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READING PASSAGE 1 : When people are deaf’ to music. .............................. 3

READING PASSAGE 2 : How to Spot a Liar ............................................... 7

READING PASSAGE 3 : Honey bees in trouble ......................................... 11

READING PASSAGE 4 : GLOBAL WARMING IN NEW ZEALAND 2. ................... 15

READING PASSAGE 5 : Reclaiming the future of aral sea. ............................ 20

READING PASSAGE 6 : REFLECTING ON THE MIRROR. .............................. 24

READING PASSAGE 7 : Man or Machine … ............................................. 28

READING PASSAGE 8 : Maori Fish Hooks .............................................. 31

READING PASSAGE 9 : The value of research into mite harvestmen ............... 34

READING PASSAGE 10 : Is Graffiti Art or Crime ....................................... 38

READING PASSAGE 11 : Book review on Musicophilia ............................... 42

READING PASSAGE 12 : Communication in science ................................ 46

READING PASSAGE 13 : Father of modem management 2 .......................... 51

READING PASSAGE 14 : The history of the guitar ..................................... 55

READING PASSAGE 15 : Ancient Storytelling .......................................... 57

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 READING PASSAGE 1
When people are deaf’ to music
Music has long been considered a uniquely human concept. In fact, most psychologists agree
that music is a universal human instinct. Like any ability, however, there is great variation in
people's musical competence. For every brilliant pianist in the world, there are several people we
refer to as " tone deaf". It is not simply that people with tone deafness (or1 amusia") are unable to
sing in tune, they are also unable to discriminate between tones or recognize familiar melodies.
Such a" disorder" can occur after some sort of brain damage , but recently research has been
undertaken in an attempt to discover the cause of congenital amusia (when people are born with
the condition), which is not associated with any brain damage, hearing problems, or lack of
exposure to music.
According to the research of Dr. Isabelie Peretz of the University of Montreat, amusia is more
complicated than the inability to distinguish pitches. An amusia (a person who has the condition
of amusia) can distinguish between two pitches that are far apart, but cannot tell the difference
between intervals smaller than a half step on the Western diatonic scale, while most people can
easily distinguish differences smaller than that, when listening to melodies which have had a
single note altered so that it is out of key with the rest of the melody, do not notice a problem. As
would be expected, amusics perform significantly worse at singing and tapping a rhythm along
with a melody than do non-amusics.
The most fascinating aspect of amusia is how specific to music it is. Because of music’s close ties
to language, it might be expected that a musical impairment may be caused by a language
impairment. Studies suggest, however, that language and music ability are independent of one
another. People with brain damage in areas critical to language are often still able to sing, despite
being unable to communicate through speech. Moreover, while amusics show deficiencies in
their recognition of pitch differences in melodies, they show no tonal languages, such as Chinese,
do not report having any difficulty discriminating between words that differ only in their intonation.
The linguistic cues inherent in speech make discrimination of meaning much easier for amusics.
Amusics are also successful most of the time at detecting the mood of a melody, can identify a
speaker based on his or her voice and can discriminate and identify environmental sounds.
Recent work has been focused on locating the part of the brain that is responsible for amusia. The
temporal lobes of the brain, the location of the primary auditory cortex, have been considered. It
has long been believed that the temporal lobes, especially the right temporal lobe, are most
active when activity, so any musical disability should logically stem from here as well. Because it
has been shown that there is no hearing deficit in amusia, researchers moved on to the temporal
neocortex, which is where more sophisticated processing of musical cues was thought to take
place. New studies, however, have suggested that the deficits in amusics are located outside the
auditory cortex. Brain scans of amusics do not show any reaction at all to differences smaller
than a half step, when changes in tones are large, their brains overreact, showing twice as much
activity on the right side of the brain as a normal brain hearing the same thing. These differences

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do not occur in the auditory cortex, indicating again that the deficits of amusia lie mostly in
hearing impairment, but in higher processing of melodies.
So what does this all mean? Looking only at the research of Peretz in the field of neuropsychology
of music, it would appear that amusia is some sort of disorder. As a student of neurobiology,
however, I am skeptical. Certainly the studies by Peretz that have found significant differences
between the brains of so-called amusics and normal brains are legitimate. The more important
question now becomes one of normality. Every trait from skin color to intelligence to mood exists
on a continuum-there is a great idea of variation from one extreme to the other. Just because we
recognize that basic musical ability is something that the vast majority of people have, this
doesn't mean that the lack of it is abnormal
What makes an amusic worse off than a musical prodigy? Musical ability is culturally valued, and
may have been a factor in survival at one point in human history, but it does not seem likely that it
is being selected for on an evolutionary scale any longer. Darwin believed that music was
adaptive as a way of finding a mate, but who needs to be able to sing to find a partner in an age
when it is possible to express your emotions through a song on your IPod?
While the idea of amusia is interesting, it seems to be just one end of the continuum of innate
musical ability. Comparing this ‘disorder’ to learning disorders like a specific language
impairment seems to be going too far. Before, amusia can be declared a disability, further
research must be done to determine whether lack of musical ability is actually detrimental in any
way. If no disadvantages can be found of having amusia, then it is no more a disability than having
poor fashion sense or bad handwriting.

Question 1-5
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet
1. What does the writer tell US about people with tone deafness (amusia) in the first
paragraph?
A. They usually have hearing problems
B. Some can play a musical instrument very well
C. Some may be able to sing well-known melodies
D. They have several inabilities in regard to music

2. What is the writer doing in the second paragraph?

A. outlining some of factors that cause amusia
B. summarising some findings about people with amusia

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C. suggesting that people with amusia are disadvantaged
D. comparing the sing ability of amusia with their sense
3. What does the writer say about the relationship between language ability and musical
ability?
A People who are unable to speak can sometimes sing
B People with amusia usually have language problems too
C Speakers of tonal languages like Chinese rarely have amusia
D People with amusia have difficulty recognizing people by their voices
4. In the third paragraph, the writer notes that most amusics are able to …..
A learn how to sing in tune
B identify a song by its tune
C distinguish a sad tone from a happy tune
D recognise when a singer is not sing in tune
5. What is the writer doing in the fourth paragraph?
A claiming that amusics have problems in the auditory cortex
B outlining progress in understanding the brains of amusics
C proving that amuisa is located in the temporal lobes
D explaining why studies of hearing are difficult

Question 6-9
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage? In boxes 6-9 on
your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
6 Perezt’s research suggesting that amusia is a disorder is convincing.
7 People with musical ability are happier than those without this ability.
8 It is inappropriate to consider amusia as real disorder.
9 People with amusia often have bad handwriting.

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Question 10-14
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H below Write the correct letter, A-H in boxes
10-14 on your answer sheet
10 The reason why some people are born with amusia is
11 One of the difficulties amusia experience is
12 For amusia, discrimination of meaning in speech is
13 Certain reactions in the brain of an amusia are
14 In most cultures, musical ability is

A an inability to hear when spoken language rises and falls.

B considered to be desirable.
C an inability to follow the beat of music.
D not a problem.
E not yet well understood.
F a result of injury to the mother.
G more marked that with other people.
H associated with intelligence.

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 READING PASSAGE 2
How to Spot a Liar
However much we may abhor it, deception comes naturally to all living things. Birds do it by
feigning injury to lead hungry predators away from nesting young. Spider crabs do it by disguise:
adorning themselves with strips of kelp and other debris, they pretend to be something they are
not - and so escape their enemies. Nature amply rewards successful deceivers by allowing them
to survive long enough to mate and reproduce. So it may come as no surprise to learn that human
beings- who, according to psychologist Gerald Johnson of the University of South California, or
lied to about 200 times a day, roughly one untruth every 5 minutes- often deceive for exactly the
same reasons: to save their own skins or to get something they can't get by other means.
But knowing how to catch deceit can be just as important a survival skill as knowing how to tell a
lie and get away with it. A person able to spot falsehood quickly is unlikely to be swindled by an
unscrupulous business associate or hoodwinked by a devious spouse. Luckily, nature provides
more than enough clues to trap dissemblers in their own tangled webs- if you know where to look.
By closely observing facial expressions, body language and tone of voice, practically anyone can
recognise the tell-tale signs of lying. Researchers are even programming computers - like those
used on Lie Detector -to get at the truth by analysing the same physical cues available to the
naked eye and ear. “With the proper training, many people can learn to reliably detect lies," says
Paul Ekman, professor of psychology at the University of California, San Francisco, who has spent
the past 15 years studying the secret art of deception.
In order to know what kind of Lies work best, successful liars need to accurately assess other
people's emotional states. Ackman's research shows that this same emotional intelligence is
essential for good lie detectors, too. The emotional state to watch out for is stress, the conflict
most liars feel between the truth and what they actually say and do.
Even high-tech lie detectors don’t detect lies as such; they merely detect the physical cues of
emotions, which may or may not correspond to what the person being tested is saying.
Polygraphs, for instance, measure respiration, heart rate and skin conductivity, which tend to
increase when people are nervous - as they usually are when lying. Nervous people typically
perspire, and the salts contained in perspiration conducts electricity. That’s why sudden leap in
skin conductivity indicates nervousness -about getting caught, perhaps - which makes, in turn,
suggest that someone is being economical with the truth. On the other hand, it might also mean
that the lights in the television Studio are too hot- which is one reason polygraph tests are
inadmissible in court. “Good lie detectors don't rely on a single thing" says Ekma ,but interpret
clusters of verbal and non-verbal clues that suggest someone might be lying.”
The clues are written all over the face. Because the musculature of the face is directly connected
to the areas of the brain that processes emotion, the countenance can be a window to the soul.
Neurological studies even suggest that genuine emotions travel different pathways through the
brain than insincere ones. If a patient paralyzed by stroke on one side of the face, for example, is

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asked to smile deliberately, only the mobile side of the mouth is raised. But tell that same person
a funny joke, and the patient breaks into a full and spontaneous smile. Very few people -most
notably, actors and politicians- are able to consciously control all of their facial expressions. Lies
can often be caught when the liars true feelings briefly leak through the mask of deception. We
don’t think before we feel, Ekman says. "Expressions tend to show up on the face before we’re
even conscious of experiencing an emotion.”
One of the most difficult facial expressions to fake- or conceal, if it’s genuinely felt - is sadness.
When someone is truly sad, the forehead wrinkles with grief and the inner corners of the eyebrows
are pulled up. Fewer than 15% of the people Ekman tested were able to produce this eyebrow
movement voluntarily. By contrast, the lowering of the eyebrows associated with an angry scowl
can be replicated at will but almost everybody. “ If someone claims they are sad and the inner
corners of their eyebrows don’t go up, Ekmam says, the sadness is probably false."
The smile, on the other hand, is one of the easiest facial expressions to counterfeit. It takes just
two muscles -the zygomaticus major muscles that extend from the cheekbones to the corners of
the lips- to produce a grin. But there’s a catch. A genuine smile affects not only the corners of the
lips but also the orbicularis oculi, the muscle around the eye that produces the distinctive "crow’s
feet” associated with people who laugh a lot. A counterfeit grin can be unmasked if the corners of
the lips go up, the eyes crinkle, but the inner corners of the eyebrows are not lowered, a
movement controlled by the orbicularis oculi that is difficult to fake. The absence of lowered
eyebrows is one reason why the smile looks so strained and stiff.

Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
YES - if the statement agrees with the information NO - if the statement contradicts the
information NOT GIVEN - if there is no information on this
1 All living animals can lie.
2 Some people tell lies for self-preservation.
3 Scientists have used computers to analyze which part of the brain is
responsible for telling lies.
4 Lying as a survival skill is more important than detecting a lie.
5 To be a good liar, one has to understand other people's emotions.

