inima of functions of the type introduction cing te nan cater Ne are 9 ze fy a 2f J) 7 ima of £ (Xe : 2 Maxima and Mu and mini given below can be derived from Taylor's Theorem, ‘he conditions Conditions for £(% tO be Maximum and Minimum ; ‘ Atunction f(% y)issaidto be maximum at (a, b) if (a,b) > (ath, mand k postive oF negRINS- ‘function f(x y) 8 said 1 hand k postive or negatve- ttcan be shown that the neces sre fy (a,b) = 0210 fy (2, 6) = 0- urher for maxima of minima we sho\ aa ( #Y ae ay? \axdy Zt g { et oH lain f(x, y) is maximum at (a, b)- for maxima y+k) for small values be minimum at (a, 6) it f(a, B) < flat hy k) for small values a y) tobe maximum or minimum at (2.4 ssary conditions for F(x wuld have at (a, 6). a # io (S sae © \pe}? Or than £0 9) is minimum at (a,b): Meth 10d of Finding Maxima and Minima We shall state h on ; ere the a st eae Of finding the maximum : () First find Bee oy 8) of a function of two. vats 8 : in variables f(x, ¥)- at 9, at Fy Ose oh y Imultaneously for x and y- es (als? (Then colve (a seo tra 21,21 ,( a ¥ . or at a(n] tor the vat lues of x, y obtained in (t)-lied Mathematics -1 z appl (3-2) Maxima and Minima (iv) When this condition is satisfied f(x, y) is maximum it ary Fog 2 FeO FeSO and Hx, y)ieminimum x BL or (& Atx= aand y= b obtained in ii) let us denote p= 2°f af ax?" For maxima or minima we must have rt-s*>0 f(x, y) 1s maximum if r(or t) <0 £(x, y) is minimum if r(or t) > 0 Notes »...42 7. Iff,=0 and f, = 0 oF one or both do not exist at a point then the point is called a erltical point. 2, Itrt- = <0, f(x, y) Is neither maximum nor minimum. Such a point is called a Saddle Polnt. 3. Itrt- s? = 0, further investigations are necessary. Working Rule to Solve a Problem on Maxima, Minima We shall follow the following procedure to solve a problem on maxima, minima. Step 1: Find fy fy foxs fry ANG hye Step Il: Solve the equations f= 0, fy= 0. Step Ill: Find the values of r= fx. S= fy t= fy at the roots obtained in step Il. lfrt-s?>0 and r<0 then f(x, y) is maximum. Ifrt-s?>0and r>0 then f(x, y) is minimum. Ifr=0 (or t= 0) f(x, y) is neither maximum nor minimum. Tet: : Wel: f(x y) given : Class (a) : 3 Marks $01, 7° 1 (a): Verity whether (1,0) isa stationary value of z= %° + Sxy smo ‘Wehae s,y) 23 + xy? 3x. PI b= B+ aP—3, f= 6xy Heneo, ie =66)(-6)-0 Visa Stationary value of z. M5 Marks 0 1 (b) : bj have a + Discuss the maxima and minima of x?+ y? + 8x+ 6y + 6. Wax? + 24 Bre Gy 46,iy hematics -| ‘Applied Math rhe2xt® step f= step Il: We now solve ox+8=0 ; a (- 4, - 3) is a stationary : pera te wees ya-3, ta hy= 2. SH hy= 0. t= hy - t-s?=4-0=450. And r= fy=2>0 (-4,-3) is a minima, — The minimum value of f(x, y) = 16+ 9-32-18 +6 = Example 2 (b) : Discuss the maxima and minima of x° + 6x? :Wehave f(x, y)=x°+6x?-y? Step 1: fy=3x7+ 12x, fy=-2y, f= 6x+ 12, Step Il: We now solve f,=0, fy=0 3x2412x=0 9 -. 