ELECTRICITY current is called an electric circuit. Now, if the circuit is broken anywhere the current stops flowing. Electric current is expressed by the amount of charge flowing through a particular area in unit time. In other words, it is the rate of flow of electric charges. Ifa net charge Q flows across any cross-section of a conductor in time ¢, then the current j,through the cross-section is The Si unit of electric charge is coulomb(C}, which is equivalent to the charge contained in nearly 6 x 10° electrons, (We know that an electron possesses a negative charge of 1.6 x 10"! C.) The electric current is expressed by a unit called ampere (A) One ampere is constituted by the flow of one coulomb of charge per second, that is,1 A= 1C/1s. An instrument called ammeter measures electric current in a circuit. Itis always connected in series in a circuit through which the current is to be measured. The electric current flows in the circuit from the positive terminal of the cell to the negative terminal of the cell through the bulb and ammeter. Electric potential difference between two points in an electric circuit carrying some current as the work done to move a unit charge from one point to the other -Potential difference (V) between two points = Work done (W )/Charge (Q) w v Q The SI unit of electric potential difference is volt (V) One volt is thepotential difference between two points in a current carrying conductor when 1 joule of work is done to move a charge of 1 coulomb from one point to the other Ayoute Therefore, 1 volt= yiv=iict 1 coulomb The potential difference is measured by means of an instrument called the voltmeter. The voltmeter is always connected in parallel across the points between which the potential difference is to be measured. OHMS LAW The electric current flowing through the electric circuit is directly proportional to the potential difference across the ends of a given metallic wire provided its temperature remains the same. Val Constant = R ‘Curet W— Risa constant for the given metallic wire at a given temperature and is called its resistance. It theCIRCUIT DIAGRAM ‘The Schematic diagram, in which different components of the circuit are represented by the symbols conveniently used, is called a circuit diagram. Conventional symbols used to represent some of the most commonly used electrical components are given below: —4 2. A battery or a combination of cells THe 3. Plug key or switch (open) a + e ye oo 1. Anelectric cell 4. Plug key or switch (closed) 5. A wire joint 6. Wires crossing without joining 7. Electric bulb Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 81 - 8. A resistor of resistance R WW 9. Variable resistance or rheostat 10. Ammeter 11, Voltmeter Ohm’s law According to Ohm’s law, “At constant temperature, the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends.” TV or V«/ at constant temperature V =IR where R is constant of proportionally which is know as resistance. Resistance It is the ratio of potential difference applied between the ends of a conductor and the current flowing through it. The unit of resistance is ohm(Q). R= v == Vv Fi R tame 1 ampere One Ohm One Ohm is the resistance of a conductor such that when a potential difference of 1 volt is applied to its ends, a current of 1 ampere flows through it. If the resistance is doubled the current gets halved. In many practical cases it is necessary to increase or decrease the current in an electric circuit. A component used to regulate current without changing the voltage source is called variable resistance. In an electric circuit, a device called rheostat is often used to change the resistance in the circuit.Factors on which the Resistance of a conductor depends The resistance of the conductor depends (i) on its length, (ii) on its area of cross- section, and (iii) on the nature of its material. Resistance depends on area of cross section: It is inversely proportional to the area of cross section (A) Rot A Resistance depends on length of wire: It is directly proportional to the length of the wire (1) Rel Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - § Combining the above we get Rx ‘ l =>R=p a where p (rho) is a constant of proportionality which is called the resistivity or specific resistance of the material. If / = 1m, A= Im thenR= p Resistivity of a material is the resistance of a unit length of the material having unit area of cross section.RESISTANCE OF A SYSTEM OF RESISTORS RESISTORS IN SERIES In a series circuit (a) the current I is the same in all parts of the circuit, and (b) the sum of the voltages V;, V2 and V; is equal to the total applied voltage, V, i.e. V=Vi+V2+ V3 From Ohm’s law: V, =IRi, V> = IR2, V3 = IR; and V =IR where R is the total circuit resistance. Since V = Vi + V2 + V3 then IR = IR; + IR2 + IRs Dividing throughout by I gives R=R,+R.