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Questions 6-9
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 6-9.
6. How does the lie detector work?
A It detects whether one's emotional state is stable.
B It detects one's brain activity level.
C It detects body behavior during one's verbal response.
D It analyses one's verbal response word by word.
7. Lie detectors can't be used as evidence in a court of law because
A Lights often cause lie detectors to malfunction.
BT hey are based on too many verbal and non-verbal clues.
C Polygraph tests are often inaccurate.
D There may be many causes of certain body behavior.
8. Why does the author mention the paralyzed patients?
A To demonstrate how a paralyzed patient smiles
B To show the relation between true emotions and body behavior
C To examine how they were paralyzed
D To show the importance of happiness from recovery
9. The author uses politicians to exemplify that they can
A Have emotions.
B Imitate actors.
C Detect other people's lives.
D Mask their true feelings.
Questions 10-13
Classify the following facial traits as referring to
A sadness
B anger
C happiness
Write the correct letter A, Bor C in boxes 10-13.

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10 Inner corners of eyebrows raised
11 The whole eyebrows lowered
12 Lines formed around
13 Lines form above eyebrows

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 READING PASSAGE 3
Honey bees in trouble
Can native pollinators fill the gap?
A Recently, ominous headlines have described a mysterious ailment, colony collapse
disorder(CCD)that is wiping out the honeybees that pollinate many crops. Without honeybees,
the story goes, fields will be sterile, economies will collapse, and food will be scarce.
B But what few accounts acknowledge is that what’s at risk is not itself a natural state of affairs.
For one thing, in the United States, where CCD was first reported and has had its greatest
impacts, honeybees are not a native species. Pollination in modem agriculture isn’t alchemy, it’s
industry. The total number of hives involved in the U.S. pollination industry has been somewhere
between 2.5 million and 3 million in recent years.
Meanwhile, American farmers began using large quantities of organophosphate insecticides,
planted large-scale crop monocultures, and adopted “clean farming” practices that scrubbed
native vegetation from field margins and roadsides. These practices killed many native bees
outright—they’re as vulnerable to insecticides as any agricultural pest—and made the agricultural
landscape inhospitable to those that remained. Concern about these practices and their effects
on pollinators isn’t new—in her 1962 ecological alarm cry Silent Spring, Rachel Carson warned of
a ‘Fruitless Fall’ that could result from the disappearance of insect pollinators.
C If that ‘Fruitless Fall, has not—yet—occurred, it may be largely thanks to the honeybee, which
farmers turned to as the ability of wild pollinators to service crops declined. The honeybee has
been semi-domesticated since the time of the ancient Egyptians, but it wasn’t just familiarity that
determined this choice: the bees’ biology is in many ways suited to the kind of agricultural system
that was emerging. For example, honeybee hives can be closed up and moved out of the way
when pesticides are applied to a field. The bees are generalist pollinators, so they can be used to
pollinate many different crops. And although they are not the most efficient pollinator of every
crop, honeybees have strength in numbers, with 20,000 to 100,000 bees living in a single hive.
"Without a doubt, if there was one bee you wanted for agriculture, it would be the honeybee, “says
Jim Cane, of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The honeybee, in other words, has become a
crucial cog in the modem system of industrial agriculture. That system delivers more food, and
more kinds of it, to more places, more cheaply than ever before. But that system is also
vulnerable, because making a farm field into the photosynthetic equivalent of a factory floor, and
pollination into a series of continent-long assembly lines, also leaches out some of the resilience
characteristic of natural ecosystems.
D Breno Freitas, an agronomist, pointed out that in nature such a high degree of specialization
usually is a very dangerous game: it works well while all the rest is in equilibrium, but runs quickly
to extinction at the least disbalance. In effect, by developing an agricultural system that is heavily
reliant on a single pollinator species, we humans have become riskily overspecialized. And when
the human-honeybee relationship is disrupted, as it has been by colony collapse disorder, the
vulnerability of that agricultural system begins to become clear.

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E In fact, a few wild bees are already being successfully managed for crop pollination. “The
problem is trying to provide native bees in adequate numbers on a reliable basis in a fairly short
number of years in order to service the crop” Jim Cane says. "You’re talking millions of flowers per
acre in a two-to three-week time frame, or less, for a lot of crops.” On the other hand, native bees
can be much more efficient pollinators of certain crops than honeybees, so you don’t need as
many to do the job. For example, about 750 blue orchard bees (Osmia lignaria) can pollinate a
hectare of apples or almonds, a task that would require roughly 50,000 to 150,000 honeybees.
There are bee tinkerers engaged in similar work in many comers of the world. In Brazil, Breno
Freitas has found that Centris tarsata, the native pollinator of wild cashew, can survive in
commercial cashew orchards if growers provide a source of floral oils, such as by interplanting
their cashew trees with Caribbean cherry.
F In certain places, native bees may already be doing more than they’re getting credit for.
Ecologist Rachael Winfree recently led a team that looked at pollination of four summer crops
(tomato, watermelon, peppers, and muskmelon) at 29 farms in the region of New Jersey and
Pennsylvania. Winfiree’s team identified 54 species of wild bees that visited these crops, and
found that wild bees were the most important pollinators in the system: even though managed
honeybees were present on many of the farms, wild bees were responsible for 62 percent of
flower visits in the study. In another study focusing specifically on watermelon, Winfree and her
colleagues calculated that native bees alone could provide sufficient pollination at 90 percent of
the 23 farms studied. By contrast, honeybees alone could provide sufficient pollination at only 78
percent of farms.
G "The region I work in is not typical of the way most food is produced” Winfree admits. In the
Delaware Valley, most farms and farm fields are relatively small, each fanner typically grows a
variety of crops, and farms are interspersed with suburbs and other types of land use which
means there are opportunities for homeowners to get involved in bee conservation, too. The
landscape is a bee-friendly patchwork that provides a variety of nesting habitat and floral
resources distributed among different kinds of crops, weedy field margins, fallow fields, suburban
neighborhoods, and semi natural habitat like old woodlots, all at a relatively small scale. In other
words, ’’pollinator-friendly” farming practices would not only aid pollination of agricultural crops,
but also serve as a key element in the over all conservation strategy for wild pollinators, and often
aid other wild species as well.
H Of course, not all farmers will be able to implement all of these practices. And researchers are
suggesting a shift to a kind of polyglot agricultural system. For some small- scale farms, native
bees may indeed be all that’s needed. For larger operations, a suite of managed bees—with
honeybees filling the generalist role and other, native bees pollinating specific crops—could be
augmented by free pollination services from resurgent wild pollinators. In other words, they’re
saying, we still have an opportunity to replace a risky monoculture with something diverse,
resilient, and robust.

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Questions 1-4
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage?
In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write
YES - if the statement agrees with the information NO - if the statement contradicts the
information NOT GIVEN - if there is no information on this
1 In the United States, farmers use honeybees in a large scale over the
past few years
2 Cleaning farming practices would be harmful to farmers’
3 The blue orchard bee is the most efficient pollinator among native
bees for every crop
4 It is beneficial to other local creatures to protect native bees
Questions 5-9
Choose the correct letter, A,B,C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.
5. The example of the ‘Fruitless Fair underlines the writers point about
A needs for using pesticides.
B impacts of losing insect pollinators.
C vulnerabilities of native bees.
D benefits in building more pollination industries.
6. Why can honeybees adapt to the modem agricultural system?
A the honeybees can pollinated more crops efficiently
B The bees are semi-domesticated since ancient times.
C Honeybee hives can be protected away from pesticides.
D The ability of wild pollinators using to serve crops declines.
7. The writer mentions factories and assembly lines to illustrate
A one drawback of the industrialised agricultural system.
B a low cost in modem agriculture.
C the role of honeybees in pollination.
D what a high yield of industrial agriculture.

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8. In the 6th paragraphWInfree’s experiment proves that
A honeybee can pollinate various crops.
B there are many types of wild bees as the pollinators.
C the wild bees can increase the yield to a higher percentage
D wild bees work more efficiently as a pollinator than honey bees in certain cases
9. What does the writer want to suggest in the last paragraph?
A the importance of honey bees in pollination
B adoption of different bees in various sizes of agricultural system
C the comparison between the intensive and the rarefied agricultural system
D the reason why farmers can rely on native pollinators
Questions 10-14
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet
10 Headline of colony collapse disorder states that
11 Viewpoints of Freitas manifest that
12 Examples of blue orchard bees have shown that
13 Centris tarsata is mentioned to exemplify that
14 One finding of the research in Delaware Valley is that
A. native pollinators can survive when a specific plant is supplied.
B. it would cause severe consequences both to commerce and agriculture.
C. honey bees cannot be bred.
D. some agricultural landscapes are favorable in supporting wild bees.
E. a large scale of honey bees are needed to pollinate.

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 READING PASSAGE 4
GLOBAL WARMING IN NEW ZEALAND 2
A
New Zealand is expected to warm by about 3°C over the next century. The northern polar regions
will be more than 6°C warmer, while the large continents - also the largest centres of population -
will be 4°C or warmer. In contrast, the Southern Ocean, which surrounds New Zealand, may warm
by only 2°C. The sea will act as an air conditioner and in this aspect, New Zealand's location is
comparatively fortunate.
B
Any predictions are complicated by the variability of New Zealand’s climate. The annual
temperature can fluctuate as much as 1°C above or below the long-term average. The early
summer of 2006-7, for instance, was notably cool, thanks in part to the iceberg that drifted up the
east coast. A few months later, warm water from the Tasman Sea helped make May 2007
unusually hot. These variables will continue unaffected so that, although the general pattern will
be for rising temperatures, the warming trend may not be uniform.
C
The Ocean to the south of New Zealand will have one important effect. As the world warms, the
great bank of west winds that circle Antarctica will become stronger. This has already been
observed, and its impact on New Zealand is likely to be profound, stronger, more frequent west
winds will bring increased, sometimes catastrophic rainfall to the west coast of the country and
create drier conditions in some eastern regions that are already drought-prone. At the same time,
the general warming will spread south.
D
Furthermore, in the drier regions, the average moisture deficit - that is, the difference between the
amount of water in soils available to plants and the amount plants need for optimum growth - will
increase. Soils could go into moisture deficit earlier in the growing season and the deficits could
last longer into autumn that at present. What we think of today as a medium-severity drought
could be an almost annual occurrence by the end of the century. One direct consequence of
warmer - and shorter - winters will be a reduction in snow cover. The permanent snow line in the
mountains will rise, while snow cover below this will be shorter-lived. The amount of snow that
falls may actually increase, however, even in some northern centres, owing to the intensification
of precipitation, Ski-field base station may eventually have to be moved upwards to be within
reach of the new snow line but there could still be plenty of the white stuff up there.
E
There will also be a marked impact on New Zealand's glaciers. Over the last 100 years, the
glaciers have been reduced by 35%, although since 1978 increase snowfall has offset the effect of
warming. The latest studies conducted by the National Institute for Water and Atmospheric.

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Research (NIWA), however, suggest that by the end of the century, warming over the Southern
Alps could be significantly greater than over the rest of the country.
F
Sea levels around New Zealand have risen by 25cm since the middle of the 9th century and by 7
cm since 1990. Predictions for the coming years cover a wide range, however, partly because of
unknown rises resulting from the melting of the ice in the Arctic,
Greenland and Antarctica. In addition, sea level at any given time is affected by many different
factors, one of which is called storm surge. When a Coincides with a high tide along low lying
coastal areas, this bulge raises the tide higher than normal, creating. Surge not unlike a slow-
motion tsunami. Not only does a rise in sea level increase the potential for his sort damage, but it
also has less immediate impacts. The one potentially grave outcome is that groundwater systems
may become contaminated with saltwater, spoiling them for the irrigation of farmland, which in
turn could diminish crop harvests. Similarly, over time, estuaries may be enlarged by erosion as
tidal influences reach further upstream, altering the contours of whole shorelines and initiating
further unforeseen consequences.
G
The impacts these changes will have on New Zealand are difficult to generalize. Human systems
are better able to adapt to change than natural ecosystems because humans can see a problem
coming and plan a response. Farmers and horticulturalists have made considerable advances,
replacing crops they grow to better suit the new conditions. However, plant breeders will need to
show considerable ingenuity if they can overcome the acute water shortages that are forecast.
H
For natural ecosystems the rate of change is crucial. If it is low, the plants and animals and fish
will be able to ‘keep up’; if it is high, only the most adaptable species-those that can survive in the
widest range of ecological niches-are likely to survive. Species adapted to only a narrow range of
conditions or food sources will find adaptation much more difficult. Take tuatara, for instance.
Their sex is determined by the temperature at which the eggs are incubated in warm (currently
above 22 °C) condition become predominately male - and now males already outnumber females
by nearly two to one in some island refuges. In the mountains, as the permanent snow line moves
upwards, the tolerance zones of some alpine plants and animals may simply disappear. It should
also be remembered that global warming is just that - a global phenomenon. ‘New Zealand's own
greenhouse emissions are tiny - around 0.5% of the global total. Even if New Zealanders were to
achieve the government’s target of carbon neutrality, this would have no discernable impact on
global climate change.
I
The changes that global warming is going to bring to New Zealand during the 21st century are
going to be significant, but where the country is likely to be most vulnerable is with respect to
climate change elsewhere. New Zealand may warm more slowly than most places, but if its major
export markets undergo damaging change, the economic impact will be severe.

