--------------------------------- PWeek#3 -----------------------------------

Python Operators
Python Operators
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:

Example
print(10 + 5)

Python divides the operators in the following groups:

 Arithmetic operators
 Assignment operators
 Comparison operators
 Logical operators
 Identity operators
 Membership operators
 Bitwise operators

Python Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common
mathematical operations:

Operator Name Example

+ Addition x+y
- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division x/y

% Modulus x%y

** Exponentiation x ** y

// Floor division x // y

Program:
x=12
y=5
print(x+y)
print(x-y)
print(x*y)
print(x/y)
print(x%y)
print(x**y)
print(x//y)
OUTPUT:
17
7
60
2.4
2
248832
2
Python Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:

Operator Example Same As

= x=5 x=5

+= x += 3 x=x+3

-= x -= 3 x=x-3

*= x *= 3 x=x*3

/= x /= 3 x=x/3

%= x %= 3 x=x%3

//= x //= 3 x = x // 3

**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3
&= x &= 3 x=x&3

|= x |= 3 x=x|3

^= x ^= 3 x=x^3

>>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3

<<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3

PROGRAM:

x=12
y=3
x+=y
print(x)
x-=y
print(x)
x*=y
print(x)
x/=y
print(x)
x%=y
print(x)
print("for every operation the values reintialized x=12 &
y =3")
x=12
y=3
x**=y
print(x)
x=12
y=3
x//=y
print(x)
x=12
y=3
x&=y
print(x)
x=12
y=3
x|=y
print(x)
x=12
y=3
x^=y
print(x)
x=12
y=3
x>>=y
print(x)
x=12
y=3
x<<=y
print(x)
OUTPUT:

15

12

36

12.0

0.0

for every operation the values reintialized x=12 & y =3

1728

0
15

15

96

Python Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values:

Operator Name Example

== Equal x == y

!= Not equal x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

>= Greater than or equal to x >= y

<= Less than or equal to x <= y

Python Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements:

Operator Description Example Try it

and Returns True if both x < 5 and x < 10 Try it »

statements are true

or Returns True if one of the x < 5 or x < 4 Try it »

statements is true

not Reverse the result, returns not(x < 5 and x < 10) Try it »
False if the result is true

Python Identity Operators

Operator Description Example Try it

is Returns True if both variables are x is y Try it »

the same object
 is not Returns True if both variables are x is not y Try it »
not the same object

Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if
they are actually the same object, with the same memory location:

Operator
Name Description Example Try it

& AND Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are x&y Try it »
1

| OR Sets each bit to 1 if one of two x|y Try it »

bits is 1

^ XOR Sets each bit to 1 if only one of x^y Try it »

two bits is 1

~ NOT Inverts all the bits ~x Try it »

<< Zero Shift left by pushing zeros in x << 2 Try it »

fill left from the right and let the
shift leftmost bits fall off

Python Membership Operators

 Operator Description Example Try it

in Returns True if a sequence with x in y Try it »

>> Signe Shift right
the specified byispushing
value presentcopies
in of x >> 2 Try it »
d the object
the leftmost bit in from the left,
right and let the rightmost bits fall off
shift

not in Returns True if a sequence with x not in y Try it »

the specified value is not present
in the object

Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is presented in an object:

Python Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators are used to compare (binary) numbers:

Operator Precedence
Operator precedence describes the order in which operations are performed.

Example
Parentheses has the highest precedence, meaning that expressions inside
parentheses must be evaluated first:

print((6 + 3) - (6 + 3))

Run example »

Example
Multiplication * has higher precedence than addition +, and therefor
multiplications are evaluated before additions:
print(100 + 5 * 3)

Run example »

The precedence order is described in the table below, starting with the highest
precedence at the top:

Operator Description Try it

() Parentheses Try it »

** Exponentiation Try it »

+x -x ~x Unary plus, unary minus, and bitwise Try it »

NOT

* / // % Multiplication, division, floor division, and Try it »

modulus

+ - Addition and subtraction Try it »

<< >> Bitwise left and right shifts Try it »

& Bitwise AND Try it »

 ^ Bitwise XOR Try it »

| Bitwise OR Try it »

== != > >= < <= Comparisons, identity, and membership Try it »

is is not in not operators
in

not Logical NOT Try it »

and AND Try it »

or OR Try it »

If two operators have the same precedence, the expression is evaluated from
left to right.

