards on top
of a layer of sponge, having a total thickness including adhesive of not more than 4mm.

Server- The player due to strike the ball first in a rally.

Service- The start of a point where one player strikes the ball.

Shakehand- A style of grip in which the racket handle is held in the palm of your hand so that the start of
the racket head fits snugly into the "V" shape formed by your thumb and pointing finger - similar to
shaking hands with another person.

Short- Playing any shot which causes the ball to bounce very near to the net and, if not hit by your
opponent, would bounce at least twice on the table

Short pimples- A type of racket covering. A sheet of rubber on top of a layer of sponge. The pimples
(pips) point outwards, so the playing surface is pimpled. Depending on the length and hardness of the
pimples, unusual types of spin can be imparted.

Sidespin- A type of spin imparted onto the ball causing it to move left or right before and after it strikes
the playing surface.

Smash- An aggressive shot hit with speed, often in response to a high bouncing return.

Speed Glue- A type of glue used to affix table tennis rubbers to the blade. Previously used at regular
intervals in order to increase the playing speed of the rubber, but this is no longer permitted.

Spin- The rotation of the ball. A player can impart spin onto the ball by using a brushing action with the
racket surface.

Sponge- A type of racket covering used in sandwich rubbers. It is used under a sheet of rubber with
pimples.

Strike- Touching the ball in play with your racket, held in your racket hand, or with your racket hand
below the wrist.

Stroke- Any shot used by a player in a game.

Topspin- A type of spin imparted onto the ball causing it to arc over the net and down onto the table
surface.

Umpire- The person appointed to control a match.

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Underspin- A type of spin used mostly on defensive shots. When you chop down on the ball, you produce
underspin. The bottom of the ball will move away from you.

Volley- Hitting the ball before it bounces on your side of the table. A player who volleys the ball generally
loses the point.

LESSON 7: FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS

Learning Objectives: At the end of the module, the student is expected to:

1. Enumerate and identify the skills in Table Tennis

2. Perform (demonstrate) accurately these skills through a video presentation or series of

pictures.

3. Realize the importance of the skill acquisition in any sport activity

A. Spin and Racket Angles: It’s a Game of Spin

Table tennis is a game of spin. Nearly every stroke and serve imparts some type of sin to the ball, and to
understand each type of spin.

Why Is Spin Important?

All good players put spin on their shots. An attacker uses topspin to control her or his attack, a defender
uses backspin to control his or her defense. Nearly all players use sidespin on their serves to keep their
opponents from using a strong return. Without spin, the game would be very different and a lot less
exciting.

Because your opponents will be using spin, you must also. The types of spin you use against various shots
will depend on what type of style you develop. If you wish to develop your game fully, you must learn
how to use spin and how to play against it. There are three basic types of spin: topspin, backspin and
sidespin (see Figure 14). You can use combinations of them, or use no spin at all (“no spin”).

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Figure 15. The 3 basic types of spin.

Fig. 15. Types of Spin

• Topspin. If you hit the ball so that the top half of it rotates away from you, you create
topspin. This is done by hitting the back of the ball (usually toward the top) with an upward stroke.

Characteristics of topspin:

a. The ball travels in a downward arc (see Figure). This means that a hard-hit ball that would
normally go off the end of the table can still hit the table. This makes topspin ideal for
attackers because you can control the attack by forcing the ball down.

b. The ball jumps after it hits the table, throwing off an opponent’s timing and making it
difficult to return.

c. The ball will be returned high or off the end of the table if the spin is not taken into account.

• Backspin. If you hit the ball so that the bottom half of it rotates away from you, you
create backspin (also known as underspin or chop). This is done by hitting the back of the ball
(usually toward the bottom) with a downward stroke.

Characteristics of backspin:

a. The ball travels in a line (see Figure 15). This keeps the ball at the same height or
longer period of time than other balls, which makes it easier to keep the ball low. This

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 makes backspin ideal for defensive players. (Actually, backspin makes the ball curve
upward- but this is balanced out by gravity pulling the ball down, so the ball tends to go in
line.)

b. The ball will be returned into the net if the spin is not taken into account.

c. The ball will slow down after it hits the table, throwing off an opponent’s timing
and making it difficult to return.

d. A good backspin serve usually will keep an opponent from attacking the serve,
often forcing a backspin return that can be attacked.