3x(x+4)=0 fy=0 2 7 2y=0 . :- (0,0) and (~ 4, 0) are stationary values. Step Ill: (i) Forx=0, y=0. nt-s*=-24<0 Sol. Ixy £(x, y) is neither maximum nor minimum. It is a saddle point, (li) For x=- 4, y=0. T= fy == 12, tt-s?=24>0 and r= fy=-12<0 f(x, y) is maximum at (~ 4, 0), The maximum value = ~ 64 + 96-0 = 92, Example 3 (b) : Discuss the maxima and minima Of x9 + xy? — 42x? —ay2 4 21K 4 10. Sol. : We have (MU. 2018) Step: F(x, W=xS + xy?— 12x? ay2 4 21x+10. fy= 8x? + y? 24x01, f= Qxy- ay, foe=6x-24, fy=2y fox 4, Step Il : We now solve the equations 3x? + y? axa oy = ‘The second equation gives 2y f=0, f, O and axy—4 0 |. =0. When x= 2, the first equation 3x2 ae ty? 24x24 = 12+y?~ 4842120 Ogives ~ y?-15=0 .y2ets «yeasts. *- The stationary values are (2, V8), (2, - V5). When y= 0, the first equation 3x2 +y? 2 4x4 21 = 2 =0 gi : ; x+21 =O gives ees (1x1) 20 ae 2 e547, “+ The stationary values are (1, 0), (7 0) Step II : (i) For x. V5 r 2-24=-12, sapApplied Mathematics - | (9-4) Maxima and Minima n-s?=0-60=-60<0. (x, #)is neither maximum nor minimum. It is a saddle point. (iy Forx=2, y=-V15 13 hy = 12-24 ==12, 8= hy n-s?=0-60=-60<0. f(x, y)is neither maximum nor minimum. It is a saddle point. (il) For x= 1, y=0 15 fy = 6-24 =~ 18, S=hy=0, t= hy=2—4 nt-s*=36-0=36>0. Andr=— 18, negative. (1, 0) isa maxima. . The maximum value = 1 + 0-12-0421 + 10=20. (v) For x=7, y=0 =42-24= 18, S= hy: nt-s?=180-0=180>0. And (7, 0) is a minima. +: The minimum value = 343 + 0 - 588 - 0 + 147 + 10 = - 88. 14-410. 8, positive. Example 4 (b) : Discuss the maxima and minima of x° + y°— 3x— 12y+ 40. | Sol: We have F(x, y= x9 + y?— 3x— 12y+ 40. Step: f= 3x23, f= 3y2—12, f= 6% fy =0, hy= Gy. Step Il: We now solve f,= 0, fy=0 x?-3=0 2 3(x?=1)=0 and 3y?-12=0: . 3(y?-4)=0 a a Stationary values are (1, 2), (1,- 2), (- 1,2), | Step it: @) Forx=1, y=2, 72-0=72>0. And r=6>0 (1, 2) is a minima. enum val =1+8-3-24440=22. cs -2; rahy=6, Sahye I~ 5) ~72<0, Kx, 2 's neither maximum nor minimum. It is a saddle point. 25 re hy 6, Sahy=0, te hy= 12. 72<0. Foy 0.98 nether maximum nor minimum. Its a saddlo point. 2-12 xe}, YE~2; rely 6, Se hy=0 thy Mm g2 “a i eas O=72>0, And re-6<0 Is. akin ) 18a maxima. Value =~ 1-9 43424440268.ON J Mathematies 1 (95) Maxima and Minin, Applied Mat Example 5 (b) : Find the stationary values of x + y> — 3a xy, a> 0. (M.U. 1991, 99, 2003, 04,19) Sol.: We have f(x, y) = #° + y~ 3a xy. Stepl: ,=3%— Say, f= By? —Bax 13 fyx= 8X, S= fy=-3a, t= fy= by. Step Il: We now solve, f,= 0, f ®-ay=0 and P-ax= ‘To eliminate y, we put y= / ain the second equation. 