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Questions 1-6
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
1. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?
A The air condition in New Zealand will maintain a high quality because of the ocean
B The Southern Ocean will remain at a constant strength
C The continents will warm more than the point
D New Zealand will not warm as much as other countries in the next century because it
surrounded by sea.
2. What does the writer say about New Zealand’s variable weather?
A Temperature changes of 1°C will not be seem important in future
B Variable weather will continue, unchanged by global warming
C There was an unusually small amount of variation in 2006-2007
D Summer temperatures will vary but winter ones will be consistent
3. What is the predicted impact of conditions in the ocean to the south of New Zealand?
A New Zealand will be more affected by floods and droughts
B Antarctica will not be adversely affected by warming.
C The band of west winds will move further to the south.
D The usual west wind will no longer be reliable
4. The writer mentions ‘moisture deficit’ to show?
A The droughts will be shorter but more severe
B How the growing season will become longer.
C How growing conditions will deteriorate
D That farmers should alter the make-up of soils
5. What are the implications of global warming for New Zealand’s
A Skiing may move to lower the altitude in future.
B The ski season will be later in the year than at present.
C The northern ski field will have to move to the south
D Warming may provide more snow for some ski locations

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6. The writer refers to NIWA’s latest studies in the 3rd paragraph to show
A how a particular place could be affected by warming
B that the warming trend has been intensifying since 1978
C that freezing levels will rise throughout the century
D how the growth of glaciers is likely to cause damage
Questions 7-9
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet.

Rising sea levels

The extent of future sea level rises around New Zealand is uncertain and may be
determined in the 7……………….Another variable is sudden rises in sea level caused by
bad weather. Higher sea levels can lead to reduced 8……………and result in changes to
the shape of 9……………
A agriculture production
B tropical waters
C tidal waves
D polar regions
E global warming
F coastal land
G high tides

Questions 10-14
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 10-14
on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement is true
NO if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

18
10 The natural world is less responsive to challenges than humans.
11 The agricultural sector is being too conservative and resistant to innovation.
12 The global warming is slow; it will affect different regions in different ways.
13 The tuatara is vulnerable to changes in climate conditions.
14 New Zealand must reduce carbon emission if global warming is to be slowed.

19
 READING PASSAGE 5
Reclaiming the future of aral sea
A The Aral Sea gets almost all its water from the Amu and Syr rivers. Over millennium the Amu’s
course has drifted away from the sea, causing it to shrink. But the lake always rebounded as the
Amu shifted back again. Today heavy irrigation for crops such as cotton and rice siphons off much
of the two rivers, severely cutting flow into their deltas and thus into the sea. Evaporation vastly
outpaces any rainfall, snowmelt or groundwater supply, reducing water volume and raising
salinity. The Soviet Union hid the sea's demise for decades until 1985, when leader Mikhail
Gorbachev revealed the great environmental and human tragedy. By the late 1980s the sea's level
had dropped so much that the water had separated into two distinct bodies: the Small Aral (north)
and the Large Aral (south). By 2007 the south had split into a deep western basin, a shallow
eastern basin and a small, isolated gulf. The Large Aral's volume had dropped from 708 to only 75
cubic kilometers (km3), and salinity had risen from 14 to more than 100 grams per liter (g/1). The
1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union divided the lake between newly formed Kazakhstan and
Uzbekistan, ending a grand Soviet plan to channel in water from distant Siberian rivers and
establishing competition for the dwindling resource.
B Desiccation of the Aral Sea has wrought severe consequences. Greatly reduced river flows
ended the spring floods that sustained wetlands with freshwater and enriched sediment. Fish
species in the lakes dropped from 32 to 6 because of rising salinity and loss of spawning and
feeding grounds (most survived in the river deltas). Commercial fisheries, which caught 40,000
metric tons of fish in 1960, were gone by the mid-1980s; more than 60,000 related jobs were lost.
The most common
remaining lake occupant was the Black Sea flounder, a saltwater fish introduced in the 1970s, but
by 2003 it had disappeared from the southern lakes because salinity was more than 70 g/1,
double that of a typical ocean. Shipping on the Aral also ceased because the water receded many
kilometers from the major ports of Aralsk to the north and Moynak in the south; keeping
increasingly long channels open to the cities became too costly. Groundwater levels dropped with
falling lake levels, intensifying desertification.
C The receding sea has exposed and dried 54,000 square kilometers of seabed, which is choked
with salt and in some places laced with pesticides and other agricultural chemicals deposited by
runoff from area farming. Strong windstorms blow salt, dust and contaminants as far as 500 km.
Winds from the north and northeast drive the most severe storms, seriously impacting the Amu
delta to the south—the most densely settled and most economically and ecologically important
area in the region. Afrbome sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate kill or retard
the growth of natural vegetation and crops—a cruel irony given that irrigating those crops starves
the sea. Health experts say the local population suffers from high levels of respiratory illnesses,
throat and esophageal cancer, and digestive disorders caused by breathing and ingesting salt-
laden air and water. Liver and kidney ailments, as well as eye problems, are common. The loss of
fish has also greatly reduced dietary variety, worsening malnutrition and anemia, particularly in
pregnant women.

20
D Returning the entire Aral Sea to its 1960s state is unrealistic. The annual inflow from the Syr and
Amu rivers would have to be quadrupled from the recent average of 13 km3. The only means
would be to curtail irrigation, which accounts for 92 percent of water withdrawals. Yet four of the
five former Soviet republics in the Aral Sea basin (Kazakhstan is the exception) intend to expand
irrigation, mainly to feed growing populations. Switching to less water- intensive crops, such as
replacing cotton with winter wheat, could help, but the two primary irrigating nations, Uzbekistan
and Turkmenistan, intend to keep cotton to earn foreign currency. The extensive irrigation canals
could be greatly improved; many are simply cuts through sand, and they allow enormous
quantities of water to seep away. Modernizing the entire system could save 12 km3 a year but
would cost at least $16 billion. The basin states do not have the money or the political will.
Kazakhstan has nonetheless tried to partially restore the northern Aral.
E We expect salinities in the Small Aral to settle at three to 14 g/1, depending on location. At these
levels many more indigenous species should return, although the saltwater kambala would
disappear from most places. Further restoration is possible. For example, if irrigation
improvements raised the average annual inflow from the Syr to 4.5 km3, which is entirely feasible,
the lake's level could stabilize at about 47 meters. This change would bring the shoreline to within
eight kilometers of Aralsk, the former major port city, close enough to allow recovery of an earlier
channel that connected the city to the receding waters. The channel would give large commercial
fishing vessels access to the sea, and shipping could restart. Marshlands and fish populations
would improve even more because of a further reduction in salinity. Outflow to the southern lakes
could also increase, helping then restoration. Such a plan would require a much longer and higher
dike, as well as reconstruction of the gate facility, and it is not clear that Kazakhstan has the
means or desire to pursue it. The country is, however, now discussing more modest proposals to
bring water closer to Aralsk.
F The Large Aral faces a difficult future; it continues to shrink rapidly. Only a long, narrow channel
connects the shallow eastern basin and the deeper western basin, and this could close
altogether. If countries along the Amu make no changes, we estimate that at current rates of
groundwater in and evaporation out, an isolated eastern basin would stabilize at an area of 4,300
square kilometers (km2). But it would average only 2.5 meters deep. Salinity would exceed 100
g/1, possibly reaching 200 g/1; the only creatures that could live in it would be brine shrimp and
bacteria. The western basin’s fate depends on ground- water inflow, estimates for which are
uncertain. Someone has noted numerous fresh- water springs on the western cliffs. The most
reliable calculations indicate that the basin would settle at about 2,100 km2. The lake would still
be relatively deep, reaching 37 meters in spots, but salinity would rise well above 100 g/1.

21
Questions 1-6
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-F, in boxes 1-6 on
your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1 A mission impossible
2 An extremely worrying trend for one main part of Aral Sea
3 An uncompleted project because of political reasons
4 A promising recovery in the future
5 A strongly affected populated district
6 The disclosure of a big secret
Questions 7-9
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 7-9 on
your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
7 In response to the increasingly growing number in the population, not all
nations near the Aral Sea consider plans which will enhance the severity of the problems
the Aral Sea is faced with.
8 The willingness for Kazakhstan to take the restoration action to save the
Small Aral Sea is somehow not certain.
9 The western basin seems to have a destined future regardless of the influx
of the groundwater.
Questions 10-13
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE THAN
THREE WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on
your answer sheet.
The 10 produced by the floodwaters, which were ceased because of the
decrease in 11………………of the Aral Sea, are main sources to keep the survival of the
wetlands. The types of fishes living in it experienced a devastating tragedy out of the

22
increase in 12……………… and decrease in spots for 13……………with a good example
of the extinction of a specific fish. What is more, fisheries and shipping suffered greatly
from these vast changes.

23
 READING PASSAGE 6
REFLECTING ON THE MIRROR
In all likelihood the first mirrors would have simply been pools of water that reflected the image of
the one who looked into it. Nature’s mirror, while cheap and readily accessible, must have also
been quite frustrating with the slightest disturbance on the surface of the water making it difficult
to see clearly. It is not altogether clear when the first man-made mirrors were produced but
mirrors made of brass are mentioned in the Bible, and after that mirrors of bronze were in
common use among the ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks. In addition to bronze, the Greeks
and Romans experimented with polished silver to produce simple mirrors.
Crude forms of glass mirrors were first made in Venice in 1300. Small sheets of glass were cut
from disks made by a spinning process. When this glass was backed with a covering of tin or lead,
a ‘mirror’ resulted. During the early periods of their development, mirrors were rare and expensive.
France had glass factories but only in Venice, Italy was the secret of mirror foiling know n. The
chemical process of coating a glass surface with metallic silver was discovered by German
chemist Justus von Liebig in 1835, and this advance inaugurated the modern techniques of mirror
making.
By the end of the 17th century mirrors were made in Britain and the manufacture of mirrors
developed subsequently into an important industry in many other European countries. People
wore them in their hats, or set them like jewels in their rings. Society glittered and shone like the
firmament. A little later on, America was gripped by the mirror craze, only this time they wore
interested in larger mirrors. In house after house in residential districts and eastern cities there
could be found one long mirror after another placed between two front parlour windows.
In the manufacture of mirrors today, plate glass is cut to size, and all blemishes are removed by
polishing with rouge. The glass is scrubbed and flushed with a reducing solution before silver is
applied. The glass is then placed on a hollow, cast-iron tabletop, covered with felt, and kept warm
by steam. A solution of silver nitrate is poured on the glass and left undisturbed for about 1 hour.
The silver nitrate is reduced to a metallic silver and a lustrous deposit of silver gradually forms.
The deposit is dried, coated with shellac, and painted. Most present-day mirrors therefore, are
made up of these layers. Glass is used on top because it is smooth, clear, and protects the
reflective surface. A mirror needs to be very smooth in order for the best reflection to occur.
Mirrors may have plane or curved surfaces. A curved mirror is concave or convex depending on
whether the reflecting surface faces toward the centre of the curvature or away from it. Curved
mirrors in ordinary usage have surfaces of varying shapes. Perhaps the most common is
spherical. Spherical mirrors produce images that are magnified or reduced - exemplified, by
mirrors for applying facial makeup and by rear-view mirrors for vehicles. Cylindrical mirrors are
another common type of shape. These focus a parallel beam flight to a linear focus. A
paraboloidal mirror is one which is often used to focus parallel rays to a sharp focus, as in a
telescope mirror, or to produce a parallel beam from a source at its focus, such as a searchlight. A
less common but useful shape is the ellipsoidal. Such a mirror will reflect light from one of its two
focal points to the other.