Backspin is used primarily as a defensive or passive shot. It’s used to keep the ball low and difficult to
attack. Some defensive players (“choppers”) will back up 15 feet or more to return topspin drives with
backspin. Backspin can lead to pushing, which is returning a ball that has a backspin with your own
backspin.

Fig. 16. Differences Between Topspin and Backspin ball arcs.

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 • Sidespin. If you hit the ball so that the side of it moves away from you, you create
sidespin. This is done by hitting the back of the ball (usually toward the side) with a sideways
stroke. The ball spins like a record on a record player.

Characteristics of sidespin:

a. The ball curves sideways. This can throw off an opponent’s timing.

b. The ball will bounce sideways when it hits the table, throwing off an opponent’s
timing and making it difficult to return.

c. The ball will be returned off to the side if the spin is not taken into account.

d. Sidespin is especially effective on serves. A good sidespin serve can force and
opponent into error.

• No Spin. A ball without spin is also a good variation, especially on the serve.

Characteristics of no-spin:

a. Unless the ball is very low, it can be attacked easily if read properly.

b. A short no-spin ball will often be mistaken for backspin, with the results that it is popped
up; or it can be mistaken for topspin or sidespin and put in the net.

c. Any spin shot can be done without spin as a variation.

B. Table Tennis Grip. Grip means how to hold a racket. The main two grips are:

shakehand grip and penhold grip.

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 Shakehand Grip. The shakehand grip is aptly named because you hold the racket or paddle as if you
were shaking someone's hand, with your index finger extending over the bottom part of the rubber on the
backhand side and your thumb slightly touching the rubber on the forehand side. Notice how only 3
fingers wrap around the handle.

Mechanics:

Preparation Phase
a. Blade rests in crook between thumb and
forefinger.
b. Thumbnail perpendicular to racket
surface.
c. Index finger near bottom of racket.
d. Loose grip.
e. To strengthen forehand, rotate top of racket toward you.
f. Strengthen backhand, rotate top of racket away from you
g. Strengthen backhand, rotate top of racket away from you.
It is your choice which grip you want to use, but the shakehand grip is suggested especially for
beginners. Also, the shakehand grip makes table tennis a lot easier to play, because it gives you freedom
of wrist and allows you to hit easily from both forehand and backhand sides.

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NURSHIDA J. TIKING 21
COMMON ERRORS AND CORRECTIONS

control. A good way to tell if you’re holding

the racket too tightly is to imagine someone
ERROR sneaking up behind you as you play and
1. Either your grabbing your racket. If the person would
forehand or your have trouble pulling it from your grip, you
backhand grip feels are holding the racket too tightly.
weak or erratic.

2. Your grip is too

tight.

CORRECTION

1. Rotate the right side of

the racket forward to make
your forehand stronger (see
Figure a); rotate the right side
of the racket backward to make
your backhand stronger (see
Figure b). It’s usually best to
make compromise between the
two with a neutral grip (see
Figure c).

Fig.9

2. Relax your grip.

Holding the racket too tightly
costs you both power and

NURSHIDA J. TIKING 22
Drill for Grip Familiarity 2. Tap the ball upwards or bounce on
the floor using your racket
Bouncer Drill
Variation:

1. Tap the ball with the forehand side

Instructions
2. Tap the ball with the backhand side
1. Use Shakehand Grip
3. Alternately Tap the ball with your
forehand and backha

Activity 1: Ball Control

Bouncer 30 Seconds Activity Chart Score

1. Bounce the ball on the forehand

2. Bounce the ball on the backhand

3. Bounce the ball on alternate forehand and backhand

4. Bounce on the floor using forehand

5. Bounce on the floor using backhand

6. Bounce on the floor alternately using forehand and backhand

7. Bounce against a wall using forehand

NURSHIDA J. TIKING 23
 8. Bounce against a wall using backhand

9. Volley against the wall using forehand

Make the ball bounce first on the wall and let it hit the table
then hit with your racket.

10. Volley against the wall using backhand

Make the ball bounce first on the wall and let it hit the table
then hit with your racket.

C. Ready Position
1. Knees bent and leaning slightly forward.
2. Feet shoulder width apart.
3. Racket should be able table height and in front of the body.
Link video for Ready Position:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GA25nMSPFx0&t=11s

Footwork:

• Stand in a ready position.