2 BoB xs0 2 x(P-ay<0 Hence, x= 0 or x= a. ] When x=0, y=Oandwhen x=a, y= a, (0,0) and (a, a) are stationary points. Step I: (i) For ¥=0, r= fy=0, S=f, ~Saand t= fy =0. Hence, rt- =9-9a? <9 * fy) is neither maximum nor minimum, itis @ saddle point, Ui) Forx=a,y=a,r=fye=6a, s= fy =~ 3a, t= fy = 6a F396 a? 992 = a702 sg © {Osy)is stationary at x= a, y= a, drat, 6a>0,since aso fe A(x, ¥)is minimum, atx=ayeoa Putting x= a,y= ain x? 4 ¥~3axythe minimum vaiue of + P38 op Example 6 (b) : Find the Maximum and minimum values of x3 + Bxy? 9x? —3y? +4. (M.U. 1995, 2006, 08, 14, 1) Sol. : We have (x,y) Pr ayy2 Stepi: 4, = Fox. PPI: f= 3x2 gay? _ 6, hy atay—ey fx =8x-6 ; ‘ y= 8Y ty ox ag, Step Il: We now solve 4, = i 78 ~3y2 4 4° 4? 2xeg Bes xe dor” YO oF (0, 0), (2, 0) are stationary Points, When x=1, 14+ %-2=9 or Yetor4, (1,1), (1, -1) are stationary Points, Step II: (DALX=0,y=0; rehyeng rt-s?=38-0=36>0 Ang bee #(x, y) is maximum at (0, 0). Maximum Value = 4,” hy = 0,| poplied Mathematics -1 (96) er Axe2.y=0; (hy =12-6=6, S24, =0, t=4,=6 2, rt- 5? = (6)(6)-0=38>0 And r=6>0. I(x, y) is minimum at (2, 0). Minimum Value = 6 - 12 + 4=0. (Uy Atx= tye ts fy = 6-6 =0, S=f, =6, f= fh, t= 6? = 0-3 =-26<0. 2 (x,y) is neither maximum nor minimum. It is a saddle point. (WALxe 1 ye-1; 02 by 6-620, = hy =-6, t= hy =0 a thes? 20~(-6)? =-36<0 10, y) again is neither maximum nor minimum. It is also a saddle point. =6-6=0 Example 7 (b) : Find all stationary values of ws Oxy? — 15x? = 15y? + 72x. z (MU, 1994, 2004, 05, 07, 10, 12, 15) Johave f(x, y) = x24 xy? — 15x? — 15y? + 72x “Step ti: f= 3x° + 3y?—-30x+72, f= Oxy-30y fer = 6x30, by ® BY, byy = 6x- 30. _ Stop Il: Wo now solve, fy = 0, fy = 0. 4 3x2 43y?-30x4+72=0 bo. and 6xy-30y=0 ©. Gy(x-5)=0 | OWhen y= 0, x? 10x4 24 = 0, (x-6)(x-4)20 9. xe 6, x54. * (6, 0), (4, 0) are stationary points. Whenx=5, 25+ y?-50+24=0 yP-t=0 0 yetor-1 (5, 1) and (5, - 1) are stationary points. Sp: () When x =6, y=0 = hy = 36-30=6, 't-2=96>0 and "I(x, is minimum at (6, 0). mninimum value = 216 ~ 540 + 432 = 108. x54, y=o Bron ee bey = le yg 2879 and r= “5 Maximum at (4, 0). 4M Value = 64 ~ 240 + 288 = 108. Wanted 1H fy = 6X 5-302 0- pecres maximum nor minimum. Wien te [= fy = 6X5 -30=0 either Maximum nor minimum. x? 4 y?—10x424=0 . y=0 orx=5 = 36-30 =6. =Oand t= hy f= 6>0 SF 2Waxima ang (9-7) Minima Applied Mathematics | y? + axyt 3x? + x° for extrome values, (MU. 2008) example 6 (b) : Exam ino the function £(% 9) = xa 6 1%, ey? eary 3 O : have oe ays 6n0 ey ee box step |: hr= step Il: We now saw f = _ 4y+ 6x4 9x" =0 Ce ays 4x2 0 Putting 2 — 4xin the first equation gx2—2x=0 2 x(3x-2)=0 When x=0, y=0 and when x= 2/3, _ (0,0), (2/3, ~ 4/3) are stationary points. Step Ill : (i) When x= 0, y=0 T= hy=8, S=hy=4, t= Iy=2 rt-s*=12-16<0 1% y)is neither maximum nor minimum. It is a saddle point. (i) When x= 2/3, y=-4/ f= 10, $= 4, t= 2. rt-5?=20-16= But r= f,=10>0. Henee, f(x, y) is minimum at x= 2/3, =646Xx, hy=4 fy = 2. =0 of x=2/3. >0 413, The minimum value = “2-32, 12, 8 4 Ono: oor, Example 9 (b) : Find the extreme value of xy (3 ~ x y). Sol.:Wehave (x, y) = Sxy—- x? y~ xy? Step |: . By-2xy-y2, f= Ox-x?