24
While the mirror is the focus of the production, the frame plays an important albeit slightly lesser
role as the anchor by which the mirror is affixed to its proper place. From the late 17th century
onward, mirrors and their frames played an increasingly important part in the decoration of
rooms. Complementing the shiny reflective mirror, the early frames were usually of ivory, silver,
ebony, or tortoiseshell or were veneered with walnut, olive, and laburnum. Needlework and bead
frames were also to be found. Craftsmen such as Grinling Gibbons often produced elaborately
carved mirror frames to match a complete decorative ensemble. The tradition soon became
established of incorporating a mirror into the space over the mantelpiece; many of the early
versions of these mirrors, usually known as overmantels, were enclosed in glass frames. The
architectural structure of which these mirrors formed a part became progressively more
elaborate. Focusing heavily on the effect created by mirrors, 18th century designers such as the
English brothers Robert and James Adam created fireplace units stretching from the hearth to the
ceiling. Oil the whole, mirror frames reflected the general taste of the time and were often
changed to accommodate alterations in taste - frames usually being cheaper and hence more
easily replaced than the mirror itself.
By the end of the 18th century, painted decoration largely supplanted carving on mirrors, the
frames being decorated with floral patterns or classical ornaments. At the same time the French
started producing circular mirrors. Usually surrounded by a neoclassical gilt frame that
sometimes supported candlesticks, these mirrors enjoyed great popularity well into the
19thlmproved skill in mirror making also made possible die introduction of the cheval glass, a
freestanding full-length mirror, supported on a frame with four feet. These were mainly used for
dressing purposes, though occasionally they had a decorative function. New, cheaper techniques
of mirror production in the 19th century led to a great proliferation in their use. Not only were they
regularly incorporated into pieces of furniture - such as wardrobes and sideboards - they were
also used in everything from high-powered telescopes to decorative schemes in public places.
Their popularity continues today. Through them, infants are able to develop an awareness of their
individuality through ‘mirror games’. This type of emotional reflection stimulates babies to move
various parts of their body and even promotes verbal utterances.
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1 ? In boxes 1-5 on
your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement agree with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 The Creeks arid Egyptians used polished silver to make mirrors.
2 The first man-made mirrors were made of bronze.
3 Only the wealthy could afford the first mirrors.
4 The first mirrors in America were used for decoration.

25
5 Spherical mirrors are commonly used in cars.
Questions 6-9
Complete the labels on Diagram A below.
Write the correct letter A-J in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.
Diagram A: Magnified side-view of a mirror
A. rouge
B. cast iron
C. felt
D. steam
E. shellac
F. glass
G. metal
H. silver nitrate paint
I. reducing solution
6……………………………
7……………………………
8……………………………
9……………………………
Questions 10-13
Choose the correct letter A, B, C, or D.
Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.
10. The type of mirror used for looking at the stars is
A. paraboloidal.
B. spherical.
C. cylindrical.
D. ellipsoidal.
11. 17th century craftsmen
A. blended mirror frames well with other household furniture.
B. hung mirrors above fireplaces.

26
C. used mirror frames as a focus for home decoration.
D. established floral patterns as a standard for mirror frames.
12. 18th century craftsmen
A. designed furniture which highlighted the unique properties of mirrors.
B. experimented largely with mirror frames made of ebony and ivory.
C. built spherically-shaped minors.
D. experimented with ceiling mirrors around fireplaces.
13. 19th century craftsmen
A. used mirrors less than any previous time in history.
B. introduced mirrors as learning tools.
C. used mirrors extensively in bedroom furniture.
D. etched designs into mirrors.

27
 READING PASSAGE 7
Man or Machine
A
During July 2003, the Museum of Science in Cambridge, Massachusetts exhibited what Honda
calls ‘the world’s most advanced humanoid robot’, ASIMO (the Advanced Step in Innovative
Mobility). Honda’s brainchild is on tour in North America and delighting audiences wherever it
goes. After 17 years in the making, ASIMO stands at four feet tall, weighs around 115 pounds and
looks like a child in an astronaut's suit. Though it is difficult to see ASIMO’s face at a distance, on
closer inspection it has a smile and two large ‘eyes' that conceal cameras. The robot cannot work
autonomously - its actions are ‘remote- controlled’ by scientists through the computer in its
backpack. Yet watching AIMIO perform at a show in Massachusetts it seemed uncannily human.
The audience cheered as ASIMO walked forwards and backwards, side to side and up and
downstairs. After the show, a number of people told me that they would like robots to play more of
a role in daily life - one even said that the robot would be like ‘another person’.
B
While the Japanese have made huge strides in solving some of the engineering problems of
human kinetics and bipedal movements, for the past 10 years scientists at MIT’s former Artificial
Intelligence (Al) lab (recently renamed the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence
Laboratory, CSAIL) have been making robots that can behave like humans and interact with
humans. One of MIT’s robots, Kismet, is an anthropomorphic head and has two eyes (complete
with eyelids), ears, a mouth, and eyebrows. It has several facial expressions, including happy, sad,
frightened and disgusted. Human interlocutors are able to read some of the robot’s facial
expressions, and often change their behavior towards the machine as a result - for example,
playing with it when it appears ‘sad’. Kismet is now in MIT’s museum, but the ideas developed here
continue to be explored in new robots.
C
Cog (short for Cognition) is another pioneering project from MIT’s former Al lab. Cog has a head,
eyes, two arms, hands and a torso - and its proportions were originally measured from the body of
a researcher in the lab. The work on Cog has been used to test theories of embodiment and
developmental robotics, particularly getting a robot to develop intelligence by responding to its
environment via sensors, and to learn through these types of interactions.
D
MIT is getting furthest down the road to creating human-like and interactive robots. Some
scientists argue that ASIMO is a great engineering feat but not an intelligent machine - because it
is unable to interact autonomously with unpredictabilities in its environment in meaningful ways,
and learn from experience. Robots like Cog and Kismet and new robots at MIT's CSAIL and media
lab, however, are beginning to do this.
E

28
These are exciting developments. Creating a machine that can walk, make gestures and learn
from its environment is an amazing achievement. And watch this space: these achievements are
likely rapidly to be improved upon. Humanoid robots could have a plethora of uses in society,
helping to free people from everyday tasks. In Japan, for example, there is an aim to create robots
that can do the tasks similar to an average human and also act in more sophisticated situations
as firefighters, astronauts or medical assistants to the elderly in the workplace and in homes -
partly in order to counterbalance the effects of an ageing population.
F
Such robots say much about the way in which we view humanity, and they bring out the best and
worst of us. On one hand, these developments express human creativity - our ability to invent,
experiment, and to extend our control over the world. On the other hand, the aim to create a robot
like a human being is spurred on by dehumanized ideas - by the sense that human
companionship can be substituted by machines; that humans lose their humanity when they
interact with technology; or that we are a little more than surface and ritual behaviors, that can be
simulated with metal and electrical circuits.
Questions 1-6
Reading passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more
than once
1 different ways of using robots
2 a robot whose body has the same proportion as that of an adult
3 the fact that human can be copied and replaced by robots
4 a comparison between ASIMO for Honda and other robots
5 the pros and cons of creating robots
6 a robot that has eyebrows
Questions 7-13
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage 1.
Using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your
answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.
In 2003, Massachusetts displayed a robot named ASIMO which was invented by Honda,
after a period of 7…………………….in the making. The operating information is stored in the
computer in its 8………………………so that scientists can control ASIMO’s movement. While
Japan is making great progress, MIT is developing robots that are human-like and

29
can 9…………………………….Humans. What is special about Kismet is that it has
different 10……………………..which can be read by human interlocutors. 11……………………….is
another robot from MIT, whose body’s proportion is the same as an adult. By responding to the
surroundings through 12…………………………., it could develop its 13…………………………………

30
 READING PASSAGE 8
Maori Fish Hooks
A. Maori fish hooks, made from wood, bone, stone and flax, are intended to have the best
possible design and function. The hooks are designed to target specific species with precision. In
the industry of commercial long-line fishing, there are some Maori hook designs which are making
a splash.
B. When Polynesians first came New Zealand sometime within the years 1100-1300 AD, they
didn’t have the technology necessary to heat and manipulate metal out of rocks. Meanwhile, fish
was the settlers’ main food source at the time, so fishermen made their hooks and fishing gear out
of wood, bone, stone and shells. Other plants native to the island of New Zealand, like as flax
(harakeke), cabbage tree (ti) and astelia (kiekie) gave the necessary fibrous material to make
fishing lines and nets of greater or equal strength to the jute, which was being used by the
Europeans at the time. However, as a material, metal is more malleable, and can be changed into
any shape, while natural materials are limited in the shapes they can take on. The Maori fish
hooks needed to be more innovative in the ways that they dealt with these limitations.
C. Early accounts of Europeans who settled and explored New Zealand claimed that Maori
hooks, known as matau, were “odd”, “of doubtful efficacy”, “very clumsy affairs” or "impossible
looking.” Archaeologists from more recent times have also mentioned the round hook appearing
as odd, with comments such as, “shaped in a manner which makes it very difficult to imagine
could ever be effective in catching a fish.” William Anderson, who was aboard the Resolution
during Cook’s third voyage in 1777 as the ship’s surgeon, commented that the Maori “live chiefly
by fishing, making use...of wooden fish hooks pointed with bone, but so oddly made that a
stranger is at a loss to know how they can answer such a purpose.”
D. The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa did their own recent study on Maori fish
hooks two hundred and thirty years later, and were able to demonstrate that the unique hook
design was a matter of function. The hook’s design allowed it to catch fish by spinning away from
the direction of the point and catching their jaws, instead of poking a hole through the fish or by
being used as a lever, which some archaeologists also suggested. It seems that the design of the
Maori fish hook is, perhaps, the world’s most efficiently and masterfully designed fish hook, likely
superior to any modern metal fish hook of today.
E. To make larger hooks, Maori used shanks made of strong wood, with stout points made of
bone or shell. They tied tree branches and saplings together to grow them into the ideal shapes for
building, then harvested the plants when they grew to the appropriate size. They hardened wood
by carefully drying it and burying underground with fires lit above it. Human bone was often used
for bone points, which they lashed securely to a groove at the end of the shank with pre-made flax
materials (muka). When they wanted to catch larger species like sharks, groper and ling, they
used composite hook. However, average the traditional hook was usually not longer than a three
finger breadth (128 mm length).

31
F. To capture seabirds for food and feathers, like albatross, the islanders used slender hooks
which can be differentiated from other hooks intended to catch fish by their lighter build and lack
of an inturned point. Many of these hooks were collected by early explorers, suggesting that the
taking of seabirds with hook and line was an important source of food and feathers for Maori. (105
mm length). Slender hooks with wide gapes were used to capture albatross and other seabirds for
food and feathers, and can be distinguished from hooks intended to catch fish by the lighter
construction and lack of an inturned point. Early explorers collected many of these hooks which
could indicated that catching seabirds with a hook and line provided significant amounts of food
and feathers for the Maori. (105 mm length)
G. Maori adopted new materials quickly once they became available with European
explorers, sealers and whalers who began to arrive towards the end of the 1700s. At this point, the
Maori were still making their fish hooks, but now using metals and imported materials. Wooden
and flax parts of old, abandoned fish hooks decomposed quickly as traditional hooks were cast
away in favor of new ones. Tools made of luxury materials such as ivory or greenstone may have
been kept around as decorations items, with stylized Maori fish hooks seen today as a symbol of
cultural revitalization.
H. The Maori kept recreating traditional designs even as new materials poured in, preferring
hook shapes which were introduced by Pakeha into the 1800s. By following the tradition of the
rotating hook design, they remained connected with a part of their traditional culture. In the end,
though, it was only a matter of time before the amount of mass- produced metal European hooks
finally overwhelmed the area, highlighting the difficulty of making hooks from nails, horseshoes
and other metal objects, and finally the use of the traditional designs fell out of favor.
I. By the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, tourists and collectors’ demands
for Maori artifacts had grown, leading manufacturers to produce large quantities of forged hooks.
These replicas were then traded with both Maoris and Europeans to use as forgeries of the real
thing, sometimes directly commissioned by artifact dealers themselves. Fake hooks can be
spotted by their cheap construction, inconsistent materials, rudimentary lashings, odd or over-
elaborate decorative carvings, and finally, by the lack of in-turned points or angled grooves used
to actually attach the fishing line.
J. The ways that matau have changed throughout their history is somewhat symbolic of how
Maori have adapted to use European tools, materials and technology to their purposes over time,
as well as the ways that European influence and technology contributed to, rather overtook,
generally compatible Maori skills, and traditional materials were replaced or complemented by
metals and, more recently, artificial materials. Commercial longline fishermen everywhere have
begun using the circle hook design today, one that is nearly the same as the traditional matau in
both its appearance and functionality. It seems that the advantages and improved catch rates of
this Maori technology have been recognized once more.

