8 Queens problem

Performance measure

 Target: In this section, we look into the performance measures of 8-queens problem.
That is, finding all possible arrangements of eight queens on an 8x8 chess board such
that no two queens threaten each other.
 Criteria for success:
 The solution should have all eight queens placed.
 No two queens should be in the same row or column and none of them should
be in adjacent to one another on the diagonal.
 If there is a count measure, then all different solutions can also be counted.

Environment

 Description: The environment for this problem consists of the 8x8chessboard

 Details:
 This board consists of a grid measuring 8 by 8 and containing 64 squares.
 There are several constraints in place which mean that it’s not possible for any
two queens to share a common row, column or diagonal line with each other at
any given time.
 The environment begins in its initial state as being void (i.e., having no placed
queens).
 Actuators

 Definition: Actuators are those mechanisms by which the agent modifies its
surroundings or interacts with it
 For the eight Queens Problem;
 Actuators refer to queen placements on a board in specific rows and
columns.
 Actuators within algorithms could correspondingly include methods or
functions for placing a queen onto a specified square and updating condition
of boards respectively

Sensors

 Definition: Sensors are agents enabling perception of the surrounding environment.

 For the Eight Queens Problem;
 Sensors would include methods or functions that check whether placing a
queen on a given square is valid or not.
 This involves checking rows, columns, and diagonals for any existing queens
that would threaten the newly placed queen.

Correct Solution:

Incorrect Solution:
 PEAS Specification for VLSI layout problem
Performance

What we want to achieve.

• Goals: Make the chip fast, efficient in power usage, and small in size.
• AI Role: AI helps to design the chip to meet these goals.

Environment
The conditions and rules we work within.
• Constraints: The design rules and limitations that must be followed, like how
close components can be to each other and the maximum power usage.
• AI Role: AI must respect these rules and limitations while designing the layout.

Actuators
The actions AI can take to modify the design.
• Actions: AI can decide where to place components, how to connect them, and
make adjustments to their sizes.
• AI Role: AI makes these decisions to improve the chip's performance.

Sensors
The information AI uses to make decisions.
• Data: Information on how much power is being used, how fast signals travel, heat
distribution, and whether the design follows all rules.
• AI Role: AI uses this data to assess and refine the design.

Example
Imagine an AI working on designing a computer chip:
• Performance: The AI aims to make the chip as fast as possible, use minimal
power, and be compact.
• Environment: The AI has to follow specific design rules and stay within
manufacturing limits.
• Actuators: The AI can move components around, decide how they are connected,
and change their sizes.
• Sensors: The AI collects data on power usage, speed, heat, and rule
compliance to inform its decisions.
By continuously adjusting the layout based on this information, the AI finds the best
possible chip design.
 WUMPUS WORLD
Performance Measure:

 +1000 reward points if the agent comes out of the cave with the gold.
 -1000 points penalty for being eaten by the Wumpus or falling into the pit.
 -1 for each action, and -10 for using an arrow.
 The game ends if either agent dies or came out of the cave.

Environment:

 A 4*4 grid of rooms.

 The agent initially in room square [1, 1], facing toward the right.
 Location of Wumpus and gold are chosen randomly except the first square [1,1].
 Each square of the cave can be a pit with probability 0.2 except the first square.

Actions/Actuators:

 The agent can move Forward, TurnLeft by 90◦, or TurnRight by 90◦.

 The agent dies a miserable death if it enters a square containing a pit or a live
wumpus.
 If an agent tries to move forward and bumps into a wall, then the agent does not
move.
 The action Grab can be used to pick up the gold if it is in the same square as the
agent.
 The action Shoot can be used to fire an arrow in a straight line in the direction the
agent is Facing.
 The arrow continues until it either hits (and hence kills) the wumpus or hits a wall.
 The agent has only one arrow, so only the first Shoot action has any effect.
 Finally, the action Climb can be used to climb out of the cave, but only from square
[1,1].

