 Is a diagram or chart which shows the two sub-

classifications of the two basic classifications of numbers,

namely real numbers and imaginary numbers.
System of
Numbers

Real Numbers Imaginary Number

Irrational Numbers Rational Numbers

Integers

Natural Numbers Zero Negative Numbers

Imaginary Number
 is denoted as “𝑖” which is equal to the square root of negative
one.
𝑖 = −1
𝑖 2 = ( −1)2 = -1
𝑖3= 𝑖2∙ 𝑖 = - 𝑖
𝑖4= 𝑖2∙ 𝑖2 = 1

Irrational Numbers
 Are numbers which cannot be expressed as a quotient of tw0
integers.
Ex. 2 ≈ 1.414
𝜋≈ 3.14
Rational Numbers
 Are numbers which can be expressed as a quotient (ratio) of
two integers. The term “rational” comes from the word ratio.
1
Ex. 0.5 can be expressed as
2
−6
-3 or
2
1
0.333… or
3

Note: The number 0.333… is a repeating (or periodic) and non-

terminating decimal. As a rule, a non-terminating but repeating
decimal is always a rational number. Also all integers are rational
numbers.

Integers
 Are all the natural number, the negative of the natural
number and the number zero.

Ex. 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4

Factorial (n!) - represents the product of all positive integers from 1
to n.
n! = n(n-1)…3, 2, 1
5! = 5(4)(3)(2)(1)
5! = 120
Odd numbers - 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17…
Even numbers - 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18…

Prime numbers - Is an integer greater than 1 that is divisible only by 1

and itself.
Ex. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19…

Composite numbers - Are positive integers that have more than two
positive whole number factors.
Ex. Number 4 is a composite number because its
factors are 1, 2 and 4.
Note: 1 is the only natural number that is neither
composite nor prime.
Order of Operations
x – { x – [ x – ( x – ( x + x) ) ] } Simplify

P - Parenthesis ( ) Parentheses
E - Exponents [ ] Brackets
M - Multiplication { } Braces
D - Division
A - Addition
S - Subtraction
3 Rules:
1. Simplify expressions inside parenthesis and other grouping symbols first.
2. Do multiplication and division next, in the order they occur, that is from left to right.
3. Do addition and subtraction last, in the order they occur, that is, from left to right.

Ex. 16 x 2 ÷ 8 + 12 x 3 – 48 ÷ 6 x 3

4 + 36 - 24
40 - 24

16 answer
Ex. Simplify x – { x – [ x – ( x – ( x + x ) ) ] }
x – { x – [ x – ( x – 2x ) ] }
x–{x–[x–(–x)]}
x–{x–[x+x]}
x – { x – 2x }
x – { -x }
x+x
2x answer

Ex. Simplify 2x – [3x + 6 – 2x – (3x – 1) ] + 4

2x – [3x + 6 – 2x – 3x + 1 ] + 4
2x – [ – 2x + 7 ] + 4
2x + 2x – 7 + 4
4x – 3 answer
Properties of Exponents
Exponents – is a number that gives the power to which a base is raised.
exponent
Ex. 32
base

1. 𝑎𝑚 ∙ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑥 3 = 𝑥 2+3 = 𝑥 5
𝑎𝑚 𝑚−𝑛 𝑥8
2. 𝑛 =𝑎 = 𝑥 8−3 = 𝑥 5
𝑎 𝑥3
3. (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 (𝑦 6 )2 = 𝑦 6∙2 = 𝑦12
4. (ab)𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 ∙ 𝑏 𝑚 (2𝑥)4 = 24 ∙ 𝑥 4 = 16𝑥 4
𝑚 4
𝑎 𝑚 𝑎 2 4 2 16
5. ( ) = 𝑚 ( ) = 4= 4
𝑏 𝑏 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑚 5
n 3
6. 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑚 (4𝑥)3 = (4𝑥)5
−𝑚 1 −5 1
7. 𝑎 = 𝑥 =
𝑎𝑚 𝑥5
8. 𝑎0 = 1 (a ≠ 0) (𝑥 2 +2)0 = 1
Properties of Radical
Radical – refers to the symbol that indicates a root, .
n
– In the expression, 𝑎
n – index
a – radicand
– radical

n n 3 3
1. 𝑎 𝑚 = ( 𝑎 )𝑚 82 = ( 8)2 = 22 = 4
n n n 3 3 3 3
2. 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏 5 ∙ 675 = 5 ∙ 675 = 3375 = 15
n 3
𝑎 n𝑎 50 3
50 3
3. n = , b≠0 3 = = 5
𝑏 𝑏 10 10
m mn 3
4. n 𝑎 = 𝑎 4
15 =
12
15
n 5
5. ( 𝑎)𝑛 = a ( 2𝑥)5 = 2x
n 4
6. 𝑎𝑛 = |a| (−12)4 = |-12| for n=even no.
5
(−12)5 = -12 for n=odd no.
Properties of Proportion
Proportion – is a statement that two ratios are equal.
𝑎 𝑥
1. If = a:x=y:d
𝑦 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
2. If = =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑑
3. If = =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑎 𝑐
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
4. If = =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
5. If = =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
6. If = =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑑
7. If ÷ ∙
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑐
Properties of Integers
Addition Multiplication

1. Closure Property a + b = integer a ∙ b = integer

2. Commutative Property a+b=b+a a∙b=b∙a

3. Associative Property (a + b) + c = a + ( b + c) a∙b=b∙a

4. Identity Property a+0=a a (1) = a
The number 0 is called The number 1 is called the
additive identity. multiplicative identity.
5. Inverse Property a + (-a) = 0 1
a =1
The number -a is called 𝑎
1
the additive inverse. The number is called the
𝑎
multiplicative inverse.

6. Distributive Property a (b + c) = ab + ac a (b + c) = ab + ac

7. Multiplication Property a (0) = 0

of zero
Equation
• is a formula of the form A = B, where A and B are expressions that may
contain one or several variables called unknowns, and "=" denotes the
equality binary relation.
• An equation says that two things are equal. It will have an equals sign
"=“.

Ex. What value of x will satisfy the equation 5x+7=3x-9?

Given: 5x+7=3x-9
5x-3x=-9-7
2x=-16
x=-8