32
Questions 1-8

The reading passage has ten paragraphs labelled A-J.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-J in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

1 Instruction on how to recognise authentic Maori hooks from counterfeit ones

2 A description of a different type of hooks that are not used to catch fish

3 An acknowledgement that Maori design and craftsmanship are still relevant

in the modern world

4 An investigation into how the hooks functioned so effectively

5 A description of how modern technology began to dominate and eventually

took over from traditional hook construction

6 A list of raw materials used to construct hooks

7 An outline of how different styles of hooks and types of materials were

employed to catch larger fish

8 An account of how the Maori employed new technology and adapted it

Questions 9-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? In boxes 9-13 on your
answer sheet, write

YES - if the statement reflects the claims of the writer

NO - if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN - if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

9 The early European settlers quickly understood how the Maori fish hook worked

10 The hook works by making a hole and embedding itself in the mouth of the fish

11 The Maoris catch seabirds by their feet

12 There used to be a demand for Maori fish hooks and many counterfeit ones were produced

13 Today European style hooks have completely replaced the traditional styles used by the
Maoris

33
 READING PASSAGE 9
The value of research into mite harvestmen
Few people have heard of the mite harvestman, and fewer still would recognize it at close range.
The insect is a relative of the far more familiar daddy longlegs. But its legs are stubby rather than
long, and its body is only as big as a sesame seed. To find mite harvestmen, scientists go to dark,
humid forests and sift through the leaf litter. The animals respond by turning motionless, making
them impossible for even a trained eye to pick out.’ They look like grains of dirt.’ said Gonzalo
Giribet, an invertebrate biologist at Harvard University.
Dr Giribet and his colleagues have spent six years searching for mite harvestmen on five
continents. The animals have an extraordinary story to tell they carry a record of hundreds of
millions of years of geological history, chronicling the journeys that continents have made around
the Earth. The Earth’s landmasses have slowly collided and broken apart again several times,
carrying animals and plants with them. These species have provided clues to the continents’
paths.
The notion of continental drift originally came from such clues. In 1911, the German scientist
Alfred Wegener was struck by the fact that fossils of similar animals and plants could be found on
either side of the Atlantic. The ocean was too big for the species to have traveled across it on their
own. Wegener speculated correctly, as it turned out that the surrounding continents had originally
been welded together in a single landmass, which he called Pangea.
Continental drift, or plate tectonics as it is scientifically known, helped move species around the
world. Armadillos and their relatives are found in South America and Africa today because their
ancestors evolved when the continents were joined. When South America and North America
connected a few million years ago, armadillos spread north, too.
Biogeographers can learn clues about continental drift by comparing related species. However,
they must also recognize cases where species have spread for other reasons, such as by crossing
great stretches of water. The island of Hawaii, for example, was home to a giant flightless goose
that has become extinct. Studies on DNA extracted from its bones show that it evolved from the
Canada goose. Having colonized Hawaii, it branched off from that species, losing its ability to fly.
This evolution occurred half a million years ago, when geologists estimate that Hawaii emerged
from the Pacific.
When species jump around the planet, their histories blur. It is difficult to say much about where
cockroaches evolved, for example, because they can move quickly from continent to continent.
This process, known as dispersal, limits many studies. ‘Most of them tend to concentrate on
particular parts of the world.' Dr Giribet said. I wanted to find a new system for studying
biogeography on a global scale Dr Giribet realized that mite harvestmen might be that system. The
5,000 or so mite harvestmen species can be found on every continent except Antarctica. Unlike
creatures found around the world like cockroaches, mite harvestmen cannot disperse well. The
typical harvestman species has a range of fewer than 50 miles. Harvestmen are not found on
young islands like Hawaii, as these types of islands emerged long after the break-up of Pangea.

34
According to Assistant Professor Sarah Boyer, a former student of Dr Giribet. ‘It’s really hard to
find a group of species that is distributed all over the world but that also doesn’t disperse very far.'
What mite harvestmen lack in mobility, they make up in age. Their ancestors were among the first
land animals, and fossils of daddy longlegs have been found in 400 million-year- ago rocks. Mite
harvestmen evolved long before Pangea broke up and have been carried along by continental drift
ever since they’ve managed to get themselves around the world only because they’ve been
around for hundreds of millions of years, Dr Boyer said. Dr Boyer, Dr Giribet and their colleagues
have gathered thousands of mite harvestmen from around the world, from which they extracted
DNA. Variations in the genes helped the scientists build an evolutionary tree. By calculating how
quickly the DNA mutated, the scientists could estimate when lineages branched off. They then
compared the harvestmen's evolution to the movements of the continents. The patterns are
remarkably clear.’ Dr Boyer said.
The scientists found that they could trace mite harvestmen from their ancestors on Pangea. One
lineage includes species in Chile South Africa, Sri Lanka and other places separated by
thousands of miles of ocean. But 150 million years ago, all those sites were in Gondwana which
was a region of Pangea.
The harvestmen preserve smaller patterns of continental drift, as well as bigger ones. After
analyzing the DNA of a Florida harvestman, Metasiro americanus, the scientists were surprised to
find that it was not related to other North American species. Its closet relatives live in West Africa.
Dr Boyer then began investigating the geological history of Florida and found recent research to
explain the mystery. Florida started out welded to West Africa near Segenal. North America than
collied into them Pangea was forming. About 170 million years ago, North America ripped away
from West Africa, taking Florida with it. The African ancestors of Florida’s harvestmen came along
the ride.
Dr Giribet now hopes to study dozens or even hundreds of species, to find clues about plate
tectonics that a single animal could not show.
QUESTIONS 1-6
Choose the correct letter A, B, Cor D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 1 -6 on your answer sheet.
27. Why is it difficult to find mite harvestmen?
A they are too small to see with naked eye.
B they can easily be confused with daddy longlegs.
C they are hard to distinguish from their surroundings.
27 they do not exist in large numbers in any one place.
28. Why are mile harvestmen of interest to Dr Giribet and his colleagues?
A they have been studied far less than most other species.

35
B they show the effects of climate on the evolution of animals.
C they have an unusual relationship with plants and other animals.
D they provide evidence relating to a field of study other than insects.
29. What factor contributed to Wegener’s idea that present-day continents used to form a
single landmass?
A changes in the level of the ocean
B the distance that species could travel
C the lack of certain fossils on one side of the Atlantic
D similarities in living conditions on both sides of the Atlantic
30. What point is made by the reference to armadillos?
A regions have both separated and become connected.
B certain animals could travel longer distances than others.
C the oldest species of animals are likely to be found in Africa.
D there is a tendency for animals to spread in a particular direction.
31. Which of the following is stated in the fifth paragraph?
A Hawaii is a habitat that cannot support large birds.
B Hawaii is an attractive habitat for certain species of birds.
C flightless birds are more likely to become extinct than others.
D the Hawaiian goose became flightless after it had reached Hawaii.
32. Why is evidence from cockroached of limited value?
A they spread too fast.
B they multiply too quickly.
C they are found in too few places.
D they have divided into too many species.
QUESTIONS 7-10
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage? In boxes 7-10
on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

36
7 The colonization of Hawaii by geese provides evidence of continental drift.
8 The reason why mite harvestmen don't exist on Hawaii can be explained.
9 The DNA of certain species has evolved more quickly than that of others.
10 Dr Boyer’s theory concerning the origins of Florida is widely accepted.
QUESTIONS 11-14
Complete the summary using the list of words A-l below.
Write the correct letter A-l in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
List of words
A branches
B fossils
C drift
D DNA
E evolution
F Pangea
G dispersal
H ancestors
I continents

The age and evolution of mite harvestmen

Some of the first creatures to live on land were the 11…………….of mite harvestmen.
Boyer, Giribet and others study differences in the 12…………….of these insects, and
trace the development of a number of 13………………….of the species.
Their evolution appears to reflect changes in the location of 14………………….. For example,
the same type of mite harvestman is found in places that are now far apart but used to form
Gondwana, part of a huge landmass.

37
 READING PASSAGE 10
Is Graffiti Art or Crime
A
The term graffiti derives from the Italian graffito meaning ‘scratching’ and can be defined as
uninvited marking or writing scratched or applied to objects, built structures and natural features.
It is not a new phenomenon: examples can be found on ancient structures around the world, in
some cases predating the Greeks and Romans. In such circumstances it has acquired invaluable
historical and archaeological significance, providing a social history of life and events at that time.
Graffiti is now a problem that has become pervasive, as a result of the availability of cheap and
quick means of mark-making.
B
It is usually considered a priority to remove graffiti as quickly as possible after it appears. This is
for several reasons. The first is to prevent ‘copy-cat’ emulation which can occur rapidly once a
clean surface is defaced. It may also be of a racist or otherwise offensive nature and many
companies and councils have a policy of removing this type of graffiti within an hour or two of it
being reported. Also, as paints, glues and inks dry out over time they can become increasingly
difficult to remove and are usually best dealt with as soon as possible after the incident. Graffiti
can also lead to move serious forms of vandalism and, ultimately, the deterioration of an area,
contributing to social decline.
C
Although graffiti may be regarded as an eyesore, any proposal to remove it from sensitive historic
surfaces should be carefully considered: techniques designed for more robust or utilitarian
surfaces may result in considerable damage. In the event of graffiti incidents, it is important that
the owners of buildings or other structures and their consultants are aware of the approach they
should take in dealing with the problem. The police should be informed as there may be other
related attacks occurring locally. An incidence pattern can identify possible culprits, as can
stylised signatures or nicknames, known as ‘tags’, which may already be familiar to local police.
Photographs are useful to record graffiti incidents and may assist the police in bringing a
prosecution. Such images are also required for insurance claims and can be helpful in cleaning
operatives, allowing them to see the problem area before arriving on site.
D
There are a variety of methods that are used to remove graffiti. Broadly these divide between
chemical and mechanical systems. Chemical preparations are based on dissolving the media;
these solvents can range from water to potentially hazardous chemical ‘cocktails’. Mechanical
systems such as wire-brushing and grit-blasting attempt to abrade or chip the media from the
surface. Care should be taken to comply with health and safety legislation with regard to the
protection of both passers-by and any person carrying out the cleaning. Operatives should follow
product guidelines in terms of application and removal, and wear the appropriate protective

