Class 11 Statistics

Presentation The presentation of data means exhibition of the

of Data
data in such a clear and attractive manner that
these are easily understood and analyzed.

In textual presentation, data are a part of the text of Presentation

of Data
study or a part of the description of the subject matter
of study. Such a presentation is also called a descriptive
presentation of data.

Suitability Drawbacks
 Textual presentation of data is most  A serious drawback of the textual
suitable when the quantum of data is not presentation of data is that one has to
very large.
 A small volume of data presented as a part
go through the entire text before
of the subject matter of study becomes a quantitative facts about a
useful supportive evidence to the text. phenomenon become evident.
 Tabular
Presentation It involves the orderly
and systematic
presentation of
numerical data in a
form designed to
elucidate the problem
under consideration.
 Components of a Table
First of all, a table must be numbered. These numbers must be in the same order as the
Table Number tables. Numbers facilitate the location of the tables.
A table must have a title. Title must be written in bold letters.
Title It should attract the attention of the readers.
Head note completes the information in the title of the table.
Head Note It must explain the unit of measurement used in the whole table.
The title of the horizontal rows are called stubs. These titles
Stubs indicate the information contained in the rows of the table.
Caption is the title given to the columns of a table. A caption indicates information
Caption contained in the columns of the table.
Body of a table means sum total of the items in the table. It indicates values of the various
Body or Field items in the table.
Footnotes are given for clarification of the reader. These are generally given when
Footnotes information in the table need to be supplemented.
When tables are based on secondary data, source of the data is to be given. Source of the
Source data is specified below the footnote.
 Features of a Good Table
1) Title as Compatible with the Objective of the Study : Title of a table must be
provided at the top center of the table and it must be compatible with the
objective of the study.
2) Headings : Headings should generally be written in the singular form.
3) Abbreviations : Use of abbreviations should be avoided in
the headings or sub-headings of the table.
4) Units : Units used must be specified above the columns. If
figures are very large, units may be noted in the short form.
5) Total : In the table, sub-totals of the items must be given at the end of each row.
6) Size and Columns : Size of the columns must be uniform and symmetrical.
7) Source of Data : Source of data must be noted at the foot of the table.
8) Percentage and Ratio : Percentage figures should be provided in the table, if
possible. This makes the data more informative.
 General
Purpose Table
According to
Purpose Special Purpose
Table

Kinds of According to
Original Table

Tables
Originality
Derived Table

Simple or One- Double or Two-

way Table way Table
According to
Construction
Complex Table Treble Table

Manifold Table
 Tables According to Purpose
According to purpose, there are two kinds of tables :

General Purpose Table Special Purpose Table

It is that table which is prepared with

It is that table which is of general use.
some specific purpose in mind. In this
It does not serve any specific purpose
tables data are presented in the form
or specific problem under
of result of the analysis. That is why
consideration. These are also called
these tables are also called ‘Summary
‘Reference Tables’.
Tables’.
 Tables According to Originality
On the basis of Originality, tables are of two kinds :

Original Table Derived Table

An original table is that in A derived table is that in

which data are presented in which data are not
the same form and manner presented in the form in
in which they are collected. which they are collected.
 Tables According to Construction

According to Construction, tables are of two kinds :

Simple Or One-way Table Complex Table

A complex table is one which shows more than

A simple table is that which shows only
one characteristic of the data. On the basis of
one characteristic of the data. the characteristics shown,

These tables may be further classified as :

1) Double or two-way table : A two-way table is that which shows two characteristics of the data.
2) Treble table : A treble table is that which shows three characteristics of the data.
3) Manifold table : A manifold table is the one which shows more than three characteristics of the data.
 Classification of Data and Tabular Presentation
Qualitative Classification of Data and Tabular Presentation
Qualitative classification occurs when data are classified on the basis of qualitative
attributes or qualitative characteristics of a phenomenon.

Quantitative Classification of Data and Tabular Presentation

Quantitative classification occurs when data are classified on
the basis of quantitative characteristics of a phenomenon.

Temporal Classification of Data and Tabular Presentation

In temporal classification, data are classified according to time, and time becomes
the classifying variable.

Spatial Classification
In spatial classification, place / location becomes the classifying variable.
It may be a village, a town, a district, a state or a country as a whole.
 Merits of Tabular Presentation
Simple and Brief Presentation
Tabular presentation is perhaps the simplest form of data presentation. Also, a large
volume of statistical data is presented in a very brief form.
Facilitates Comparison
The tabulation facilitates comparison of data by presenting
the data in different classes.
Easy Analysis
It is by organizing the data in the form of table that one
finds out their central tendency, dispersion and correlation.
Economical
Tabular presentation is a very economical mode of data presentation. It saves time as
well as space.