-2yy, 2Y, ty =3-2x-2y, by =~2x. een 0, =O. @) —-y¥(@-2x-y)=0 and cae y=0 or y=3-2x When y=0, x(3~x~2y) =0, gives, x= 0 or x=3 (0, 0), (2, 0) are stationary points. (il) When y=3~-2x, x(3- x~2y) =0, gives, X[3-x-2(3~2x)}=0 Le. x(-943x) =0 ia, x=0 0" When x= O,ttom y=3~ ~ 2x, we got y= 3; When x= 1, y= 1. (0, 3), (1, 1) are stationary points, Step I: Sy When eet ¥=0; 6s he=0, 5 lyn, te hy=0 rt-67=0-9<0 1 (x, y)i neither maximum nor minimum, It is a saddle point. (i) When x=3, y=0; f= fx=0, oxtya 2 tt-6750-9<0 tehy=-6 1s, y) is neither maximum nor minimum, It js a saddle point.applied Mathematics - | (9-8) Maxima and Minima When x=0, Y=3; 1=hy=-6, s= = hy= Wx, cis is neither maximum nor minimum. It is a saddle point. (When x= Y=) 1H hy=-2, 2 rt-8?=4-1=3>0 And 1(x, ypis maximum at x= 1, y= 1. Maximum value = 1 (3-2) =1. (Similarly, show that the stationary value of xy (a— x— y) is 2/27.) Example 10 (b) : Discuss the maxima and minima of x? y?(1-x-y). (M.U. 1996, 2004) Gol. : We have f(x, y) =x? y?(1—-x-y). steph: fy = ¥?2[Bx2(1- x= y)— X°] = ¥7(8x? - 4x° — 3x7) 2ary?-40 9-377 fy = [2 (1 x=) = 7] = (By — BY - 3y*) = arty -2x*y-3xy” Igy = xy? ~ 12x*y? — xy, Iyy = 6X7y ~ Bx*y ~ 9x7y?, fy = 2x9 ~ 2x4 - Bx | Step i: Wo now solve fy = E 2 oxy —axdy—3xy2=0 ie. x*y*(3-4x-3y)= and 2x8y-2xty-3x9y2=0 ke. xy(2-2x-3y)=0 oo . y=0 and 3-4x-3y=0, 2-2x-3y=0. Subtracting, we get 1 - 2x=0 4 =1/2 « By=3-4(1/2)=1 oe ye (0,0) and (1/2, 1/3) are stationary points. _ Stepill: ()Atx=0, y=0, r=0, s=0, t=O, rt-s?=0. tence, our method fails and we reject this pair. Atx= 1/2, y= 1/3. roe eff) tne ahs) CIE meal afal- ala) ae aaa Mody 4 99 + f(x,y) isa maxima. Pe ie Nd 1) 44 9 mo 8 22) 4Applied Mathematics -1 (3-9) Maxima and Mining Example 11 (b) : Find the minimum and maximum values of x* + y*~2x? + ary ay2 sou: Wohave f(x y)=at + y= 28 #47 BY 4 stop: = 4x — 4x4 ays fyeap + ax-dy fe TP 4, fy 4 fy lay - 4 Step Il: We now solve f= 0, f 0. « Sexeys0 and P+x-y=O Adding the two, we get += 0 aoeery Putting y=— xin -x+y=0, we get -2xe0 2 x(@-2)50 0 X=, v2, - V2. Since, ys-xwehave y=0,- V2, V2, Hence, (0, 0), (V2, - ¥2), (-¥2, V2) are stationary points. Step Il: () ALX=0, ¥=0,1= f= 4, $= hy=4, = hy =—4. 2 rteF=(-4)(-4)-4=0 Hence, our method fails and we reject this pair. A x= 42, y=-V2, rats 12 (2)—4=20, s2 hyd, te hya12(2)— 4220 . rin #=400-16=384>0 Butr=20>0. = (%y)is minimum, Minima value = (V2)* + (~J2)* ~ 2(2)° +4 V2 (2) - 2(- 2)? =-8. Gil) At x =-J2, y = 2, 12(2)-4=20, s=ty=4, t= = 400-16 = 384 >0 Sorte But r=20>9, 1%, ¥) is mini Y) is minimum, Minimum value = ~ 8 12 (2)-4=20. Example 12 (b) : Show that the minimum value of u = xy + “( x t+4) is 3a. y oa) ste ay (M.U, 1989, 96: 2002 Sol. : We have Wann rys a(t | Sits ay K, fynx~ § a ° ar yey fy oe Step I: We now solve f, « 0, tye 0. ai eyed ond xn” «a yr@ «yea “X80 oF ng Stationary points, Step Ill: () When x=~a, yea Fe he=-2 Faby ly tetyerMaxima and Minima plied Mathematics - | (9-10) rt-s?