38
equipment. Measures must be taken to ensure that run-off, aerial mists, drips and splashes do
not threaten unprotected members of the public. When examining a graffiti incident it is important
to assess the ability of the substrate to withstand the prescribed treatment. If there is any doubt
regarding this, then small trial areas should be undertaken to assess the impact of more extensive
treatment.
E
A variety of preventive strategies can be adopted to combat a recurring problem of graffiti at a
given site. As no two sites are the same, no one set of protection measures will be suitable for all
situations. Each site must be looked at individually. Surveillance systems such as closed-circuit
television may also help. In cities and towns around the country, prominently placed cameras
have been shown to reduce anti-social behavior of all types including graffiti. Security patrols will
also act as a deterrent to prevent recurring attacks. However, the cost of this may be too high for
most situations. A physical barriers such as a wall, railings, doors or gates can be introduced to
discourage unauthorized access to a vulnerable site. However, consideration has to be given to
the impact measures have on the structure being protected. In the worst cases, they can be
almost as damaging to the quality of the environment as the graffiti they prevent. In others, they
might simply provide a new surface for graffiti.
F
One of the most significant problems associated with graffiti removal is the need to remove it from
surfaces that are repeatedly attacked. Under these circumstances, the repeated removal of
graffiti using even the most gentle methods will ultimately cause damage to the surface material.
There may be situations where the preventive strategies mentioned above do not work or are not a
viable proposition at a given site. Anti-graffiti coatings are usually applied by brush or spray
leaving a thin veneer that essentially serves to isolate the graffiti from the surface.
G
Removal of graffiti from a surface that has been treated in this way is much easier, usually using
low-pressure water which reduces the possibility of damage. Depending on the type of barrier
selected it may be necessary to reapply the coating after each graffiti removal exercise.
Questions 1-6
Reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1 why chemically cleaning graffiti may cause damage
2 the benefit of a precautionary strategy on the gentle removal
3 the damaging and accumulative impact of graffiti on the community

39
4 the need for different preventive measures being taken to cope with graffiti
5 a legal proposal made to the owner of building against graffiti
6 the reasons for removing graffiti as soon as possible.
Questions 7-8
Choose TWO letters, A-E
Write your answers in boxes 7-8 on your answer sheet.
Which two statements are true concerning the removal of graffiti
A cocktail removal can be safer than water treatment
B small patch trial before applying large scale of removing
C Chemical treatments are the most expensive way of removing
D there are risks for both Chemical and medication method
E mechanical removals are much more applicable than Chemical treatments
Questions 9-10
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write your answers in boxes 9-10 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following preventive measures against graffiti are mentioned effectively in the
passage?
A organise more anti-graffiti movement in the city communities
B increase the police patrols on the street
C Build a new building with material repelling to water
D installing more visible security cameras
E Provide a whole new surface with a chemical coat
Questions 11-14
Complete the Summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage.
Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in
boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
Ancient graffiti is of significance and records the 11……………………..of details life for that
period. The police can recognize newly committed incidents of graffiti by the signature which is
called 12………………….that they are familiar with

40
Operatives ought to comply with relevant rules during the operation, and put on the suitable
13………………………………………
Removal of graffiti from a new type of coating surface can be much convenient of using
14 …………………………………………..

41
 READING PASSAGE 11
Book review on Musicophilia

Norman M. Weinberger reviews the latest work of Oliver Sacks on music.

A
Music and the brain are both endlessly fascinating subjects, and as a neuroscientist specialising
in auditory learning and memory, I find them especially intriguing. So I had high expectations of
Musicophilia, the latest offering from neurologist and prolific author Oliver Sacks. And I confess to
feeling a little guilty reporting that my reactions to the book are mixed.
B
Sacks himself is the best part of Musicophilia. He richly documents his own life in the book and
reveals highly personal experiences. The photograph of him on the cover of the book- which
shows him wearing headphones, eyes closed, clearly enchanted as he listens to Alfred Brendel
perform Beethoven’s Pathétique Sonata-makes a positive impression that is borne out by the
contents of the book. Sacks’ voice throughout is steady and erudite but never pontifical. He is
neither self-conscious nor self-promoting.
C
The preface gives a good idea of what the book will deliver. In it, Sacks explains that he wants to
convey the insights gleaned from the “enormous and rapidly growing body of work on the neural
underpinnings of musical perception and imagery, and the complex and often bizarre disorders to
which these are prone.” He also stresses the importance of “the simple art of observation” and
“the richness of the human context.” He wants to combine “observation and description with the
latest in technology,” he says, and to imaginatively enter into the experience of his patients and
subjects. The reader can see that Sacks, who has been practicing neurology for 40 years, is torn
between the “old-fashioned" path of observation and the new-fangled, high-tech approach: He
knows that he needs to take heed of the latter, but his heart lies with the former.
D
The book consists mainly of detailed descriptions of cases, most of them involving patients whom
Sacks has seen in his practice. Brief discussions of contemporary neuroscientific reports are
sprinkled liberally throughout the text. Part, “Haunted by Music,” begins with the strange case of
Tony Cicoria, a nonmusical, middle-aged surgeon who was consumed by a love of music after
being hit by lightning. He suddenly began to crave listening to piano music, which he had never
cared for in the past. He started to play the piano and then to compose music, which arose
spontaneously in his mind in a “torrent” of notes. How could this happen? Was the cause
psychological? (He had had a near-death experience when the lightning struck him.) Or was it the
direct result of a change in the auditory regions of his cerebral cortex? Electroencephalography
(EEG) showed his brain waves to be normal in the mid-1990s, just after his trauma and

42
subsequent “conversion” to music. There are now more sensitive tests, but Cicoria, has declined
to undergo them; he does not want to delve into the causes of his musicality. What a shame!
E
Part II, “A Range of Musicality,” covers a wider variety of topics, but unfortunately, some of the
chapters offer little or nothing that is new. For example, chapter 13, which is five pages long,
merely notes that the blind often has better hearing than the sighted. The most interesting
chapters are those that present the strangest cases. Chapter 8 is about “amusia,” an inability to
hear sounds like music, and “dysharmonia,” a highly specific impairment of the ability to hear
harmony, with the ability to understand melody left intact. Such specific “dissociations” are found
throughout the cases Sacks recounts.
F
To Sacks’s credit, part III, “Memory, Movement and Music,” brings us into the underappreciated
realm of music therapy. Chapter 16 explains how “melodic intonation therapy” is being used to
help expressive aphasic patients (those unable to express their thoughts verbally following a
stroke or other cerebral incident) once again become capable of fluent speech. In chapter 20,
Sacks demonstrates the near-miraculous power of music to animate Parkinson’s patients and
other people with severe movement disorders, even those who are frozen into odd postures.
Scientists cannot yet explain how music achieves this effect
G
To readers who are unfamiliar with neuroscience and music behavior, Musicophilia may be
something of a revelation. But the book will not satisfy those seeking the causes and implications
of the phenomena Sacks describes. For one thing, Sacks appears to be more at ease discussing
patients than discussing experiments. And he tends to be rather uncritical in accepting scientific
findings and theories.
H
It’s true that the causes of music-brain oddities remain poorly understood. However, Sacks could
have done more to draw out some of the implications of the careful observations that he and
other neurologists have made and of the treatments that have been successful. For example, he
might have noted that the many specific dissociations among components of music
comprehension, such as loss of the ability to perceive harmony but not melody, indicate that
there is no music center in the brain. Because many people who read the book are likely to believe
in the brain localisation of all mental functions, this was a missed educational opportunity.
I
Another conclusion one could draw is that there seem to be no “cures” for neurological problems
involving music. A drug can alleviate a symptom in one patient and aggravate it in another or can
have both positive and negative effects in the same patient. Treatments mentioned seem to be
almost exclusively antiepileptic medications, which “damp down” the excitability of the brain in
general; their effectiveness varies widely.

43
J
Finally, in many of the cases described here the patient with music-brain symptoms is reported to
have “normal” EEG results. Although Sacks recognises the existence of new technologies, among
them far more sensitive ways to analyze brain waves than the standard neurological EEG test, he
does not call for their use. In fact, although he exhibits the greatest compassion for patients, he
conveys no sense of urgency about the pursuit of new avenues in the diagnosis and treatment of
music-brain disorders. This absence echoes the book’s preface, in which Sacks expresses fear
that “the simple art of observation may be lost” if we rely too much on new technologies. He does
call for both approaches, though, and we can only hope that the neurological community will
respond.

Questions 1-4
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1. Why does the writer have a mixed feeling about the book?
A The guilty feeling made him so.
B The writer expected it to be better than it was.
C Sacks failed to include his personal stories in the book.
D This is the only book written by Sacks.
2. What is the best part of the book?
A the photo of Sacks listening to music
B the tone of voice of the book
C the autobiographical description in the book
D the description of Sacks’ wealth
3. In the preface, what did Sacks try to achieve?
A make a herald introduction of the research work and technique applied
B give a detailed description of various musical disorders
C explain why he needs to do away with the simple observation
D explain why he needs to do away with the simple observation
4. What is disappointing about Tony Cicoria’s case?
A He refuses to have further tests.
B He can’t determine the cause of his sudden musicality.

44
C He nearly died because of the lightening.
D His brain waves were too normal to show anything.
Questions 5-10
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1
In boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
FALSE if the statement contradicts with the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
5 It is difficult to give a well-reputable writer a less than totally favorable review.
6 Beethoven’s Pathétique Sonata is a good treatment for musical disordc
7 Sacks believes technological methods is of little importance compared
traditional observation when studying his patients.
8 It is difficult to understand why music therapy is undervalued
9 Sacks held little skepticism when borrowing other theories and findings describing reasons
and notion for phenomena he depicts in the book.
10 Sacks is in a rush to use new testing methods to do treatment for patients.
Questions 11-14
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
11 The content covered dissociations in understanding between harmon; and melody
12 The study of treating musical disorders
13 The EEG scans of Sacks’ patients
14 Sacks believes testing based on new technologies
A show no music-brain disorders.
B indicates that medication can have varied results.
C is key for the neurological community to unravel the mysteries.
D should not be used in isolation.
E indicate that not everyone can receive a good education.
F show a misconception that there is a function centre localized in the brain

45
 READING PASSAGE 12
. Communication in science
A
Science plays an increasingly significant role in people's lives, making the faithful communication
of scientific developments more important than ever. Yet such communication is fraught with
challenges that can easily distort discussions, leading to unnecessary confusion and
misunderstandings.
B
Some problems stem from the esoteric nature of current research and the associated difficulty of
finding sufficiently faithful terminology. Abstraction and complexity are not signs that a given
scientific direction is wrong, as some commentators have suggested, but are instead a tribute to
the success of human ingenuity in meeting the increasingly complex challenges that nature
presents. They can, however, make communication more difficult. But many of the biggest
challenges for science reporting arise because in areas of evolving research, scientists
themselves often only partly understand the full implications of any particular advance or
development. Since that dynamic applies to most of the scientific developments that directly
affect people's lives global warming, cancer research, diet studies - learning how to overcome it is
critical to spurring a more informed scientific debate among the broader public.
C
Ambiguous word choices are the source of some misunderstandings. Scientists often employ
colloquial terminology, which they then assign a specific meaning that is impossible to fathom
without proper training. The term "relativity," for example, is intrinsically misleading. Many
interpret the theory to mean that everything is relative and there are no absolutes. Yet although
the measurements any observer makes depend on his coordinates and reference frame, the
physical phenomena he measures have an invariant description that transcends that observer's
particular coordinates. Einstein's theory of relativity is really about finding an invariant description
of physical phenomena. True, Einstein agreed with the idea that his theory would have been better
named "Invarianten theorie." But the term "relativity" was already entrenched at the time for him
to change.
D
"The uncertainty principle" is another frequently abused term. It is sometimes interpreted as a
limitation on observers and their ability to make measurements.
E
But it is not about intrinsic limitations on any one particular measurement; it is about the inability
to precisely measure particular pairs of quantities simultaneously? The first interpretation is
perhaps more engaging from a philosophical or political perspective.
It's just not what the science is about.