Sensors:

 The agent has five sensors, each of which gives a single bit of information:
 In the square containing the wumpus and in the directly (not diagonally) adjacent
squares, The agent will perceive a Stench.
 In the squares directly adjacent to a pit, the agent will perceive a Breeze.
 In the square where the gold is, the agent will perceive a Glitter.
 When an agent walks into a wall, it will perceive a Bump.
 When the wumpus is killed, it emits a woeful Scream that can be perceived
anywhere in the Cave.
 The percepts will be given to the agent program in the form of a list of five symbols;
-For example: if there is a stench and a breeze, but no glitter, bump, or scream, the
agent program Will get
[Stench, Breeze, None, None, None].
 Search Problems
Performance Measure

 Optimal solution path (shortest, cheapest, fastest, etc.)

 Resource utilization (memory, computation time)

 Solution quality (how closely it matches the goal state)

Environment

 Discrete or continuous state space

 Static or dynamic

 Deterministic or stochastic

 Fully or partially observable

 Single or multi-agent

Actuators

 Actions that can be taken (e.g., move left, move right, pick up, put down)

Sensors

 Information available about the current state (e.g., position, object locations, sensor
readings)
 VACUUM CLEANER AGENT

Performance measure:

 Cleanliness of the floor (e.g., percentage of area cleaned).

 Efficiency (e.g., time taken to clean).
 Energy consumption (e.g., battery usage).
 Avoidance of obstacles and damage to the vacuum cleaner.

Environment:

 A house or an office with rooms, furniture, and possibly stairs.

 Types of floors (e.g., carpet, hardwood).
 Presence of dirt, dust, and other debris.

Actuators:

 Wheels or tracks for movement.

 Suction mechanism to collect dirt.
 Brushes or agitators to loosen dirt.
 Possibly a dump mechanism to empty the dirt collection bin.
 Sensors cleaning mechanism.

Sensors:

 Dirt sensors to detect dirty spots.

 Bump sensors to detect obstacles.
 Cliff sensors to avoid stairs or edges.
 Optical sensors or cameras to map and navigate the environment.
 Battery level sensors to monitor energy usage.

This description outlines how a vacuum cleaner agent interacts with its environment and
the tools it uses to achieve its goal of cleaning efficiently.
 Protein Design

Performance Measure: The performance of protein design is measured by the accuracy in

predicting the 3D structure, the stability of the designed protein, its functionality (such as
binding affinity and catalytic activity), and the efficiency of the design process in terms of
computational resources used.

Enbvironment: The environment for protein design includes computational simulations of

protein folding and interactions, biological systems for testing designed proteins (both in
vitro and in vivo), databases of existing protein structures and functions, and design
constraints like thermodynamic stability and biological viability.

Actuators: The actuators in protein design are the algorithms used for designing proteins,
which include machine learning models, evolutionary algorithms, and molecular dynamics
simulations, as well as software tools for modeling and visualizing protein structures (such
as PyMOL and Rosetta), and automated systems for synthesizing and testing designed
proteins in the lab.

Sensors: The sensors for protein design consist of feedback from computational models
indicating the design’s success in silico, experimental data from lab tests on synthesized
proteins (like spectroscopy and crystallography), data from biological assays assessing
protein activity and stability, and databases providing information on known protein
structures for comparison and validation.S
 ROUTE FINDING PROBLEM

In AI and planning, the PEAS (Performance measure, Environment, Actuators, Sensors)

framework is a useful tool for specifying the components of an intelligent agent. For route
finding problems, the PEAS specification helps to define how an agent should operate within
its environment. Here’s how you might specify the PEAS components for a route-finding
problem:

Performance Measure

The performance measure evaluates how well the agent is achieving its goal. For route-
finding, typical performance measures might include:

- **Shortest Path**: The length of the path found; the goal is to minimize this length.

- **Time Taken**: The time or number of steps required to find the route.

