COMPONENTS OF POLYGRAPH

PNEUMOGRAPH

 Records changes in the breathing the subject

 It consists of two hollow corrugated tubes about seven inches in length. Each is attached to a unit by a rubber hose
not longer than six feet and no larger than one-quarter inch in diameter. The inhalation / exhalation of the subject
causes the tubes to expand and contract, thereby reflecting the change through bellows to the pen into the chart

PNEUMO 1

 Pneumatic connection for upper (thoracic) pneumograph

 Not connected in an instrument with only one pneumo channel

PNEUMO 2

 Pneumatic connection for lower (abdominal) pneumograph

 The pneumo tube contains a certain volume of air. As the subject inhale/exhale, the tube expands and contract,
causing changes in pressure within the tube. The changes are driven to the recording bellows, causing a forward and
backward movement of the pivot shaft to which the recording pen is connected

PNEUMO PEN

 The two upper pens of the instrument record the respiratory pattern (thoracic and abdominal breathing patterns of
respiration) on the chart paper

PNEUMO TRACING

The respiratory pattern recorded on the chart which is composed of expiration and inspiration stroke

a. Normal Pneumo Tracing

 The pattern recorded before the insertion of relevant questions

b. Abnormal Pneumo Tracing

 The pattern that deviates from the norm established for the individual
 It Maybe due to yawning, sneezing, audible sigh, clearing of the throat, snort, belch/burp, slow breathing

NORM

 Tracings produced by the subject's body on a moving chart paper before insertions of stimuli or
relevant questions

CONTROLS OF THE PNEUMO SECTION

1. MANUAL CENTERING KNOB

• Used to position baseline of the pneumo tracing on the upper heavy horizontal line

2. VENT

• With the vent down, the system is closed and uncooperative

• With the vent up, the system is open and ready for use

Uses:

• To stop the pen between the tests and to prevent possible tambour assembly

• To prevent the pen from possible jam by moving up or down in one place of the chart paper

• To stop pen during the tube adjustment

• To assist in gaining amplitude

To let atmosphere into the system

HOW TO OBTAIN PROPER TRACING OF THE PNEUMO?

First, observe the subject for the point of maximum chest position. Then, placed tube at points where maximum chest pas
observed. The tube must be smug, A tube thay mcdonoose will result in a distorted pattern. A tube that y too tight will cause
discomfort and distort the pattern. With female subjects, the tube is almost always placed above the breast. If the female is an
abdominal breather, the tube will be placed lower.

HOW POLYGRAPH MONITOR RESPIRATORY RATE?

Two pneumographs, rubber tubes filled with air, are placed around the test subject's chest and abdomen, When the chest or
abdominal muscles expand, the air inside the tubes is displaced.

A digital polygraph also uses the pneumograph but employs transducers to convert the energy of the displaced air into
electronic signals

GALVANOGRAPH/GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE or moisture in the fingertips

• Records the skin resistance of the subject

• Comprise of finger or palm electrodes

• Include the palm machine used in determining deception

FINGER/PALM ELECTRODES

 Also known as finger plates or galvanometers

 Attached on the subject's index and ring finger or the palmar and dorsal surfaces of the left hand
 Check and detect skin resistance or the GSR (electro-dermal response) towards a small amount of electricity

PSYCHOGALVANIC RESPONSE or GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE/RESISTANCE

 is also called electrodermal activity. It is a measure of the sweat on fingertips

 a change in the body's electrical properties (probably of the skin) following noxious stimulation, stimulation that
produces an emotional reaction, and, to some extent, stimulation that attracts the subject's attention and leads to an
aroused alertness

GALVO PEN

• the longest (7 inches) and the third pen of the instrument

GALVANOGRAPH SWITCH for GALVO PEN

a. Manual

b. Self-centering

 Galvo pen electrically returned to the baseline within 6-8 seconds from the initial stimulus
 80% effective than the manual

GALVO TRACING

 It can be the most accurate of all three components in chart interpretation since it can be affected by diff. stimuli
 Without it, 30% of accurate chart interpretation is lost

a. Normal Galvo Tracing

￭ Slightly wavering line

b. Deceptive Galvo Tracing

 Abrupt return of the galvo pen towards its baseline or sharp galvo pen fall

HOW POLYGRAPH MONITOR GALVANIC SKIN RESISTANCE (GSR)?