=-4-1<0 : ' f(x, 9) is neither maximum nor minimum. It is a saddle point. 8; Pe hy= 2, re hy=t, t= hy=2 (When x= a rt-s?=4-1>0 and t= fy=2>0 + f(x, y)is minimum at (a, a). 24 (1,1)_ 4,2 Alaa), usatta (2+2}-se2 Minimum value = 3a? Example 13 (b): Find the stationary values of sin x sin y- sin (x + y). (MU. 1989, 97, 2013) sol:Wehave f(x, y)= sin x-sin y+ sin (x4 y) Sptel: f, = sin y[cos x- sin (x+y) + sin x+ cos (x+y) sin y+ sin (2x+ y) sin x sin (x + 2y) = 2sin y-cos (2x4 y) fy = cosy: sin (2x+ y) + sin y- cos (2x + y = sin (2x +2y) = 2sin x- cos (x +2y) Step Il: re we solve f= 0, f,=0. sin ysin (2x + y) = 0 and sin x sin (x+2y)=0 * 50, ¥=0 orx+ 2y=n and 2x4 y= mand hence xek Similarly, * (0,0) and he 3 | are stationary points. meramet y=0; * r-s229 o Sola T= be =0, S= hy =0, t= hy = * Out Method fails. We reject this pair. When xe® on xed gyrz MasiMaxima and Mining goes l (e-11) a ci af cas Avon Bowe 6, were A.B, Care 14 (b) : Find the maximum value a ea cos x0s ¥ COS 2 Ss retraces eee eos xeos yous (x49) Step |: aan 200s y" sin (2x+ 9) cos x{ sin yous (x+ ¥)* 698 cos x: sin (x+2y) 200s ycos (2x+ ¥) ysn(x+y)] Now, 12 fx? ss |, a eeen ysin (2x yp +.c0s yoos (2°) = 008 (2x+2y) te by = 2008 xcos (x+2y) Stop ll: 1, 20 gives cos ysin (2x+ 9) =O _ cosy2o or sin(2xey)=0 yeni? or axeyen Oy | fy=0 gives cos xin (2x4 y)=0 | pans2 OO KS 2YER wn ] cos x20 of sin(x+2y)=0 Solving (1) and (2), wo got x= yen/3 Stop Ill: When x= y= n/3 r= fy # Boon Zeon = -1. 8 fay = 008 t= hy »2e08{ Soon» 1. 1 3 rt-stet-|—o\== (3) aoe f(x y)is stationary at x= =, y= = ry ys But r= fy =2c08| = 2n {Eos ata se f(x, yyis maximum at x=2, y ==. 3 3 Maximum value of f(x,y = ¢os{ Jcos{Z cos 2% 3)*(3)s EXERCISE - I _ Find the extreme values ofthe following functions : Class (b) : 6 Marks (1 P+ y? 6x4 12 ts eee (9) x8 +31? - 3x7 - 977 +7 @ ®y-x-y) (M.U. 2006, 11) uu. 2001)Maxima and Minima mathematicn 1 (9-12) 6) x? + etx 12x87 - 297 or: r “eat 200) | are (M.U. 2002, 04) aw (8) xy(3a-*-¥) 9 Bt ¢ Cah 702) (M.U. 1992) fi-~y- es (10) 2 + aay + 3x? +8 (HU. 1990) (M.U. 1993) 4 anya x (12) x4 + yaa? xy 7 (4.U, 1997) i ty-99? ~ 29" 4 43 (14) 28 (12- 3x -4y) wet? (W.U, 2002) (M.U. 2002, 03) xh yx? 4 Any 2y” (MU, 2002) 7 4os.; (1) Min, value 2 at (-3, 0). (2) ox, valuo 1 at (0, 0); min, value 1/2 at four points (41/2, £112) (3) Max. value 7 at (0, 0), Min. value 3 at (2, 0). (4) Max, value 1/432 at (1/3, 1/2), (5) Min, value - 216 at (3, 3), Max. value 784 at (-7, -7). (6) Max value 10 at (1, 0), Min, value ~ 98 at (7, 0). (7) Min, vatuo ~ 6 at (- J2, J2) and at (V2, - v2) (8) tax, value a9 at (a, a) (9) No stationary value. (10) No stationary value. (11) Max. value at (3 a7 "\3 3) 3 Min, value ~ Ba‘ at (a, a) and (~ a, ~ a). : he Max. at (0, -1), Max. value 5. 