• Once on ready position, toes should always be in tipy toes (not to high)
• When going either to the right or left side, the player should use side skipping for faster
movement. (don’t bounce to high)
Link video for Footwork https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0v5SvlD1oQ

COMMON ERRORS AND CORRECTIONS

ERROR

1. Your feet bounce too high or lift off the ground.

2. You’re not in position at the end of the movement.

NURSHIDA J. TIKING 24
 3. Your heels are on the ground.

4. You’re reaching got the ball.

CORRECTION

1. Your feet should stay low to the ground, almost sliding.

2. Make adjustments during and after the movement

3. Your weight should be on the inside balls of your feet.

4. Try not to reach for the ball, but instead use the two-step footwork. Move the leg
that is in the direction you want to go and follow up with the other leg.

D. Strokes

The backhand push is a defensive stroke using backspin to make it

hard for your opponent to attack. By pushing short you really limit
the options your opponent has to take the initiative.

When executing the forehand push you need to impart some backspin. This
makes it hard for your opponent to attack the ball. By pushing short, your
opponent will not be able to take a full swing at the ball.

The forehand topspin is one of the most fun strokes to play.

And once you learn how to impart a strong topspin on the ball,
it will become a very consistent stroke.

NURSHIDA J. TIKING 25
 The backhand topspin should be learnt at the same time as the forehand
topspin. It is a great attacking stroke that can really improve your game. By
being able to play such an aggressive shot from your backhand side, your
opponent will find it difficult to stop you gaining the initiative.

The backhand block is used against an attacking topspin. As

your opponents shot will be fast, you won't need to make the
pace yourself and so the stroke can be quite short. You will need to vary the angle of your racket
depending on the amount of topspin on the ball.

The forehand block is used against an attacking topspin. As your

opponents shot will be fast, you won't need to make the pace
yourself. You will need to vary the angle of your racket depending on the amount of topspin on the
ball.

The forehand smash is used as an attacking stroke to try

and win the point. The most common mistake we see
players make with the forehand smash, is failing to get
themselves into position. The key to the smash is to get your
feet moving early and get into a good position.

NURSHIDA J. TIKING 26
 The table tennis serve is the most important stroke in the game
because it provides the only situation in which you have total
control over how and where you play the ball.

Activity No. 2: Backhand Push Stroke

• To play this stroke, stand close to the table and take a stance
facing the line of play.

• Using a short stroke, your racket arm should move from the
elbow in a horizontal plane whilst your free arm should point towards
the ball to assist with your balance.

• Hit the ball at the top of the bounce (i.e. when the ball it at its highest point) using
50% of your stroke action before hitting the ball and 50% after hitting the ball.

• Strike the ball on the back bottom portion so that you impart slight backspin.
Activity No. 3: Forehand Push Stroke

• To play this stroke, stand close to the table and take a stance facing the line of play.

• Using a short stroke, your racket arm should move from the elbow in a horizontal
plane whilst your free arm should point towards the ball to assist with your balance.

• Hit the ball at the top of the bounce (i.e. when the ball it at its highest point) using
50% of your stroke action before hitting the ball and 50% after hitting the ball.

NURSHIDA J. TIKING 27
Strike the ball on the back bottom portion so that you impart slight backspin. Activity No.

4: Backhand Drive

• To play this stroke, stand close to the table and take a stance facing the line of
play.

• Using a medium stroke, your racket arm should move forward and slightly
upwards in the direction that the ball is to travel, whilst your free arm should point
towards the ball to assist with your balance.

• The racket angle should be slightly closed, and by keeping a loose wrist you
can impart topspin as you move your arm forward.

• Hit the ball at the top of the bounce (i.e. when the ball it at its highest point)
using 50 % of your stroke action before hitting the ball and 50% after hitting the ball.

Activity No. 5 Forehand Drive

• To play this stroke, stand close to the table and take a sideways stance
facing the line of play.

NURSHIDA J. TIKING 28
 • Using a medium stroke, your racket arm should move forward and
slightly upwards in the direction that the ball is going to travel, whilst your free
arm should point towards the ball to assist with your body turn and balance.
• During your stroke, your upper body should rotate approx. 45 degrees
to the right then turn back to face the ball, whilst your body weight moves from
your right foot to your left.
• The racket angle should be slightly closed to impart topspin.
• Hit the ball at the top of the bounce (i.e. when the ball it at its highest
point) using 50% of your stroke action before hitting the ball and 50% after
hitting the ball.