The fingertips are one of the most porous areas on the body and a good he de look for sweat. The de, or hat we sweat more
when we are placed under stres Fingerplates attached to two du the subject's finger; Freasure the skin's ability to conduct
electricity. When the men is hydrated (as with sweat) it conducts electrions much more easily than dry
CARDIOGRAPH/CARDIOSPHYMOGRAPH

• Records the blood pressure and pulse rate of the subject

• It consists of an arm cuff

ARM CUFF

 Placed around the subject's arm with the covered rubber bladder part centered at the brachial artery (in the arm) or
the femoral artery (in the leg)
 Inflated between 60-80 mm by a pump bulb to put air into the system that will provide tracing amplitude of 0.75 to 1
inch with a diacritic notch situated about the middle of the diastolic limb tracing

✔ After inflation of the arm cuff, it becomes so susceptible to monitor changes in blood pressure and pulse rate

BLOOD PRESSURE

 The pressure of circulating blood against the walls of the arteries. Any condition that dilates or contracts the blood
vessels or affects their elasticity, or any disease of the heart that interferes with its pumping power, affects the blood
pressure
 There are two pressures measured:

1. Systolic pressure (the higher pressure and the first number recorded)

 the force that blood exerts on the artery walls as the heart contracts to pump the blood to the peripheral organs and
tissues

 in a healthy individual, Systolic pressure is normally between 100 and 140 mmHG

 the point at which the cuff stops the circulation and at which no pulsations can be heard

Systole the one given if BP reading is one figure only

ー the high point at which the heart contracts to empty its blood into the circulation

2. Diastolic pressure (the lower pressure and the second number recorded)

 residual pressure exerted on the arteries as the heart relaxes between beats (occurs
during relaxation of the heart)
 normally, between 60 and 100 mmHg.
 The point at which the circulation is restored

Diastole

ー The low point at which the heart relaxes to fill with blood return by the circulation

• Arterial blood pressure varies among individuals and in the same individual from time to time. It is lower in
children than in adults and increases gradually with age.

SPHYGMOMANOMETER

• Measures blood pressure in millimeter of mercury (mmHG)

• It consists of an inflatable rubber cuff connected to a pressure-detecting device with a dial

PULSE PRESSURE

• The range or difference between the upper and lower pressure

PULSE

• rhythmic dilation of an artery generated by the opening and closing of the aortic valve in the heart.

• The normal pulse rate of an adult at rest may range from 50 to 85 beats per minute, although the average
rate is about 70 to 72 for men and 78 to 82 for women.

DIACROTIC NOTCH

 Appear as the lunar valve as the left ventricle close that prevents the blood from reagitating back to the heart after it
has been forced into the aorta
 Caused by heartbeats or the contraction and relaxation of the heart

CARDIO PEN

• The fourth and bottom pen of the instrument

CARDIO TRACING

• Shows the sensitivity of the heart during questioning

•
CARDIO ACTIVITY MONITOR TRANSDUCER (CAM)

 Accessory of the polygraph instrument that can be used as a supplement or as an alternative to the conventional
cardio

HOW TO OBTAIN BLOOD PRESSURE PATTERN OR TRACING

 Pen balance is critical. The pen is to be held on paper by inflating pressure's friction until you reach the subject's mean
pressure. The mean pressure is midway between the systolic and diastolic.
 To get the arithmetic mean pressure, add the diastolic and systolic and the total divided by two. To get the geometric
mean pressure, plus diastolic. Watch your sphyg dial when inflating the pressure for maximum deflection.