- **Efficiency**: Computational resources used, such as memory or processing time.

- **Optimality**: Whether the route is the best possible route according to some criteria
(e.g., shortest, least congested).

Environment

The environment encompasses everything the agent interacts with to achieve its goal. In
route finding, the environment usually consists of:

- **Map/Grid/Network**: The layout of the space in which the agent is navigating, which
may be represented as a graph, grid, or another structure.

- **Start and Goal Locations**: The initial position and the target destination.

- **Obstacles/Constraints**: Features in the environment that affect movement, such as

obstacles, restricted areas, or traffic conditions.

- **Dynamic Elements**: Factors that may change over time, like traffic, road closures, or
dynamic obstacles.
Actuators

Actuators are the mechanisms by which the agent acts upon the environment. For a route-
finding agent, actuators might include:

- **Movement Commands**: Instructions to move in specific directions or steps (e.g., move

north, south, east, west; turn left or right).

- **Path Adjustments**: Commands to adjust the planned path based on new information
or constraints.

Sensors

Sensors provide the agent with information about the environment. For route-finding,
sensors might involve:

- **Position Sensor**: Determines the current location of the agent.

- **Environmental Sensors**: Detect obstacles, map features, or changes in the

environment.

- **Distance Sensors**: Measure distances to the goal or between waypoints.

- **Traffic Sensors**: Monitor conditions such as traffic congestion or road closures, if

applicable.

By specifying these components, you define how an agent should function in a route-finding
scenario, enabling effective problem-solving strategies and performance evaluations.
 ROBOT NAVIGATION
In artificial intelligence (AI), a robot navigation problem involves guiding a robot from a start
location to a destination within a given environment, avoiding obstacles and optimizing
certain criteria like time, distance, or energy consumption. To understand this problem
better, it can be broken down using the PEAS framework, which stands for Performance
measure, Environment, Actuators, and Sensors. Here's how the PEAS framework applies to
robot navigation:

PEAS OF ROBOT NAVIGATION

1. Performance Measure

The performance measure defines the criteria used to evaluate the success of the robot
navigation. Common performance measures include:

Distance traveled: Minimizing the total distance from start to destination.

Time taken: Minimizing the time taken to reach the destination.
Energy consumption: Minimizing the energy used by the robot.
Safety: Avoiding obstacles and ensuring the robot's safety.

2. Environment

The environment refers to the setting in which the robot operates. It can vary significantly
and impacts the complexity of the navigation problem. Examples include:

Static environment: The environment does not change over time, with fixed obstacles and
layout.
Dynamic environment: The environment changes over time, with moving obstacles or
changing layouts. Known
environment: The robot has prior knowledge of the environment's layout.
Unknown environment: The robot must explore and map the environment as it navigates.

3. Actuators

Actuators are the mechanisms that allow the robot to move and interact with its
environment. Common actuators in robot navigation include:
Wheels: For wheeled robots, allowing movement along flat surfaces.
Legs: For legged robots, enabling movement over uneven terrain.
Arms: For manipulative tasks, such as opening doors or moving obstacles.

4. Sensors

Sensors provide the robot with information about its environment and its own state.
Essential sensors for navigation include:

LIDAR: Light Detection and Ranging, used for measuring distances and mapping the
environment.

Cameras: For visual perception and object recognition.GPS: For global positioning and
location tracking.
IMU: Inertial Measurement Unit, for measuring acceleration and orientation.
Sonar/Ultrasound: For detecting obstacles and measuring distances in close proximity.

Example of a Robot Navigation Problem

Consider a robot tasked with delivering packages within a warehouse. The PEAS description
might look like this:

Performance Measure: Minimize delivery time, avoid collisions, and ensure accurate
delivery to specified locations.
Environment: A dynamic, known environment with fixed shelving units and moving human
workers and other robots.
Actuators: Wheels for movement and an arm for picking up and placing packages.
Sensors: LIDAR for mapping and obstacle detection, cameras for package recognition, and
GPS for location tracking within the warehouse.