Activity No. 6 Table Tennis Serve

• On your backhand side, position yourself at the side of the table,

halfway between the net and your end of the table.

• Hold the racket at an open angle - as if you were going to play a

backhand push and with your free hand, hold the ball between your thumb and
first finger at a height of around 30cm (12 inches) directly above the racket.

• Without moving your racket, drop the ball onto it so that the ball is
projected towards your opponent's side of the table.
• The ball must first bounce on your side of the table and then go over
the net and bounce on your opponent’s side of the table.
• Repeat this several times until you're consistently successful.
• Once you've mastered this technique standing close to the net,
gradually move further away from the net, nearer to your end of the table, and
repeat the exercise.

NURSHIDA J. TIKING 29
 Activity 7: Skill Identification

Identify the pictures shown in this activity. Write your answer in your
journal/notebook.

NURSHIDA J. TIKING 30
Lesson 8: LAWS OF THE GAME

BASIC RULES

1. Starting a game

According to ITTF rule 2.13.1, the first service is decided by lot, normally a other hand
(usually hidden under the table), allowing the other player to guess which hand the ball is in.
The correct or incorrect guess gives the "winner" the option to choose to serve, receive, or to
choose which ends of the table to use.

2. Service

In game play, the player serving the ball commences a point. The player stands with
the ball held in the palm of the freehand, with the hand behind the endline of the table and
higher than the surface of the table. The racket is held in the other hand, the racket hand, and
the server tosses the ball directly upward without spin, at least 16 centimeters (approximately
6 inches) high, and strikes the ball with the racket on the ball's descent. The ball must remain
behind the end line and above the height of the table at all times during the service. The server
must strike the ball such that it bounces once on his or her half of the table, and then bounces
at least one time on the opponent's half. If the ball strikes the net but does not strike the
opponent's half of the table, then a point is awarded to the opponent. However, if the ball hits
the net, but nevertheless goes over and bounces on the other side, it is called a let.

3. Hitting the ball

Any hitting of the ball must be done such that the ball passes over or around the net.
If a player cannot return a legal hit over (or around) the net so that the ball bounces on the
opposite side of the table, the player loses the point.

4. Scoring

Points are awarded to the opponent for any of several errors in play (see ITTF Laws).

5. Alternation of service

NURSHIDA J. TIKING 31
 Service alternates between opponents every two points (regardless of winner of the
rally) until a player reaches 11 points with at least a two-point lead, or until both players have
10 points apiece. If both players reach 10 points, then service alternates after each point, until
one player gains a two-point advantage. In doubles, service alternates every two points
between sides, but also rotates between players on the same team. At the end of every two
points, the receiving player becomes the server, and the partner of the serving player becomes
the receiver

Official Hand Signals for Umpires

Two signals all umpires, referees should use when in the chair.

NURSHIDA J. TIKING 32
NURSHIDA J. TIKING 33
Activity 8: Watching Actual Games or Recorded Games

Watch and observe actual table tennis competitions. Observe the following:
.
1. How the competition or game takes place from start to finish
2. How competitors perform in the competition, and
3. How the rules are applied in the games

NURSHIDA J. TIKING 34
 The Laws of Table Tennis

(From the ITTF Handbook 2019ITTF Handbook 2021)

2.1 THE TABLE

2.1.1 The upper surface of the table, known as the playing surface, shall be rectangular, 2.74m
long and 1.525m wide, and shall lie in a horizontal plane 76cm above the floor.

2.1.2 The playing surface shall not include the vertical sides of the tabletop.

2.1.3 The playing surface may be of any material and shall yield a uniform bounce of about
23cm when a standard ball is dropped on to it from a height of 30cm.

2.1.4 The playing surface shall be uniformly dark coloured and matt, but with a white side
line, 2cm wide, along each 2.74m edge and a white end line, 2cm wide, along each 1.525m
edge.

2.1.5 The playing surface shall be divided into 2 equal courts by a vertical net running parallel
with the end lines, and shall be continuous over the whole area of each court.

2.1.6 For doubles, each court shall be divided into 2 equal half-courts by a white centre line,
3mm wide, running parallel with the side lines; the centre line shall be regarded as part of each
right half-court.

2.2 THE NET ASSEMBLY

2.2.1 The net assembly shall consist of the net, its suspension and the supporting posts,
including the clamps attaching them to the table.