+R; Thus for a series circuit, the total resistance is obtained by adding together the values of the separate resistances. HHH-——) When several resistors are connected in series, the resistance of the combination Rs is equal to the sum of their individual resistances R1, R2, R3 and is thus greater than any individual resistance.HHH dividing throughout by V, we get T Mell! nll Bae RR, R, R,; This equation must be used when finding the total resistance R of a parallel circuit. Thus the reciprocal of the equivalent resistance of a group of resistance joined in parallel is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistance. For the special case of two resistors in parallel 1 1 7 1 R+R R RR, RR, Hence as ie. ( product } R,+R, sumPractical Applications of Heating Effect of Electric Current ‘The flowing of current through conductor produce heat. We are using this heat due to flow of current in our daily life as in electric iron, electric bulb, electric fuse, electric heater and more. Heating effect of electric current are below Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 103 - (i Electric iron: In an iron the upper part is grooved. In this groove a coil is placed. Mica as an insulator is placed between the metal part and the coil, so that there is no electrical connection between them. Mica is a bad conductor of electricity but it is a good conductor of heat. Due to the flow of current through the coil it becomes heated and the heat transferred to the metal part through mica. Finally the metal part becomes heated. Iron is used with the heating effect of an electric current. ii) Electric bulb: we see a thick metallic wire in the bulb. It is made of tangsten metal. In a glass vessel or bulb the tangsten wire is kept sealed. The glass bulb is filled with neutral gas or vacuum. Neutral gases are using now a days commonly. The tangsten wire is known as filament when the current flows through the tangsten wire or filament it becomes heated and emit of light. Due to the flow of current heating effect of an electric current used as the source of light. ii) Electric heater: In an electric heater one type of coil is used. A high resistance material like nichrome or same type of material is used as coil. The coil is wound in grooves on ceramic format or china clay. Flowing electric current through the coil it becomes heated. Due to high resistance the coil becomes red color forms. (iv) Electric fuse: It protects circuits and appliances by stopping the flow of any unduly high electric current. The fuse is placed in series with the device. It consists of a piece of wire made of a metal or an alloy of appropriate melting point, for example aluminium, copper, iron, lead etc. If a current larger than the specified value flows through the circuit, the temperature of the fuse wire increases. This melts the fuse wire and breaks the circuit. The fuse wire is usually encased in a cartridge of porcelain or similar material with metal ends. The fuses used for domestic purposes are rated as 1 A, 2 A,3 A, 5 A, 10 A, etc. For an electric iron which consumes 1 kW electric power when operated at 220 V, a current of (1000/20) A, that is, 4.54 A will flow in the circuit, In this case, a 5 A fuse must be used. Electric Power: is the electrical work done per unit time. Pa t where W = work done and t = time S.L. unit of power is watt If W= | joule, t= | second then Power One watt: The rate of working of | joule per second is the power of 1 watt. Electric Energy: It is the total work done by a current in an electric circuit. irk done by electric circuit Electric power = = time takem Work done by electric circuit = Electric Power x time taken => E=Pxt The electrical energy consumed by an electrical appliance is given by the product of its power rating and the time for which it is used. Unit of Electrical consumed is watt-hour(Wh) If P= 1 watt, t= I hr, then E = I watt x | hr = 1 watt-hour. One watt-hour; It is the amount of electrical energy consumed when an electrical ‘appliance of 1 watt power is used for an hour. Commercial unit of Electrical energy is kilowatt-hour(K Wh) Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 104 - One _Kilowatt-hour: It is the amount of electrical energy consumed when an electrical appliance having a power rating of | kilowatt is used in I hour. 1 kilowatt-hour = 36,00,000 joules or 3.6 x 10° JELECTRICAL ENERGY The work done in moving the charge @ through a potential difference Vis VQ. Therefore, the source must supply energy equal to VQ in time t Hence the power input ta the circu bythe source ¢ P=VO/t = VI (Or the energy supplied tothe creuit by the source in time & is Pt, thats, Vif, This energy gets dissipated in the resistor as heat. Thus for a steady current | the amount of heat H produced in time tis evi ‘Applying Ohm's law, we get epee ‘This known as Joule’s law of heating. The law implies that heat produced ina resistor is {) sireetty proportional to the square of current for a given resistance, Li directly proportional to resistance fora given current, and i) rectly proportional tothe time for which the current flows through the resister.