Example
Addition + and subtraction - has the same precedence, and therefor we
evaluate the expression from left to right:

print(5 + 4 - 7 + 3)

output:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Python Lists

mylist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

List
Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable.

Lists are one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to store collections of data,
the other 3 are Tuple, Set, and Dictionary, all with different qualities and usage.

Lists are created using square brackets:

Example
Create a List:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print(thislist)

OUTPUT:
['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

List Items
List items are ordered, changeable, and allow duplicate values.

List items are indexed, the first item has index [0], the second item has
index [1] etc.

Ordered
When we say that lists are ordered, it means that the items have a defined
order, and that order will not change.
If you add new items to a list, the new items will be placed at the end of the
list.

Note: There are some list methods that will change the order, but in general:
the order of the items will not change.

Changeable
The list is changeable, meaning that we can change, add, and remove items in
a list after it has been created.

Allow Duplicates
Since lists are indexed, lists can have items with the same value:

Example
Lists allow duplicate values:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry"]

print(thislist)

OUTPUT

['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'apple', 'cherry']

List Length
To determine how many items a list has, use the len() function:

Example
Print the number of items in the list:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print(len(thislist))
List Items - Data Types
List items can be of any data type:

Example
String, int and boolean data types:

list1 = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print(type(list1))
list2 = [1, 5, 7, 9, 3]
print(type(list2))
list3 = [True, False, False]
print(type(list3))

OUTPUT

<class 'list'>

<class 'list'>

<class 'list'>

A list can contain different data types:

Example
A list with strings, integers and boolean values:

list1 = ["abc", 34, True, 40, "male"]

print(type(list1))

OUTPUT:
<class 'list'>

type()
From Python's perspective, lists are defined as objects with the data type 'list':

<class 'list'>
Example
What is the data type of a list?

mylist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print(type(mylist))

The list() Constructor

It is also possible to use the list() constructor when creating a new list.

Example
Using the list() constructor to make a List:

thislist = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) # note the double round-

brackets
print(thislist)

Python Collections (Arrays)

There are four collection data types in the Python programming language:

 List is a collection which is ordered and changeable. Allows duplicate

members.
 Tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable. Allows duplicate
members.
 Set is a collection which is unordered, unchangeable*, and unindexed. No
duplicate members.
 Dictionary is a collection which is ordered** and changeable. No
duplicate members.

*Set items are unchangeable, but you can remove and/or add items whenever
you like.

**As of Python version 3.7, dictionaries are ordered. In Python 3.6 and earlier,
dictionaries are unordered.

When choosing a collection type, it is useful to understand the properties of that

type. Choosing the right type for a particular data set could mean retention of
meaning, and, it could mean an increase in efficiency or security.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Python - Access List Items

❮ PreviousNext ❯

Access Items
List items are indexed and you can access them by referring to the index
number:

Example
Print the second item of the list:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print(thislist[1])

Try it Yourself »

Note: The first item has index 0.

Negative Indexing
Negative indexing means start from the end

-1 refers to the last item, -2 refers to the second last item etc.

Example
Print the last item of the list:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print(thislist[-1])

Try it Yourself »
Range of Indexes
You can specify a range of indexes by specifying where to start and where to
end the range.

When specifying a range, the return value will be a new list with the specified
items.

Example
Return the third, fourth, and fifth item:

thislist =
["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]
print(thislist[2:5])

Try it Yourself »

Note: The search will start at index 2 (included) and end at index 5 (not
included).

Remember that the first item has index 0.