2.2.2 The net shall be suspended by a cord attached at each end to an upright post 15.25cm
high, the outside limits of the post being 15.25cm outside the side line.

2.2.3 The top of the net, along its whole length, shall be 15.25cm above the playing surface.

2.2.4 The bottom of the net, along its whole length, shall be as close as possible to the playing
surface and the ends of the net shall be attached to the supporting posts from top to bottom.

2.3 THE BALL

2.3.1 The ball shall be spherical, with a diameter of 40mm.

2.3.2 The ball shall weigh 2.7g. 2.3.3 The ball shall be made of celluloid or similar plastics
material and shall be white or orange, and matt.

2.4 THE RACKET

NURSHIDA J. TIKING 35
2.4.1 The racket may be of any size, shape or weight but the blade shall be flat and rigid.

2.4.2 At least 85% of the blade by thickness shall be of natural wood; an adhesive layer
within the blade may be reinforced with fibrous material such as carbon fibre, glass fibre or
compressed paper, but shall not be thicker than 7.5% of the total thickness or 0.35mm,
whichever is the smaller.

2.4.3 A side of the blade used for striking the ball shall be covered with either ordinary
pimpled rubber, with pimples outwards having a total thickness including adhesive of not
more than 2.0mm, or sandwich rubber, with pimples inwards or outwards, having a total
thickness including adhesive of not more than 4.0mm.

2.4.3.1 Ordinary pimpled rubber is a single layer of non-cellular rubber, natural or synthetic,
with pimples evenly distributed over its surface at a density of not less than 10 per cm² and
not more than 30 per cm².

2.4.3.2 Sandwich rubber is a single layer of cellular rubber covered with a single outer layer
of ordinary pimpled rubber, the thickness of the pimpled rubber not being more than 2.0mm.

2.4.4 The covering material shall extend up to but not beyond the limits of the blade, except
that the part nearest the handle and gripped by the fingers may be left uncovered or covered
with any material.

2.4.5 The blade, any layer within the blade and any layer of covering material or adhesive on
a side used for striking the ball shall be continuous and of even thickness.

2.4.6 The surface of the covering material on a side of the blade, or of a side of the blade if
it is left uncovered, shall be matt, bright red on one side and black on the other. With effect
1st October 20211 , the surface of the covering material on a side of the blade, or of a side of
the blade if it is left uncovered, shall be matt, black on one side, and of a bright colour
clearly distinguishable from black and from the colour of the ball on the other.

2.4.7 The racket covering shall be used without any physical, chemical or other treatment.
2.4.7.1 Slight deviations from continuity of surface or uniformity of colour due to accidental
damage or wear may be allowed provided that they do not significantly change the
characteristics of the surface.

2.4.8 Before the start of a match and whenever he or she changes his or her racket during a
match a player shall show his or her opponent and the umpire the racket he or she is about to
use and shall allow them to examine it.

2.5 DEFINITIONS

2.5.1 A rally is the period during which the ball is in play.

NURSHIDA J. TIKING 36
2.5.2 The ball is in play from the last moment at which it is stationary on the palm of the
free hand before being intentionally projected in service until the rally is decided as a let or a
point.

2.5.3 A let is a rally of which the result is not scored.

2.5.4 A point is a rally of which the result is scored.

2.5.5 The racket hand is the hand carrying the racket.

2.5.6 The free hand is the hand not carrying the racket; the free arm is the arm of the free
hand. 2.5.7 A player strikes the ball if he or she touches it in play with his or her racket, held
in the hand, or with his or her racket hand below the wrist.

2.5.8 A player obstructs the ball if he or she, or anything he or she wears or carries, touches
it in play when it is above or travelling towards the playing surface, not having touched his
or her court since last being struck by his or her opponent.

2.5.9 The server is the player due to strike the ball first in a rally.

2.5.10 The receiver is the player due to strike the ball second in a rally.

2.5.11 The umpire is the person appointed to control a match.

2.5.12 The assistant umpire is the person appointed to assist the umpire with certain
decisions. 2.5.13 Anything that a player wears or carries includes anything that he or she
was wearing or carrying, other than the ball, at the start of the rally.

2.5.14 The end line shall be regarded as extending indefinitely in both directions.

2.6 THE SERVICE

2.6.1 Service shall start with the ball resting freely on the open palm of the server's
stationary free hand.

2.6.2 The server shall then project the ball near vertically upwards, without imparting spin,
so that it rises at least 16cm after leaving the palm of the free hand and then falls without
touching anything before being struck.