HOW POLYGRAPH MONITOR THE BLOOD PRESSURE/ HEART RATE

 A blood pressure cuff is placed around the subjects. upper arm. Tubing runs from the cuff to the polygraph. As blood
pumps through the arm, it makes a sound; the changes in pressure caused by the sound displace the air in the tubes
connected to a bellows, which move the pen.
 Again, in digital polygraphs, these signals are converted into electrical signals by transducers

ELECTRODES AND CONTROL

RESONANCE CONTROL

Allows you to clear up or make a better pattern when you have too much pulse pressure on the subiect

HAND ELECTRODE

Fastened to the hand by a stretched band to make electrical contact with the subject

PANEL CONTROL

To allow the operator to control or adjust the operation of the galvanograph

CAUSES OF EXCURSION OF TRACING

 Sudden noise
 Interruption
 Extraneous thoughts
 Sudden movements
CONTROL OF THE CARDIO-SPHYMOGRAPH SECTION

MANUAL CENTERING KNOB

Used to place cardio in its proper place in the chart

VENT VALVE

Used to let atmospheric pressure into the system and also to release all or parts of the pressure

RESONANCE CONTROL

Used to decrease the amplitude of the cardio tracing and used to sharpen the diacritic notch

KYMOGRAPH

• Aka Chart Drive Module / Chart Driving Mechanism

• Pulls or drive the chart paper under the recording pen at the same time at the rate of 6-12 inches /minute

CHART ROLL

• 100 ft long

• 6 inches width with ½ inch margin

CHART PAPER

• Imprinted with horizontal line spaced at ¼ inch interval (20 divisions)

• Vertical lines: 1/10 inch interval

• Heavy lines: ½ inch interval

Each ½ inch division across the paper signifies 5 seconds of a time. Pulse rate/minute then may be calculated by multiplying the
# of beats counted in 1 division by 12

DETACHABLE PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

KYMOGRAPH

a. Chart Roll Arbor

b. Idler roller
1. C. Pen table
c. Paper guides
d. Sprocket roller
e. Cutter bar
f. Off and On power switch
g. Synchronous motor

PEN AND INKING SYSTEM

a. Capillary pen
b. Ink well plates
c. Ink dropper
d. Duct bill

PNEUMOGRAPH SECTION

a. Rubber bellows
b. Tambour assembly
c. Beaded chain
d. Sphygmomanometer
e. Rubber flexible tubing
f. Resonance Control
g. Pneumograph connecting tube
h. Pneumograph distributing ink
i. Pneumograph pipeline
j. Vent valve and vent bottom

CARDIO SECTION

a) Pump bulb assembly

b) Blood pressure pump connection
c) Blood pressure cuff assembly
d) Connector block
e) Sphygmomanometer pipeline
GALVANOGRAPH SECTION

a. Hand electrode
b. Electrode bellow
c. galvanometer

OTHER PARTS OF POLYGRAPH MACHINE

1. Pen Lifter

• raises or lowers pen to 3 positions

2. Paper Tear Bar

• Provides cutting edge for convenient removal of charts

3. Foam Pen Hold Down

• Keeps pen in place when the instrument is being transported

4. Attache Compartment

• Storage for all forms and supplies

5. Mechanical Pneumo Module

• Recording part of the Mechanical Pneumo Channel

6. . GSR Module

• Recording part of the GSR Channel

7. Paper Storage Compartment

• Holds two space rolls of chart paper or other supplies

8. AC (Alternating Current) Power Receptacle

• Where the power cord is connected

9. Power Switch and Circuit Breaker

• Applies power to instrument

• It is a built-in resettable circuit breaker that protects the instrument. To reset, simply press "of" and then "on" again
 10. Chart Drive Roller Lever

• Lifts chart drive roller for paper changes and chart removal

11. Sphygmomanometer Dial

• Reads operating pressure of cardio channels

12. Centering Control

• Positions pen on chart

- Rotating clockwise raises the pen

- Rotating counterclockwise lowers the pen

13. Sensitivity Control

• Determines the tracing size

- Rotating clockwise increases the size

- Rotating counterclockwise decreases the size

14. Vent

• Performs venting function on pneumatic systems

- Rotating the top until it snaps in a raised (close) position seals the system

- Pressing and rotating the top in either direction one-quarter turn retains it

in the lower (open) position

HOW TO OBTAIN PROPER GALVO TRACING IN MODEL 63 KEELER MACHINE

Turn power switch from off and on position. Then the galvo pen falls to the bottom of the chart. The galvo section is then ready
for operation from 15 to 18 seconds after you have turned the switch to an on position.