4 ) Max. ot (2, 1), Max. value 16, 5) Win, at 14 J2, + v2).) Wf ' ¥1 Is to he formed from given conditions bles : Class (bh) : G Marks 1(b); ln, : fis # Divide k (> 0) a real number into three parts such that their product Huy ten cin three numbers such that x+ y+ z= k. : Me uct u = xyz and we want u to be maximum. Pe hen “Hy “*=¥ Hence, u= xy(k-x-y) “Yer k= x~y), maximum.tp] : Maxim; : Applied Mathematics =| (9-13) a and Mining =(1)] = yl k-2x-y] ts fee yt te(k-x-y) tx) =v f= x[te(kK-x-y) ty 1)] = x[ k= x-2y] y(-2)=-2y = 1s[k-2x-y) ty ia k-2x—2y fy = (2) == 2x. Step Il: We now solve fy = 0, fy = 0. y[k-2x-y]=0 and x[k-x-2y]=0 y=0 or 2x+y=k and x=0 or x+2y=k x=0, y=Ois absurd. Now, 4x4 2y=2k and x+2y=k BysubtractionSx=k 0. XEK/3 yak 2x=k/3, (k/3, k/3) is a stationary point. Step Il: Now at x= k/3, y=k/3. And r=-2k/3<0. + f(xy) is maximum at (k/3, k/3). When x=k/3, y=k/3, z= k-x-y=k/3, Hence, the three numbers are k/ 3, k/3, k/ 3. oe Example 2 (b) : I a real number k (> 0) is divided into three parts such that the sum! Products taken two at a time is maximum, find the numbers. Sol. : Let x,y, zbe the three numbers such that x+ y+ z= k. uptt 't wis the sum of the products taken two at a time u = xy + yz + zx and wo want maximum. Butz=k-x-y. Hence,u= xy + y(k~x-y)+x(k—x-y) eWay) = hac by x? y2 gy, Stepl:Now =k-2x-y, y= k-2y~x : fer =~2, bey Step Il: We now solve f, = : k-2x-y=0, k-2y-x=0 2k-4x-2y=0, k~x-2y=0 By subtraction, k-3x20 xe k/3 K-(kI3=2y 4. yekig (k13, k/3) is a stationary point. Step ll: Now at x= k/3, y= k/3. fs ly=-2, $= fy=—t, te hys-2yr - (9-14) Maxima and Minima jed Mathematics . rt-#=4-1=3>0. And r=-2<0. | 4(x,y)isa maximum at (k/3, k/ 3). When x= k/3, y=k/3, z=k-x-y=k/3, nga, the three numbers are k/3, k/3, k/3. Hence, is divic ‘h that the continued 1 If k (> 0) a real number is divided into three Parts sucl ian of the second and cube of the third is maximum, find the numbers. | product fe bers such that x+ y+ z= k. Let x, y, Zbe the three num! : “ae the continued product then u = x/* z° and we want u to be maximum. Bulz=k-x-y. a uexP(kex-yP on fy) =x (k= xy)? step! fe =? [(k = x= J? — 3x(k— x = y)?) = x[2y(k~x- y)® ~ 3y? (k- x~ y)?} fee =P [-3(k~x~ y)P -3(k-~ x= yy? 6x(k-_x-y)] =P E6(k-x- y)? + 6x(k — x y)} by = 2y[(k~ x— y)? — 3x(k— x= yy] 4 2-3 (Kk i ‘= #12Uk— x~ YP ~ By (k— xy) — 6y(k- x= y? 4 6y2(k—x~ yy] = 12(K~ x~ yl? ~ 2+ 6y (k— x- y)? + 6y2(k— x— yy] Step: We now solve f= 0, fy = + haan tye ~ xy) 4 6x(k-x- yy] [k-x-y-3x]=0 * Ux VP yTk— ax yoo ag X(k~ x~ y)? [2ky ~ axy — ay? — gy? 7 X~¥=0 or y=O or k-4x-y=0 of x=0, E 2hy~ xy 2P_ 3-9 MmEX=0, y= Qig Meaningless (why 2) we put y= k— 4xin 2ky— 2xy~ 2y2_ gy? _ 9, . PKK 43) — 2x(k— 4x) —5(k~ 4x92 =0 3 ~ Bho ~ 2kx + 8x? — 512 4 40Kx— 80x? = 0 * 72x? 4 20h — gi 2 24x? — 10k +2 =0 When TNO =0 2 xo kI6, kId When 4 When 2/8: ¥= k= (4k/ 6) = k/3 and z= k~x- y= k=(k/6)~(k/3)=k/2, ep e* ¥= k= k=O is absurd, *Now at x= k/6, y= k/3, e * k_k f= | -6(~-K_& SAG kk = = [e(« 6 4) oh &(« 6 4) R rsJ >-| (95) Maxima and Minimy Applied Mathematics (kk \ea} f(x,y) is maximum at k b 2ek-x-yaReKe zek-x-y a Hence, the three numbers are ‘ nol Example 4 (b) : Find tho Point on the plane 2x 4 y— Lot P(x, y, 2)0 apo on the plane 2x+y— 2-5. Daley ey 2 BUaxty-z-5ag 2e2xsyog DAVE + Ps Oxy yoap Let Pena e rts ys Gx. yop Stept: f= 5)(2) and 1, = f, Sol 5 = O which is nearest to the otgin NS distance D trom the otiginis | 1 j | / | i 2¥+2 (2x4 y—5), 0 x=5/3, Y=5/8isa minima, 5 + The closest point on th 6 {ro plane to the Origin is (S13, S16, — istane® origin is 5/6. ea 5/6) and its a the Example 5 (b) : Find the points on the Surface 22 _ xy + k2 which are nearest to Sol. : Let P(x, , 2) be a point on the surface 22 _ ys 2,(9-16) Maxima and Minima d eras! gant? irom the origin is siven by D2= x24 y2y 22 pita B= xP aye (ays 2) gut pve DRe aes Ya aYt Ke wale xt WE2VtX i hee 2 bya, hy =e. st miisNow ve solve f= 0, f= 0. ste pee y= 0 x+2y=0 aso equations, we get x= 0, y= 0. ing th so Now at X= 0. : pte ve4- t= ga 1227 0. Hence, £(% ys minimum at x= 0, y= 0. een 20,ye0. 22 ie. 222k vex te pants nearest tothe origin are (0,0, K). vapie6 (0): Prove hat fora given perimeter of a triangle, area is maximum if the Wiangle ois. x px y.zbe tho sides of the triangle and let '2s' be its perimeter. Qsexty+zZ ) Z=BS-X-Y he area of the triangle is given by Az fIs(s~ x)(S~ Y(S— 2)] = VIS(s~ x)(S- y(x+y~9)] a B= s(s-x)(s— y)(X+¥-$) la fx y)=s(s-x) (s-y) (x+¥-S) Sepl: f, = s(s—y)[(-1) (xt y- 5) +(S—x)° 1] s(s-y) (2s-2x-y) s(s-x)[(-1) (x+y-5)+(s-y)] s(s-a) (@s-x-2y) fe = s(s—y) (-2)=-2s(s-y) 8[(-1) (2s-2x-y)+(s-y) (-1)] by ; = s(2x+2y-3s) y= 8(S~x) (-2)=—28(s-x) "I: Now we solve 0, f,=0. 2 ble. 1 S69) @s-2x-y)=0; s(s-x) (28-x-2y) =0 bg eal 2sa2xey and s=0, S=x oF 25=x+2y. meaningless, $= y. Also s=xX +. X= thy eek xe BK 2 x= 28/3 Malx= 25/3, y= 28/3, “h=-29(s- 28) 3 eal) tg tx, i} = 25/3. noe arly 3 »splied Mathematics -1 (9-17) Maxima and Minin, When x Hence, area of the triangle is m: equilateral. = 25/3 i.e. when the triangle aximum when X = s volume V. Find the dimensions of the bor = ie (MU. 2003, 0) requiring least material. Sol. : Let the dimensions of the box be x, , Z Then the volume V= xyz. the material is minimum, the inner surface area S must be minimum i.e., S= xy+2xz422 must be minimum. Says 2x By eee, xy . z Let fy xy 4 z y x q ple 7 (b) : A rectangular box with open top Na wv av 2 yea a) * 2V=y?x gives w=at ex x a2 sn xa(2y'? 20. _2V__eyis voy Ars paves _ Vis _ ys tis 03 Sy (avy © Ba” pas * BIR a aay But x=(2V)" and y= (ev) E *- The material required is least when x = ee Exampl : oe ibe, AmPte 8 (b): Show that the rectangular sol a Solid that can be inscribed in a gv" Sol. : Let x, y, zbe the sides of the i rectany "tis clear trom the figure that ular Solid inscribed in the sphere of diamet®! a "Vis the volume of the solid, ss +P Page aa Vex 1 Hay) = yee LE (a 2, VV y Step: a rio” f= Plaxe =P Lya = ae . Premio ag yan (-2x))Bn mathematics =| (9-18) Maxima and Minima ye lay?