2.6.3 As the ball is falling the server shall strike it so that it touches first his or her court and
then touches directly the receiver's court; in doubles, the ball shall touch successively the
right half court of server and receiver.

NURSHIDA J. TIKING 37
2.6.4 From the start of service until it is struck, the ball shall be above the level of the
playing surface and behind the server's end line, and it shall not be hidden from the receiver
by the server or his or her doubles partner or by anything they wear or carry.

2.6.5 As soon as the ball has been projected, the server’s free arm and hand shall be
removed from the space between the ball and the net. The space between the ball and the net
is defined by the ball, the net and its indefinite upward extension.

2.6.6 It is the responsibility of the player to serve so that the umpire or the assistant umpire
can be satisfied that he or she complies with the requirements of the Laws, and either may
decide that a service is incorrect.

2.6.6.1 If either the umpire or the assistant umpire is not sure about the legality of a service
he or she may, on the first occasion in a match, interrupt play and warn the server; but any
subsequent service by that player o his or her doubles partner which is not clearly legal shall
be considered incorrect.

2.6.7 Exceptionally, the umpire may relax the requirements for a correct service where he or
she is satisfied that compliance is prevented by physical disability.

2.7 THE RETURN

2.7.1 The ball, having been served or returned, shall be struck so that it touches the
opponent's court, either directly or after touching the net assembly.

2.8 THE ORDER OF PLAY

2.8.1 In singles, the server shall first make a service, the receiver shall then make a return
and thereafter server and receiver alternately shall each make a return.

2.8.2 In doubles, except as provided in 2.8.3, the server shall first make a service, the
receiver shall then make a return, the partner of the server shall then make a return, the
partner of the receiver shall then make a return and thereafter each player in turn in that
sequence shall make a return.

2.8.3 In doubles, when at least one player of a pair is in a wheelchair due to a physical
disability, the server shall first make a service, the receiver shall then make a return but
thereafter either player of the disabled pair may make returns.

2.9 A LET

2.9.1 The rally shall be a let:

2.9.1.1 if in service the ball touches the net assembly, provided the service is otherwise
correct or the ball is obstructed by the receiver or his or her partner;
NURSHIDA J. TIKING 38
2.9.1.2 if the service is delivered when the receiving player or pair is not ready, provided
that neither the receiver nor his or her partner attempts to strike the ball;

2.9.1.3 if failure to make a service or a return or otherwise to comply with the Laws is due to
a disturbance outside the control of the player;

2.9.1.4 If play is interrupted by the umpire or assistant umpire;

2.9.1.5 If the receiver is in wheelchair owing to a physical disability and in service the ball,
provided that the service is otherwise correct,

2.9.1.5.1 After touching the receiver’s court returns in the direction of the net;

2.9.1.5.2 comes to rest on the receiver's court;

2.9.1.5.3 in singles leaves the receiver’s court after touching it by either of its sidelines.

2.9.2 Play may be interrupted 2.9.2.1 to correct an error in the order of serving, receiving or
ends;

2.9.2.2 To introduce the expedite system;

2.9.2.3 to warn or penalise a player or adviser;

2.9.2.4 because the conditions of play are disturbed in a way which could affect the outcome
of the rally.

2.10 A POINT

2.10.1 Unless the rally is a let, a player shall score a point

2.10.1.1 if an opponent fails to make a correct service; 2.10.1.2 if an opponent fails to make
a correct return;

2.10.1.3 if, after he or she has made a service or a return, the ball touches anything other
than the net assembly before being struck by an opponent;

2.10.1.4 if the ball passes over his or her court or beyond his or her end line without
touching his or her court, after being struck by an opponent;

2.10.1.5 if the ball, after being struck by an opponent, passes through the net or between the
net and the net post or between the net and playing surface;

2.10.1.6 if an opponent obstructs the ball;

2.10.1.7 if an opponent deliberately strikes the ball more than once in succession;

NURSHIDA J. TIKING 39
 2.10.1.8 if an opponent strikes the ball with a side of the racket blade whose surface does
not comply with the requirements of 2.4.3, 2.4.4 and 2.4.5;

2.10.1.9 if an opponent, or anything an opponent wears or carries, moves the playing

surface; 2.10.1.10 if an opponent, or anything an opponent wears or carries, touches the net
assembly; 2.10.1.11 if an opponent's free hand touches the playing surface;

2.10.1.12 if a doubles opponent strikes the ball out of the sequence established by the first
server and first receiver;

2.10.1.13 as provided under the expedite system (2.15.4).