By leaving out the start value, the range will start at the first item:

Example
This example returns the items from the beginning to, but NOT including,
"kiwi":

thislist =
["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]
print(thislist[:4])

Try it Yourself »

By leaving out the end value, the range will go on to the end of the list:

Example
This example returns the items from "cherry" to the end:
thislist =
["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]
print(thislist[2:])

Try it Yourself »

Range of Negative Indexes

Specify negative indexes if you want to start the search from the end of the list:

Example
This example returns the items from "orange" (-4) to, but NOT including
"mango" (-1):

thislist =
["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]
print(thislist[-4:-1])

Try it Yourself »

Check if Item Exists

To determine if a specified item is present in a list use the in keyword:

Example
Check if "apple" is present in the list:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

if "apple" in thislist:
print("Yes, 'apple' is in the fruits list")

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Python - Change List Items

Change Item Value
To change the value of a specific item, refer to the index number:
Example
Change the second item:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

thislist[1] = "blackcurrant"
print(thislist)

Try it Yourself »

Change a Range of Item Values

To change the value of items within a specific range, define a list with the new
values, and refer to the range of index numbers where you want to insert the
new values:

Example
Change the values "banana" and "cherry" with the values "blackcurrant" and
"watermelon":

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "mango"]

thislist[1:3] = ["blackcurrant", "watermelon"]
print(thislist)

Try it Yourself »

If you insert more items than you replace, the new items will be inserted where
you specified, and the remaining items will move accordingly:

Example
Change the second value by replacing it with two new values:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

thislist[1:2] = ["blackcurrant", "watermelon"]
print(thislist)

Try it Yourself »

Note: The length of the list will change when the number of items inserted does
not match the number of items replaced.
If you insert less items than you replace, the new items will be inserted where
you specified, and the remaining items will move accordingly:

Example
Change the second and third value by replacing it with one value:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

thislist[1:3] = ["watermelon"]
print(thislist)

Try it Yourself »

Insert Items
To insert a new list item, without replacing any of the existing values, we can
use the insert() method.

The insert() method inserts an item at the specified index:

Example
Insert "watermelon" as the third item:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

thislist.insert(2, "watermelon")
print(thislist)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Python - Add List Items

Append Items
To add an item to the end of the list, use the append() method:

Example
Using the append() method to append an item:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.append("orange")
print(thislist)

Try it Yourself »

Insert Items
To insert a list item at a specified index, use the insert() method.

The insert() method inserts an item at the specified index:

Example
Insert an item as the second position:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

thislist.insert(1, "orange")
print(thislist)

Try it Yourself »

Note: As a result of the examples above, the lists will now contain 4 items.

Extend List
To append elements from another list to the current list, use
the extend() method.

Example
Add the elements of tropical to thislist:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

tropical = ["mango", "pineapple", "papaya"]
thislist.extend(tropical)
print(thislist)

Try it Yourself »

The elements will be added to the end of the list.

Add Any Iterable
The extend() method does not have to append lists, you can add any iterable
object (tuples, sets, dictionaries etc.).

Example
Add elements of a tuple to a list:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

thistuple = ("kiwi", "orange")
thislist.extend(thistuple)
print(thislist)

Try it Yourself »

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Python - Remove List Items

Remove Specified Item
The remove() method removes the specified item.

Example
Remove "banana":

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

thislist.remove("banana")
print(thislist)

Try it Yourself »

If there are more than one item with the specified value, the remove() method
removes the first occurance:

Example
Remove the first occurance of "banana":

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "banana", "kiwi"]

thislist.remove("banana")
print(thislist)

Try it Yourself »

Remove Specified Index

The pop() method removes the specified index.

Example
Remove the second item:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

thislist.pop(1)
print(thislist)

Try it Yourself »

If you do not specify the index, the pop() method removes the last item.

Example
Remove the last item:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

thislist.pop()
print(thislist)

Try it Yourself »

The del keyword also removes the specified index:

Example
Remove the first item:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
del thislist[0]
print(thislist)

Try it Yourself »

The del keyword can also delete the list completely.

Example
Delete the entire list:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

del thislist

Try it Yourself »

Clear the List

The clear() method empties the list.

The list still remains, but it has no content.

Example
Clear the list content:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

thislist.clear()
print(thislist)