In summary, the robot navigation problem is a complex AI challenge involving optimizing

various performance measures within diverse environments using a combination of
actuators and sensors.
 TOURING PROBLEMS
In the context of AI and robotics, PEAS stands for *Performance measure, Environment,
Actuators, and Sensors*. It is a framework used to define and structure the specifications of
an intelligent agent. Let's break down the PEAS description for the touring problem, where
an autonomous vehicle needs to navigate and tour various locations:

1. *Performance Measure*:

- Coverage: The vehicle should visit as many predefined locations as possible.

- Efficiency: The vehicle should minimize the total distance traveled or time taken.

- Safety: The vehicle should avoid obstacles and accidents.

- Passenger Comfort: Smooth driving without abrupt stops or turns.

- User Satisfaction: Meeting user preferences and requests for specific routes or
destinations.

2. *Environment*:

- Roads and Highways: Different types of road conditions and traffic scenarios.

- Urban Areas: City streets with pedestrians, traffic lights, and varying traffic density.

- Rural Areas: Less traffic but potentially more unpredictable elements like animals or
unpaved roads.

- Weather Conditions: Rain, snow, fog, and other weather conditions affecting visibility
and road conditions.

- Dynamic Elements: Other vehicles, pedestrians, and potential construction zones.

3. *Actuators*:

- Steering: Controlling the direction of the vehicle.

 - Accelerators: Controlling the vehicle's speed.

- Brakes: Stopping or slowing down the vehicle.

- Indicators: Signaling turns or lane changes.

- Doors: Opening and closing for passengers.

4. *Sensors*:

- Cameras: Visual input for detecting road conditions, signs, and obstacles.

- Lidar/Radar: Distance measurement to detect objects and their proximity.

- GPS: Determining the vehicle's location and navigation.

- Speedometers: Measuring the vehicle's speed.

- Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs): Detecting acceleration and orientation.

- Microphones: Detecting sounds such as sirens or honking.

This structured PEAS description helps in designing the intelligent agent (the touring vehicle)
by clearly defining its objectives, the context it operates in, and the tools it uses to
achieve its goals.
 AIRLINE TRAVEL PROBLEM

To analyze a problem in the context of airline travel using PEAS (Performance measure,
Environment, Actuators, and Sensors), you need to break down the problem into these four
components. Here's how you might apply PEAS to a typical airline travel problem, such as
optimizing flight scheduling:

Problem: Optimizing Flight Scheduling

1. Performance Measure:

- On-Time Performance: Percentage of flights that depart and arrive on time.

- Passenger Satisfaction: Levels of customer satisfaction with flight schedules.

- Cost Efficiency: Reduction in operational costs related to scheduling.

- Utilization of Resources: Effective use of aircraft and crew.

- Regulatory Compliance: Adherence to aviation regulations and guidelines.

2. Environment:

- Airports: Locations of departure and arrival airports.

- Air Traffic Control: Air traffic management systems and regulations.

- Weather Conditions:* Weather patterns affecting flight schedules.

- Aircraft Availability: Status and availability of aircraft.

- Crew Scheduling: Availability and scheduling of pilots and flight attendants.

- Passenger Demand: Demand for flights on specific routes at different times.

3. Actuators:

- Flight Scheduling System: Software and systems used to create and manage flight
schedules.

- Air Traffic Management Systems: Systems used to control and manage aircraft
movements.

- Communication Systems: Tools used for communication between airlines, airports, and
passengers.

- Maintenance Facilities: Systems and procedures for maintaining aircraft.

4. Sensors:

- Flight Tracking Systems: Systems that monitor real-time flight status and location.

- Weather Sensors: Instruments that provide current weather conditions and forecasts.

- Booking Systems: Data from passenger reservations and cancellations.