46
F
Even the word "theory" can be a problem. Unlike most people, who use the word to describe a
passing conjecture that they often regard as suspect, physicists have very specific ideas in mind
when they talk about theories. For physicists, theories entail a definite physical framework
embodied in a set of fundamental assumptions about the world that lead to a specific set of
equations and predictions - ones that are borne out by successful predictions. Theories aren't
necessarily shown to be correct or complete immediately. Even Einstein took the better part of a
decade to develop the correct version of his theory of general relativity. But eventually both the
ideas and the measurements settle down and theories are either proven correct, abandoned or
absorbed into other, more encompassing theories.
G
"Global warming" is another example of problematic terminology. Climatologists predict more
drastic fluctuations in temperature and rainfall - not necessarily that every place will be warmer.
The name sometimes subverts the debate, since it lets people argue that their winter was worse,
so how could there be global warming? Clearly "global climate change" would have been a better
name. But not all problems stem solely from poor word choices. Some stem from the intrinsically
complex nature of much of modern science. Science sometimes transcends this limitation:
remarkably, chemists were able to detail the precise chemical processes involved in the
destruction of the ozone layer, making the evidence that chlorofluorocarbon gases (Freon, for
example) were destroying the ozone layer indisputable.
H
A better understanding of the mathematical significance of results and less insistence on a
simple story would help to clarify many scientific discussions. For several months, Harvard was
tortured months, Harvard was tortured by empty debates over the relative intrinsic scientific
abilities of men and women. One of the more amusing aspects of the discussion was that those
who believed in the differences and those who didn't used the same evidence about gender-
specific special ability? How could that be? The answer is that the data shows no substantial
effects. Social factors might account for these tiny differences, which in any case have an unclear
connection to scientific ability. Not much of a headline when phrased that way, is it? Each type of
science has its own source of complexity and potential for miscommunication. Yet there are
steps we can take to improve public understanding in all cases. The first would be to inculcate
greater understanding and acceptance of indirect scientific evidence. The information from an
unmanned space mission is no less legitimate than the information from one in which people are
on board.

I
This doesn't mean never questioning an interpretation, but it also doesn't mean equating indirect
evidence with blind belief, as people sometimes suggest. Second, we might need different
standards for evaluating science with urgent policy implications than research with purely

47
theoretical value. When scientists say they are not certain about their predictions, it doesn't
necessarily mean they've found nothing substantial, it would be better if scientists were more
open about the mathematical significance of their results and if the public didn't treat math as
quite so scary; statistics and errors, which tell us the uncertainty in a measurement, give us the
tools to evaluate new developments fairly.
J
But most important, people have to recognize that science can be complex. If we accept only
simple stories, the description will necessarily be distorted. When advances are subtle or
complicated, scientists should be willing to go the extra distance to give proper explanations and
the public should be more patient about the truth. Even so, some difficulties are unavoidable.
Most developments reflect work in progress, so the story is complex because no one yet knows
the big picture.
Questions 27-31
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
27 Why the faithful science communication important?
A Science plays an increasingly significant role in people's lives.
B Science is fraught with challenges public are interested in.
C The nature of complexity in science communication leads to confusion.
D Scientific inventions are more important than ever before.
28 what is the reason that the author believe for the biggest challenges for science reporting
A Phenomenon such as global warming, cancer research, diet studies are too complex.
B Scientists themselves often only partly understand the Theory of Evolution
C Scientists do not totally comprehend the meaning of certain scientific evolution
D Scientists themselves often partly understand the esoteric communication nature
29 According to 3rd paragraph, the reference to the term and example of "theory of relativity"
is to demonstrate

A theory of relativity is about an invariant physical phenomenon

B common people may be misled by the inaccurate choice of scientific phrase
C the term "relativity," is designed to be misleading public

48
D everything is relative and there is no absolutes existence
30 Which one is a good example of appropriate word choice:
A Scientific theory for uncertainty principle
B phenomenon of Global warming
C the importance of ozone layer
D Freon's destructive process on environmental
31 What is surprising finding of the Harvard debates in the passage?
A There are equal intrinsic scientific abilities of men and women.
B The proof applied by both sides seemed to be of no big difference.
C The scientific data usually shows no substantial figures to support a debated idea.
D Social factors might have a clear connection to scientific ability.
Questions 32-35
Do the following statement agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
32 "Global warming" scientifically refers to greater fluctuations in temperature and rainfall
rather than a universal temperature rise.
33 More media coverage of "global warming" would help public to recognize the
phenomenon.
34 Harvard debates should focus more on female scientist and male scientists
35 Public understanding and acceptance of indirect scientific evidence in all cases would
lead to confusion
Questions 36-40
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage Using NO MORE THAN
TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 36-
40 on your answer sheet.
Science Communication is fraught with challenges that can easily distort discussions, leading to
unnecessary confusion and misunderstandings. Firstly, Ambiguous 36………………are the source
of some misunderstandings. Common people without proper training do not understand clearly

49
or deeply a specific scientific meaning via the 37…………………scientists often employed. Besides,
the measurements any 38……………..makes can not be confined to describe in a(n) constant
39…………………..yet the phenomenon can be. What's more, even the word "theory"
can be a problem. Theories aren't necessarily shown to be correct or complete immediately since
scientists often evolved better versions of specific theories, a good example can be the theory of
40………………………..Thus, most importantly people have to recognize that science can be
complex.

50
 READING PASSAGE 13
Father of modem management 2
A
Peter Drucker was one of the most important management thinkers of the past hundred years. He
wrote about 40 book and thousands of articles and he never rested in his mission to persuade the
world that management matters. "Management is an organ of institutions ... the organ that
converts a mob into an organisation, and human efforts into performance." Did he succeed? The
range of his influence was extraordinary. Wherever people grapple with tricky management
problems, from big organizations to small ones, from the public sector to the private, and
increasingly in the voluntary sector, you can find Drucker's fingerprints.
B
His first two books - The End of Economic Man (1939) and The Future of Industrial Man (1942) -
had their admirers, including Winston Churchill, but they annoyed academic critics by ranging so
widely over so many different subjects. Still, the second of these books attracted attention with its
passionate insistence that companies had a social dimension as well as an economic purpose.
His third book, The Concept of the Corporation, became an instant bestseller and has remained
in print ever since.
C
The two most interesting arguments in The Concept of the Corporation actually had little to do
with the decentralization fad. They were to dominate his work. The first had to do with
"empowering" workers. Drucker believed in treating workers as resources rather than just as
costs. He was a harsh critic of the assembly-line system of production that then dominated the
manufacturing sector - partly because assembly lines moved at the speed of the slowest and
partly because they failed to engage the creativity of individual workers. The second argument had
to do with the rise of knowledge workers. Drucker argued that the world is moving from an
"economy of goods" to an economy of "knowledge" - and from a society dominated by an
industrial proletariat to one dominated by brain workers. He insisted that this had profound
implications for both managers and politicians. Managers had to stop treating workers like cogs in
a huge inhuman machine and start treating them as brain workers. In turn, politicians had to
realise that knowledge, and hence education, was the single most important resource for any
advanced society. Yet Drucker also thought that this economy had implications for knowledge
workers themselves. They had to come to terms with the fact that they were neither "bosses" nor
"workers", but something in between: entrepreneurs who had responsibility for developing their
most important resource, brainpower, and who also needed to take more control of their own
careers, including their pension plans.
D
However, there was also a hard side to his work. Drucker was responsible for inventing one of the
rational school of management's most successful products - "management by objectives". In one

51
of his most substantial works, The Practice of Management (1954), he emphasised the
importance of managers and corporations setting clear long¬term objectives and then translating
those long-term objectives into more immediate goals. He argued that firms should have an elite
corps of general managers, who set these long-term objectives, and then a group of more
specialised managers. For his critics, this was a retreat from his earlier emphasis on the soft side
of management. For Drucker it was all perfectly consistent: if you rely too much on empowerment
you risk anarchy, whereas if you rely too much on command-and-control you sacrifice creativity.
The trick is for managers to set long-term goals, but then allow their employees to work out ways
of achieving those goals. If Drucker helped make management a global industry, he also helped
push it beyond its business base. He was emphatically a management thinker, not just a business
one. He believed that management is "the defining organ of all modern institutions", not just
corporations.
E
There are three persistent criticisms of Drucker's work. The first is that he focused on big
organisations rather than small ones. The Concept of the Corporation was in many ways a fanfare
to big organisations. As Drucker said, "We know today that in modern industrial production,
particularly in modern mass production, the small unit is not only inefficient, it cannot produce at
all." The book helped to launch the "big organisation boom" that dominated business thinking for
the next 20 years. The second criticism is that Drucker's enthusiasm for management by
objectives helped to lead the business down a dead end. They prefer to allow ideas, including
ideas for long-term strategies, to bubble up from the bottom and middle of the organisations
rather than being imposed from on high. Thirdly, Drucker is criticised for being a maverick who has
increasingly been left behind by the increasing rigour of his chosen field. There is no single area of
academic management theory that he made his own.
F
There is some truth in the first two arguments. Drucker never wrote anything as good as The
Concept of the Corporation on entrepreneurial start-ups. Drucker's work on management by
objectives sits uneasily with his earlier and later writings on the importance of knowledge workers
and self-directed teams. But the third argument is short-sighted and unfair because it ignores
Drucker's pioneering role in creating the modern profession of management. He produced one of
the first systematic studies of a big company. He pioneered the idea that ideas can help galvanise
companies. The biggest problem with evaluating Drucker's influence is that so many of his ideas
have passed into conventional wisdom. In other words, he is the victim of his own success.
His writings on the importance of knowledge workers and empowerment may sound a little banal
today. But they certainly weren't banal when he first dreamed them up in the 1940s, or when they
were first put in to practice in the Anglo-Saxon world in the 1980s. Moreover, Drucker continued to
produce new ideas up until his 90s. His work on the management of voluntary organisations
remained at the cutting edge.
Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F

52
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list below. Write the correct number, i-ix,
in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i The popularity and impact of Drucker's work
ii Finding fault with Drucker
iii The impact of economic globalisation
iv Government regulation of business
v Early publications of Drucker's
vi Drucker's view of balanced management
vii Drucker's rejection of big business
viii An appreciation of the pros and cons of Drucker's work
ix The changing role of the employee
14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
19 Paragraph F
Questions 20-23
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 20-23 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with what is stated in the passage
NO if the statement counters to what is stated in the passage
NOT GIVEN if there is no relevant information given in the passage

20 Drucker believed the employees should enjoy the same status as the employers in a
company
21 Drucker argued the managers and politicians will dominate the economy during a social
transition

53
22 Drucker support that workers are not simply put themselves just in the employment
relationship and should develop their resources of intelligence voluntarily
23 Drucker's work on the management is out of date in moderns days
Questions 24-25
Choose TWO letters from A-E.
Write your answers in boxes 24 and 25 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following are true of Drucker's views?
A High-rank executives and workers should be put in balanced positions in management practice
B Young executives should be given chances to start from low-level jobs
C More emphasis should be laid on fostering the development of the union.
D Management should facilitate workers with tools of self-appraisal instead of controlling them
from the outside force
E Leaders should go beyond the scope of management details and strategically establish goals
Questions 26-27
Choose TWO letters from A-E.
Write your answers in boxes 26 and 27 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following are mentioned in the passage as criticisms to Drucker and his views?
A His lectures focus too much on big organisations and ignore the small ones.
B His lectures are too broad and lack of being precise and accurate about the facts.
C He put a source of objectives more on corporate executives but not on average workers.
D He acted much like a maverick and did not set up his own management groups
E He was overstating the case for knowledge workers when warning businesses to get prepared.