TECHNICAL PRODUCTION OF THE CARDIO TRACING

1. The ascending limb

Pulse wave causes an expansion of the arterial wall and an increased surface pressure against the cuff bladder, thus forcing the
bladder through the tubing into the tambour. The increasing air volume in the tambour increases pressure against the bellows
and forces the bellows forward

This forward movement provides power to move the pen fork in the attached pen in a raveral clockwise or upward direction
in a lateral clockwise or upward direction of the chart surface

2. Descending Limb

When a pulse wave passed beyond the cuff, the bladder drop in a surface pressure against the bladder reverses this process
permitting the bellow to return to or towards its original position. This return of the bellows to its original position is transmitted
to the penforks and attached pen as a lateral counter - clockwise or downward stroke on the chart surface

3. Diacritic Notch

This is caused by the minor secondary pulse wave passing under and beyond the blood pressure cuff. In the wake of subsiding
primary wave, which momentarily halts or slow down the decrease in the surface pressure against the bladder, in turn causing
hesitation in the bellow movement back to or towards its original position

TECHNICAL PRODUCTION OF THE PEUMOGRAPH TRACING

1. Ascending Limb

With the chest expansion during the inhalation, the pneumograph tube's air capacity. increases, creating a vacuum within
the system, which reduces the internal surface pressure against the bellow. Thus, moving the bellows causing a lateral clockwise
or upward stroke of the pen

2. Descending Limb

This is caused by the exhalation thus, reversing the process causing an increase in internal surface pressure against the
bellows, thus moving the bellow to or toward its original position and producing a lateral counter-clockwise or a downward
movement of the pen
TECHNICAL PRODUCTION OF THE GALVO TRACING

1. The Ascending Limb

It is caused by the decrease of the subject's resistance, which throws the established circuit out of balance and modifies the
electric current flow through the magnetic field surrounding the pivot movement of the recording pen

2. Descending limb

a. Physical Cause It is caused by a reverse in the subject resistance toward the original position, thus bringing the circuit back
to or toward the balance, again producing a lateral clockwise or downward movement of the pen

b. Mechanical Cause The fine coil springs attached to the pivot mou7ntain pen cradle serve as a counterbalance for pen
movement either above or below the established baseline and assists in returning the pen cradle to or towards the original
position

COMPUTING RATE

Graph paper is lined and spaced in seconds. It is moving under pens at a uniform rate of six inches per minute. Rate is kept
uniform through medium or synchronized motion. From one heavy vertical line constitute five seconds. It is also one-half inch.
Count the beats inside any five seconds scale and multiply by twelve. This gives you a number of heartbeats at any point in the
test. For greater accuracy, you count the beats in two five seconds areas and multiply by six.

LIMITATIONS OF THE POLYGRAPH (IBID)

1. It is an invaluable aid in the investigation, but it is not a substitute for an investigation.

2. It is only accurate as the examiner is competent
3. It does not determine facts
4. It records responses to that which the subject believed to be true
5. It is only as accurate as the examiner is competent
6. The test will not be given until enough facts have been established to permit the examiner to prepare a complete set
of suitable questions
7. The test will not be given without the voluntary consent of the subject
8. No indications will be given to any person or placed in any report that a person will be considered guilty because he
refuses to take the test
9. 9. A test will not be given until the accusation have been explained to the subject
10. No attempt to use Polygraph for mental or physical evaluation of any person
11. No examination will be conducted on an unfit subject