2.10.1.14 if both players or pairs are in a wheelchair due to a physical disability and

2.10.1.14.1 his or her opponent does not maintain a minimum contact with the seat or
cushion(s), with the back of the thigh, when the ball is struck;

2.10.1.14.2 his or her opponent touches the table with either hand before striking the ball;
2.10.1.14.3 his or her opponent’s footrest or foot touches the floor during play.

2.10.1.15 if, where an opposing doubles pair includes at least one player in a wheelchair, any
part of the wheelchair or a foot of a standing player crosses an imaginary extension of the
centre line of the table

2.11 A GAME

2.11.1 A game shall be won by the player or pair first scoring 11 points unless either players
or pairs score 10 points, when the game shall be won by the first player or pair subsequently
gaining a lead of 2 points

2.12 A MATCH

2.12.1 A match shall consist of the best of any odd number of games.

2.13 THE ORDER OF SERVING, RECEIVING AND ENDS

2.13.1 The right to choose the initial order of serving, receiving and ends shall be decided by
lot and the winner may choose to serve or to receive first or to start at a particular end.

2.13.2 When one player or pair has chosen to serve or to receive first or to start at a
particular end, the other player or pair shall have the other choice.

2.13.3 After each 2 points have been scored the receiving player or pair shall become the
serving player or pair and so on until the end of the game, unless both players or pairs score

NURSHIDA J. TIKING 40
10 points or the expedite system is in operation, when the sequences of serving and
receiving shall be the same but each player shall serve for only 1 point in turn.

2.13.4 In each game of a doubles match, the pair having the right to serve first shall choose
which of them will do so and in the first game of a match the receiving pair shall decide
which of them will receive first; in subsequent games of the match, the first server having
been chosen, the first receiver shall be the player who served to him or her in the preceding
game.

2.13.5 In doubles, at each change of service the previous receiver shall become the server
and the partner of the previous server shall become the receiver.

2.13.6 The player or pair serving first in a game shall receive first in the next game of the
match and in the last possible game of a doubles match the pair due to receive next shall
change their order of receiving when first one pair scores 5 points.

2.13.7 The player or pair starting at one end in a game shall start at the other end in the next
game of the match and in the last possible game of a match the players or pairs shall change
ends when first one player or pair scores 5 points.

2.14 OUT OF ORDER OF SERVING, RECEIVING OR ENDS

2.14.1 If a player serves or receives out of turn, play shall be interrupted by the umpire as
soon as the error is discovered and shall resume with those players serving and receiving
who should be server and receiver respectively at the score that has been reached, according
to the sequence established at the beginning of the match and, in doubles, to the order of
serving chosen by the pair having the right to serve first in the game during which the error
is discovered.

2.14.2 If the players have not changed ends when they should have done so, play shall be
interrupted by the umpire as soon as the error is discovered and shall resume with the
players at the ends at which they should be at the score that has been reached, according to
the sequence established at the beginning of the match

2.14.3 In any circumstances, all points scored before the discovery of an error shall be
reckoned. 2.15 THE EXPEDITE SYSTEM

2.15.1 Except as provided in 2.15.2, the expedite system shall come into operation after 10
minutes’ play in a game or at any time when requested by both players and pairs.

2.15.2 The expedite system shall not be introduced in a game if at least 18 points have been
scored.

NURSHIDA J. TIKING 41
 2.15.3 If the ball is in play when the time limit is reached and the expedite system is due to
come into operation, play shall be interrupted by the umpire and shall resume with service
by the player who served in the rally that was interrupted; if the ball is not in play when the
expedite system comes into operation, play shall resume with service by the player who
received in the immediately preceding rally.

2.15.4 Thereafter, each player shall serve for 1 point in turn until the end of the game, and if
the receiving player or pair makes 13 correct returns in a rally the receiver shall score a
point.

2.15.5 Introduction of the expedite system shall not alter the order of serving and receiving
in the match, as defined in 2.13.6.

2.15.6 Once introduced, the expedite system shall remain in operation until the end of the
match.

NURSHIDA J. TIKING 42
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https://www.allabouttabletennis.com/umpires-hand-signals.html

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