54
 READING PASSAGE 14
The history of the guitar
The word 'guitar' was brought into English as an adaptation of the Spanish word 'guitarra', which
was, in turn, derived from the Greek 'kithara'. Tracing the roots of the word further back into
linguistic history, it seems to have been a combination of the Indo-European stem 'guit-', meaning
music, and the root '-tar', meaning chord or string. The root '-tar' is actually common to a number
of languages, and can also be found in the word 'sitar', also a stringed musical instrument.
Although the spelling and pronunciation differ between languages, these key elements have been
present in most words for 'guitar' throughout history.
While the guitar may have gained most of its popularity as a musical instrument during the
modern era, guitar-like instruments have been in existence in numerous cultures throughout the
world for more than 5,000 years. The earliest instruments that the modern eye and ear would
recognise as a 'normal' acoustic guitar date from about 500 years ago. Prior to this time, stringed
instruments were in use throughout the world, but these early instruments are known primarily
from visual depictions, not from the continued existence of music written for them. The majority
of these depictions show simple stringed instruments, often lacking some of the parts that define
a modern guitar. A number of these instruments have more in common with the lute than the
guitar.
There is some uncertainty about the exact date of the earliest six-string guitar. The oldest one still
in existence, which was made by Gaetano Vinaccia, is dated 1779. However, the authenticity of
six-string guitars alleged to have been made prior to 1790 is often suspect, as many fakes have
been discovered dating to this era. The early nineteenth century is generally accepted as the time
period during which six-string guitars began taking on their modern shape and dimensions. Thus
for nearly two hundred years, luthiers, or guitar makers, have been producing versions of the
modern acoustic guitar.
The first electric guitar was not developed until the early twentieth century. George Beauchamp
received the first patent for an electric guitar in 1936, and Beauchamp went on to co-found
Rickenbacker, originally known as the Electro String Instrument Company. Although Rickenbacker
began producing electric guitars in the late 1930s, this brand received most of its fame in the
1960s, when John Lennon used a Rickenbacker guitar fr the Beatles' debut performance on the Ed
Sullivan show in 1964. George Harrison later bought a Rickenbacker guitar of his own, and the
company later gave him one of their earliest 12-string electric guitars. Paul McCartney also used a
Rickenbacker bass guitar for recording. The Beatles continued to use Rickenbacker guitars
throughout their career, and made the instruments highly popular among other musicians of the
era.
The Fender Musical Instruments Company and the Gibson Guitar Corporation were two other
early electric guitar pioneers, both developing models in the early 1950s. Fender began with the
Telecaster in 1950 and 1951, and the Fender Stratocaster debuted in 1954. Gibson began selling
the Gibson Les Paul, based partially on assistance from jazz musician and guitar innovator Les

55
Paul, in 1952. The majority of present day solid-body electric guitars are still based largely on
these three early electric guitar designs.
Throughout the history of the guitar, an enormous number of individuals have made their mark on
the way in which the instrument was built, played and perceived. Though some of these
individuals are particularly well known, like the Beatles or Les Paul, the majority of these people
are virtually invisible to most modern guitar fans. By looking at the entire history of the guitar,
rather than just recent developments, largely confined to electric guitars, it is possible to see
more of the contributions of earlier generations.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
1 Despite differences in 1……………………, ‘guit-‘ and ‘
2 Instruments that we would call acoustic guitars have been made and played for
approximately 2……………………….
3 No one knows the 3………………… when the first six-string guitar was made.
4 The 4…………………………of acoustic guitars have not changed much in 200 years.
5 A 5……………………for an electric guitar was issued in the mid-1930s.
6 Les Paul, the well-known 6………………..guitarist, was involved in the development
of the electric guitar.
7 Most 7 ………………….of the guitar know little about its rich history.
Questions 8-13 Complete the summary.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Instruments similar to the guitar have been played by musicians for over
8…………………….years. What we know about many of these instruments comes from
9……………………… rather than actual physical examples or music played on them. In some
ways, these early stringed instruments were closer to 10 ……………………..than the guitar as
we know it today. We do have examples of six-string guitars that are 200 years old.
However, the 11…………….. of six-string guitars made by guitar makers (who are
also known as 12………………….) before the final decade of the eighteenth century is often
open to question. Although the electric guitar was invented in the 1930s, it took several decades
for electric guitars to develop, with the company Rickenbacker playing a major part in this
development. Most 13……………………………. electric guitars in use today are similar in design to
guitars produced by the Fender Musical Instruments Company and the Gibson Guitar Corporation
in the 1950s.

56
 READING PASSAGE 15
Ancient Storytelling
A
It was told, we suppose, to people crouched around a fire: a tale of adventure, most likely- relating
some close encounter with death; a remarkable hunt, an escape from mortal danger; a vision, or
something else out of the ordinary. Whatever its thread, the weaving of this story was done with a
prime purpose. The listeners must be kept listening. They must not fall asleep. So, as the story
went on, its audience should be sustained by one question above all. What happens next?
B
The first fireside stories in human history can never be known. They were kept in the heads of
those who told them. This method of storage is not necessarily inefficient. From documented oral
traditions in Australia, the Balkans and other parts of the world we know that specialised
storytellers and poets can recite from memory literally thousands of lines, in verse or prose,
verbatim-word for word. But while memory is rightly considered an art in itself, it is clear that a
primary purpose of making symbols is to have a system of reminders or mnemonic cues - signs
that assist us to recall certain information in the mind's eye.
C
In some Polynesian communities a notched memory stick may help to guide a storyteller through
successive stages of recitation. But in other parts of the world, the activity of storytelling
historically resulted in the development or even the invention of writing systems. One theory
about the arrival of literacy in ancient Greece, for example, argues that the epic tales about the
Trojan War and the wanderings of Odysseus - traditionally attributed to Homer - were just so
enchanting to hear that they had to be preserved. So the Greeks, C.750-700BC, borrowed an
alphabet from their neighbors in the eastern Mediterranean, the Phoenicians.
D
The custom of recording stories on parchment and other materials can be traced in many
manifestations around the world, from the priestly papyrus archives of ancient Egypt to the birch-
bark scrolls on which the North American Ojibway Indians set down their creation-myth.
It is a well-tried and universal practice: so much so that to this day storytime is probably most
often associated with words on paper. The formal practice of narrating a story aloud would seem-
so we assume to have given way to newspapers, novels and comic strips. This, however,

57
is not the case. Statistically it is doubtful that the majority of humans currently rely upon the
written word to get access to stories. So what is the alternative source?
E
Each year, over 7 billion people will go to watch the latest offering from Hollywood, Bollywood and
beyond. The supreme storyteller of today is cinema. The movies, as distinct from still
photography, seem to be an essentially modem phenomenon. This is an illusion, for there are, as
we shall see, certain ways in which the medium of film is indebted to very old precedents of
arranging 'sequences' of images. But any account of visual storytelling must being with the
recognition that all storytelling beats with a deeply atavistic pulse: that is, a 'good story' relies
upon formal patterns of plot and characterisation that have been embedded in the practice of
storytelling over many generations.
F
Thousands of scripts arrive every week at the offices of the major film studios. But aspiring
screenwriters really need look no further for essential advice than the fourth-century BC Greek
Philosopher Aristotle. He left some incomplete lecture notes on the art of telling stories in various
literary and dramatic modes, a slim volume known as The Poetics. Though he can never have
envisaged the popcorn-fuelled actuality of a multiplex cinema, Aristotle Is almost prescient about
the key elements required to get the crowds flocking to such a cultural hub. He analyzed the
process with cool rationalism. When a story enchants US, we lose the sense of where we are; we
are drawn Into the story so thoroughly that we forget It is a story being told. This is, in Aristotle's
phrase, 'the suspension of disbelief.
G
We know the feeling. If ever we have stayed in our seats, stunned with grief, as the credits roll by,
or for days after seeing that vivid evocation of horror have been nervous about taking a shower at
home, then we have suspended disbelief. We have been caught, or captivated, in the storyteller's
web. Did it all really happen? We really thought so for a while. Aristotle must have witnessed often
enough this suspension of disbelief. He taught at Athens, the city where theater developed as a
primary form of civic ritual and recreation. Two theatrical types of storytelling, tragedy and
comedy, caused Athenian audiences to lose themselves in sadness and laughter respectively.
Tragedy, for Aristotle, was particularly potent in its capacity to enlist and then purge the emotions
of those watching the story unfold on the stage, so he tried to Identify those factors in the
storyteller's art that brought about such engagement. He had, as an obvious sample for analysis,
not only the fifth-century BC masterpieces of Classical Greek tragedy written by Aeschylus,
Sophocles and Euripides. Beyond them stood Homer, whose stories even then had canonical
status: The Iliad and The Odyssey were already considered literary landmarks-stories by which all
other stories should be measured. So what was the secret of Homer's narrative art?

58
H
It was not hard to find. Homer created credible heroes. His heroes belonged to the past, they were
mighty and magnificent, yet they were not, in the end, fantasy figures. He made his heroes sulk,
bicker, cheat and cry. They were, in short, characters - protagonists of a story that an audience
would care about, would want to follow, would want to know what happens next. As Aristotle saw,
the hero who shows a human side-some flaw or weakness to which mortals are prone-is
intrinsically dramatic.d by logging.
Questions 14-18
The Reading Passage has eight paragraphs A-H Which paragraph contains the following
information?
Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
14 A misunderstanding of a modern way for telling stories
15 The typical forms mentioned for telling stories
16 The fundamental aim of storytelling
17 A description of reciting stones without any assistance
18 How to make story characters attractive
Questions 19-22
Classify the following information as referring to
A adopted the writing system from another country
B used organic materials to record stories
C used tools to help to tell stories
Write the correct letter, A, B or C in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.
19 Egyptians
20 Ojibway
21 Polynesians
22 Greek
Questions 23-26
Complete the sentences below with ONE WORD ONLY from the passage. Write your answer in
boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.
23 Aristotle wrote a book on the art of storytelling called
24 Aristotle believed the most powerful type of story to move listeners is

59
25 Aristotle viewed Homers works as
26 Aristotle believed attractive heroes should have some

60
61
R1 When people are deaf’ to music R2. How to Spot a Liar
1. D 1. YES
2. B 2. YES
3. A 3. NOT GIVEN
4.C 4. NO
5. B 5. YES
6. NO 6. C
7. NOT GIVEN 7. D
8. YES 8. B
9. NOT GIVEN 9. D
10. E 10. A
11.c 11. B
12. D 12. C
13. G 13. A
14. B
R3. Honey bees in trouble R4. GLOBAL WARMING IN NEW ZEALAND 2
1. YES 1. D
2. NOT GIVEN 2. B
3. NO 3. A
4. YES 4. C
5. B 5. D
6. C 6. A
7. A 7. D
8. D 8. A
9. B 9. F
10. B 10. YES
11. F 11. NOT GIVEN
12. E 12. NOT GIVEN
13. A 13. YES
14. D 14. NO
R5. Reclaiming the future of aral sea R6. REFLECTING ON THE MIRROR
1. D 1. FLASE
2. F 2. FLASE
3. A 3. TRUE
4. E 4. NOT GIVEN
5. C 5. TRUE
6. A 6. H
7. TRUE 7. E
8. TRUE 8. I
9. FALSE 9. F
10. freshwater and sediment 10. A
11. river flows 11. A
12. salinity 12. A
13. spawning and feeding 13. C

62
R7. Man or Machine R8. Maori Fish Hooks
1. E 1.1
2. C 2. F
3. F 3. J
4. D 4. D
5. F 5. H
6. B 6. B
7. 17 years 7. E
8. backpack 8. G
9. interact with 9. NO
10. facial expressions 10. NO
11. Cognition 11. NOT GIVEN
12. sensors 12. YES
13. intelligence 13. NO
R9. The value of research into mite R10. Is Graffiti Art or Crime
harvestmen 1. D
1.C 2. G
2. D 3. B
3. B 4. E
4. A 5. C
5. D 6. B
6. A 7. B
7. NO 8. D
8. YES 9. B
9. NOT GIVEN 10. D
10. NOT GIVEN 11. Social history
11.H 12. tag
12. D 13. protective equipment
13. A
14. I
R11. Book review on Musicophilia R12. Communication in science
1. B 27. A
2. c 28. C
3. A 29. B
4. A 30. D
5. YES 31. B
6. NOT GIVEN 32. YES
7. NO 33. NOT GIVEN
8. NOT GIVEN 34. NOT GIVEN
9. YES 35. NO
10. NO 36. word choices
11. F 37. colloquial terminology
12. B 38. observer
13. A 39. invariant description
14. D 40. (theory of) general relativity

63
R13. R14. The history of the guitar
Father of modem management 2 1. spelling and pronunciation
14. i 2. five hundred years
15. v 3. exact date
16. ix 4. shape and dimensions
17. vi 5. patent
18. ii 6. jazz
19. viii 7. fans
20. NOT GIVEN 8. five thousand
21. NOT GIVEN 9. visual depictions
22. YES 10. the lute
23. NO 11. authenticity
24. A 12. luthiers
25. E 13. solid-body
26. A
27. C
R15. Ancient Storytelling
14. E
15. G
16. A
17. B
18. H
19. B
20. B
21. C
22. A
23. the Poetics
24. tragedy
25. landmarks
26. flaw/weakness

64