- Aircraft Sensors: Systems that monitor the status of aircraft (e.g., fuel levels, mechanical
status).
 Assembly sequencing problem

Assembly sequencing in artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the process of determining the
most efficient sequence of operations for assembling a product. It leverages AI techniques
to optimize the assembly process, aiming to reduce time, cost, and errors. Key elements of
assembly sequencing include:

1. Task Scheduling: AI algorithms determine the optimal order of tasks, ensuring that
dependencies and constraints are respected.

2. Path Planning: AI helps in planning the movement of robotic arms or automated systems,
finding the shortest and safest paths.

3. Error Detection and Correction: Real-time monitoring and correction of errors using AI,
improving reliability and reducing downtime.

4. Resource Allocation: AI ensures that all necessary resources (tools, parts, etc.) are
available at the right times, optimizing workflow.

PEAS Description

PEAS stands for *Performance measure, Environment, Actuators, and Sensors*. It's a
framework used to describe the components of an intelligent agent.

1. Performance Measure:

- Efficiency: Minimizing assembly time and resource usage.

- Accuracy: Reducing errors and defects in the final product.

- Cost-effectiveness: Lowering overall production costs.

- Flexibility: Ability to adapt to changes in design or process.

2. Environment:

- Dynamic: The assembly line can change, requiring the AI to adapt.

- Structured: Pre-defined assembly steps and sequences.

- Partially Observable: Some aspects, like the exact state of a part, may not always be
visible.

- Multi-agent: Multiple robots or workers might be involved in the process.

3. Actuators:

- Robotic Arms: For assembling parts.

- Conveyors: To move parts between stations.

- Tools: For fastening, welding, or other assembly operations.

4. Sensors:

- Cameras: For visual inspection and guidance.

- Force Sensors: To detect proper assembly and avoid damage.

- Proximity Sensors: To ensure parts are correctly aligned.

- Barcode/RFID Scanners: For tracking parts and ensuring correct components are used.

By applying the PEAS framework, we can design and evaluate AI systems for assembly
sequencing, ensuring they meet the desired performance measures in their
specific environment.
 TOMATO CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

For a tomato classifier machine—an AI system designed to classify tomatoes based on

certain attributes such as ripeness, size, or type—here’s how you might specify the PEAS
(Performance measure, Environment, Actuators, Sensors) components:

Performance Measure

The performance measure evaluates how well the tomato classifier is achieving its goals. For
a tomato classifier, this might include:

 Accuracy: The proportion of tomatoes correctly classified compared to the total

number of tomatoes.
 Precision and Recall: For each class (e.g., ripe, unripe, overripe), the precision (true
positives divided by true positives plus false positives) and recall (true positives
divided by true positives plus false negatives).
 Processing Speed: Time taken to classify each tomato.
 Error Rate: The rate at which the classifier makes incorrect predictions.
 User Satisfaction: If applicable, how satisfied users are with the classification results.

Environment

The environment encompasses everything the classifier interacts with. For a tomato
classifier, the environment might include:

 Tomatoes: The actual objects being classified, which may vary in size, color, shape,
and condition.
 Classification Criteria: The attributes or categories used for classification, such as
ripeness levels (e.g., under-ripe, ripe, over-ripe) or types of tomatoes (e.g., cherry,
beefsteak).
 Lighting Conditions: The lighting under which the tomatoes are observed, which can
affect image quality.
 Background and Surroundings: The physical setup where tomatoes are presented
for classification.

Actuators

Actuators are the mechanisms by which the classifier acts upon the environment or
presents its results. For a tomato classifier, actuators might include:

 Display Output: Showing the classification results to users on a screen or interface.

  Sorting Mechanism: In automated systems, physically sorting or moving tomatoes
based on classification results (e.g., directing ripe tomatoes to one bin and unripe to
another).
 Alerts/Notifications: Generating alerts or notifications if certain conditions are met
(e.g., notifying a user when a tomato is classified as overripe).

