Final Exam Cheat Sheet MMSC 407 Spring 2024
Electrolytes and Water Balance
Water intake AND loss
Intracellular and extracellular water distribution
o Intravascular Fluid
o Interstitial Fluid
Influencing factors on water distribution
o Plasma proteins and Na+
o Heart hydrostatic pressure
Unbalanced water
o Decrease in Plasma Proteins
o Congestive Heart Failure
o Dehydration
Regulation of Water Balance
o Kidney
o Plasma volume
Renin- Angiotensinogen- Aldosterone System
Hypothalamus thirst center
Clinical Significance
o Water depletion
o Water retention
o Nephrosis
Anion gap calculation
Electrolytes:
Significance Reference Regulation Methods
Values
Sodium Hypo-, Both normal ANP, BNP, Renin- ISE; direct, indirect,
(Na+) hypernatremia: values and Angiotensin- spectrophotometric
causes and levels samples & Aldosterone
stability ADH
Organs involved
Potassium Hypo- , Both normal ISE
(K+) hyperkalemia: causes values and
and levels samples &
stability
Organs involved
Calcium Hypo- , hyprcalcemia: Both normal PTH; in Vitamin D Spec method;
(Ca2+) causes and levels values and bones and atomic absorption;
samples & and Calcitonin ISEs
Distribution in the stability kidney,
body; diffusible v.
nondiffusible
Chlorine Hypo-, Both normal Coulometric –
hyperchloremia: values and Amperometric
causes and levels samples & Titration;
stability Ag/AgCl
Organs involved Calculations
Sweat Chloride
significance
pCO2 Both normal pH Indicator
values and Method;
samples & ISE; enzymatic
stability assays;
Lithium Therapeutic ISE; atomic
& toxic absorption
ranges;
samples &
stability
Phosphorus Distribution (intra- v. Both normal Fiske and
extracellular) values and Subbarrow
samples &
Physiological role stability
Hyper v. hypo
phosphatemia
Chemistr Dietar Absorption, Function Requirement Deficienc Laboratory Referenc
y y transport, s s and y/ assessmen e
source metabolis reference Toxicity t intervals
s m, and nutrient
excretion intakes
Vitamin A
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Thiamine
Riboflavin
Vitamin B6
Vitamin
B12
Vitamin C
Biotin
Folic Acid
Niacin
Pantotheni
c Acid
Element Activity Special features Deficiency / Sources RDA (if given)
Overload
Cobalt* Interacts with Exists in +3 and +6 Grape juice, In adults: M 35 μg; F
insulin via forms; ham, English 25 μg
chromodulin; excreted in the muffins
carried by urine, but not Up to 45 μg in lactating
transferrin in the validated methods. females
blood.
Metabolic
syndrome. Part of Vitamin B12
Copper
Fluoride
Seleniu
m
Zinc
Causes of deficiency of trace elements
Definition of a trace element