--¥") 4 VP 2y)] 2 xt aye (P ~ x* ~ ay?) fy = BY? L100? ~ 2x? ~ y?) 4 x Any] = 2y?[1(0? - 2x? - y*)— 4x2] | = 2y?[@- 6x7 — y?] | fyy = 2x [2+ (A? ~ 2x7 ~ y*) + y*(-2y)] = 4x+ ye(d? — 2x? - 2y*) | fyy =2x7 [19 (0? ~ x? —2y?) + y ayy) = 2x?[d? — x? - 6y?] step II: We now solve f, = 0, fy = 0. 2 Pr e2xe(P — 2x7 — y*)=0 and x? -2y- (2 — x2 —2y2)=0 2 x20, y=0, 2x7 - y? =0, - 2 ay2=9 Now, x=0, y= 0 is meaningless. 2 aP-4e—-2 =0 and o-x?-2y2-0 Bysubtraction d®-3x2=0 - x=d/V3 se + Ong? sagt SBE 2 yt Step Ill: Now for x=, y = wy «rte S4d? 160° _ 48 4 Se coe oi an ot pone 10% Y)is maxi @ a J imum at x = VE = aes Bird og . Ween i= 8, Vis maxi _'Smaximum when x= y == d/V3 i.e. when the rectangular solid is a cubeApplied Mathematics -| (9-19) Example 9 (b) : Find the volume of th id Parallelepiped that can be inscribed in an ellipsol £48.28 ae we H(xy) = Bxy| 1-2 Step !: woo 2 ly voi 5- : Step Il: f(x) = 0 gives, and we = 4 Hence, = et ), Putting this value in (1 1-2 oe ho, 103% b c By symmetry yx, 20 f i. Wa 7° the volume of the largest parallelepiped Babe eee aya Hence, Ir o largest rectangula |. Its volume 2 Let 2x, 2y, 2zbe the sides of the parallelepiped - bo Maxima and Minimaapplied Mathematics -| (9-20) Maxima and Minima class (b) : 6 Marks 1, Divide 75 into three parts such that their product is maximum [Ans. : 25, 25, 25] 2. Divide 90 into three parts such that the sum of their products taken two at ta time is maximum. [ Ans. : 20, 20, 20] the first, square of the second and cube (M.U. 2014) [ Ans. : 4,8, 12] 4, Arectangular box with open top has capacity of 32 cu-cms, Find the dimensions of the box ‘such that the material required is minimum. 3, Divide 24 into three parts such that the product of of the third is maximum. [Ans. : 4, 4,2] 5. Find the dimensions of the triangle whose perimeter is 9 cms, such that its area is maximum. (Ans. : 3, 3,3] 6. Find the dimensions of a rectangular solid that can be inscribed in a sphere of diameter 448 cms. . [Ans. : 4, 4,4] 7. Find the dimensions of the rectangular parallelepiped of maximum volume that can be tsctodin he elipsoid 2 4 2 4 2 [Ans. : 4,.6, 10] I 12° 27° 75 3. Find the maximum volume of a parallelepiped inscribed in a sphere x2 + yr 42% 2 a2, (M.U. 1998) [ Ans. : 82°/3V3 | 8. Find the distance of the point on the surface x? + y?— 224 1 = 0 which is Nearest to the [Ans.: 1] | 10. Find the points on the surface z2 = xy + 4 which are nearest to the origin. [Ans 0, £2) fr above problems and similar to them can be solved by the method of Lagrange's Multiplier discussed in the next article. EXERCISE - III le the conditions for z= f(x, y) to have a maxima or minima. (43 Marks w Mhether (2/3, - 2/3) is a stationary value of x? + 2xy~ y2. (Ans, : Yes} . = Tima oF minima wo must have it~ 2,9 it ¥) is maximum if r(ort)<0 ~~ VY)is ‘minimum if r (or t)>0.