Sensors

Sensors provide the classifier with information about the tomatoes and their environment.
For a tomato classifier, sensors might include:

 Cameras: Capturing images or video of the tomatoes for analysis.

 Image Sensors: Providing detailed visual data for classification algorithms.
 Color Sensors: Measuring color attributes of the tomatoes to assess ripeness.
 Size/Shape Sensors: Measuring the dimensions or shape of the tomatoes if the system is
equipped with such sensors.

By defining these components, you provide a clear framework for designing, implementing,
and evaluating the tomato classifier machine, ensuring that it performs effectively in its
intended environment.
 PEAS SPECIFICATION FOR BIOMETRICS ANALYSIS SYSTEM

For a biometric analysis system—an AI-based system designed to identify or verify

individuals based on biometric data such as fingerprints, facial features, or iris patterns—the
PEAS (Performance measure, Environment, Actuators, Sensors) specification would look like
this:

Performance Measure

The performance measure evaluates how effectively the biometric analysis system meets its
goals. Key performance measures for a biometric system might include:

 Accuracy: The rate at which the system correctly identifies or verifies individuals.
This includes:
o True Positive Rate: Correctly identifying individuals as belonging to the
correct identity.
o False Positive Rate: Incorrectly identifying individuals as belonging to an
identity they do not belong to.
o False Negative Rate: Failing to identify individuals who should be recognized.
 Matching Speed: Time taken to compare and match biometric data.
 Error Rate: Frequency of incorrect identifications or verifications.
 Scalability: How well the system handles large databases of biometric data.
 User Satisfaction: User experience and ease of use, which may include response
time and accuracy in real-world scenarios.

Environment

The environment refers to the context and conditions in which the biometric system
operates:

 Biometric Data: The biometric features being analyzed, such as fingerprints, facial
images, iris patterns, or voice samples.
 Database: The repository of enrolled biometric data used for comparison and
matching.
 Operating Conditions: Environmental factors such as lighting conditions for facial
recognition or quality of fingerprint images that can affect the system's
performance.
 Access Points: Locations or interfaces where the biometric system is deployed, such
as entry points in a building, mobile devices, or online platforms.
Actuators

Actuators are the mechanisms through which the system interacts with the environment or
presents results:

 Display Output: Showing identification or verification results to users or

administrators, such as access granted/denied messages.
 Access Control: Mechanisms for controlling access based on biometric identification,
such as unlocking doors or granting system access.
 Alerts/Notifications: Generating alerts for system administrators in case of failed
access attempts or potential security breaches.

Sensors

Sensors capture the biometric data needed for analysis. Depending on the type of biometric
system, sensors might include:

 Cameras: For capturing facial images or video for facial recognition.

 Fingerprint Scanners: For capturing and analyzing fingerprint patterns.
 Iris Scanners: For capturing and analyzing iris patterns.
 Microphones: For capturing voice samples in voice recognition systems.
 Environmental Sensors: To adjust for lighting conditions or other factors affecting
the quality of the biometric data capture.

By specifying these PEAS components, you outline how the biometric analysis system should
operate, how it measures success, and how it interacts with its environment, ensuring
effective performance and user experience.
 PEAS Description of 8 – Puzzle Problem

Performance Measurement :

 The goal is to reach the goal state (usually the tiles in order from 1 to 8 with the
empty space at the end) using the fewest moves possible.
 Additional measures might include the time taken to solve the puzzle, the number
of moves taken, or the computational resources used.
Environment:

 The 8-puzzle environment consists of a 3x3 grid with eight numbered tiles and
one empty space.
 The agent can interact with this environment by sliding tiles into the empty
space.

Actuators / Action :

 The possible actions (actuators) are moving the empty space up, down, left, or
right.
 These actions change the configuration of the tiles on the grid.

Sensors :

 The agent perceives the current configuration of the 3x3 grid.

 This perception allows the agent to decide on the next move based on the current
state of the puzzle.