Chapter-2
Anything which occupies space and has mass is called matter. Matter can be divided in two
categories.
(i) Pure Substance: It consists of single types of particles which are same in their chemical nature.
(ii) Mixtures: Mixture consists of two or more particles.
Mixture and its types
Mixture consists of more than one kind of pure substances which can be separated by physical
method.
Mixtures are of two types
(i) Homogeneous mixture
(ii) Heterogeneous mixture
(i) Homogeneous mixture: A mixture is said to be homogeneous if all the components of the
mixture are uniformly mixed and there are no boundaries of separation between them.
Ex: Sugar in water, etc.
(ii) Heterogeneous mixtures: A mixture is said to be heterogeneous if all the components of the
mixture are not uniformly mixed and there are visible boundaries of separation between them.
Ex: Water and sand, Air etc.
Solution and its properties
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. Ex: Lemonade, soda water etc.
A solution has two components:
(i) Solvent
(ii) Solute
(i) Solvent: The component of the solution that dissolves the other component in it (usually the
component present in larger amount) is called the solvent.
(ii) Solute: The component of the solution that is dissolved in the solvent (usually present in lesser
quantity) is called the solute.
Properties of Solution:
1. A solution is a homogeneous mixture.
2. The particles of a solution are smaller than 1 nm (10-9) in diameter which cannot be seen by
naked eyes.
3. They do not scatter a beam of light passing through the solution that is they don’t show tyndall
effect. So, the path of light is not visible in a solution.
4. The solute particles cannot be separated from the mixture by the process of filtration.
5. The solution is stable and solute particles do not settle down when left undisturbed.
Concentration of a solution
(i) Saturated solution: When no more amount of solute can be dissolved in a solution at a given
temperature, it is called a saturated solution.
(ii) Unsaturated solution: When more amount of solute can be dissolved in a solution at a given
temperature, it is called a saturated solution.
(iii) Solubility: The amount of the solute present in the saturated solution at the given temperature
is called its solubility.
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given amount (mass or volume)
of solution. Also, the amount of solute dissolved in a given mass or volume of solvent is called
concentration of solution.
Concentration of solution = Amount of solute/Amount of solvent or Amount of solute/Amount of
solution (Here, amount means mass or volume).
Two methods of finding concentration of solution:
(i) Mass by mass percentage of a solution = (Mass of solute/Mass of solution) ×100
(ii) Mass by volume percentage of a solution = (Mass of solute/Volume of solution) ×100
Suspension and its properties
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the the solute particles do not dissolve but
remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium. Ex: Chalk in water, smoke in the air
Properties of Suspension :
1. It is a heterogeneous mixture.
2. Particles of a suspension are visible to the naked eye.
3. Size of the particles is greater than 100 nm.
4. It is unstable mixture. Solute settles down at the bottom over period of time.
5. If the solution is passed through filter paper, solute and solvent gets separated.
6. It scatters light when light is passed through the solution i.e. it shows Tyndall effect.
Colloidal solution and its properties
Colloid solution is heterogeneous mixture in which the size of particles lies between the true
solutions and suspensions.
• Colloidal particles can easily scatter a beam of visible light. This phenomenon is called Tyndall
effect.
Properties of colloidal solution:
1. The particles of colloid can’t be seen by naked eyes individually.
2. It is a heterogeneous mixture and thus solute and solvent can’t be separated by filter paper.
3. Size of particles is smaller than suspensions but greater than solutions (1 nm to 100 nm).
4. It is a stable mixture. Particles do not settle down at the bottom over a period of time.
5. They do not settle down when left undisturbed which means colloid is quite stable.
Physical and Chemical changes
• The process which brings about changes in physical properties and no new substances are formed
are physical changes. The common physical changes are changes in colour, hardness, rigidity,
fluidity, density, melting point, boiling point etc.
• The process in which new substances are formed and chemical properties of substances get
changed are chemical changes. Some chemical properties are odour, inflammability etc.
Physical Change Chemical Change
It brings about change in physical properties It brings about changes in chemical
such as physical state, shape, size etc. properties.
No changes in chemical compositions are Changes in chemical properties are
observed. observed.
It is reversible. It is irreversible that means permanent
No new substance is formed. New substance is formed.
Types of pure substances
The pure substance is divided in two types on the basis of their chemical composition:
(i) Elements
(ii) Compounds
(i) Elements
• According to Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, element is a basic form of matter that cannot be broken
down into simpler substances by chemical reactions.
• It is divided in three types which are metals, non-metals and metalloids.
Properties of Metals
(i) They have a lustre (shine).
(ii) They have silvery-grey or golden-yellow colour.
(iii) They conduct heat and electricity.
(iv) They are ductile (can be drawn into wires).
(v) They are malleable (can be hammered into thin sheets).
(vi) They are sonorous (make a ringing sound when hit).
• Examples of metals are gold, silver, copper, iron, sodium, potassium etc.
• Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.
Properties of non-metals
(i) They display a variety of colours.
(ii) They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
(iii) They are not lustrous, sonorous or malleable.
• Examples of non-metals are hydrogen, oxygen, iodine, carbon (coal, coke), bromine, chlorine etc
Metalloids: Elements having intermediate properties between those of metals and non-metals are
called metalloids. Examples are boron, silicon, germanium etc.
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one
another in a fixed proportion.
