Page 1

Government Engineering College Bhojpur

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Session (2023-2026)
SEMINAR PROJECT ON AUTOCAD

Roll no. - Enroll. no.-

Submitted to: Submitted by:

 Page 2

Declaration

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the

report entitled “AUTODESK AUTOCAD” in fulfilment of the
requirement for completion of one month internship training
in department of mechanical engineering of “Government
Engineering College Bhojpur” is an authentic record of my
own work carried out during industrial training.

MD NAZRE ALAM
 Page 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am highly grateful to ……………………………………

……………………………. for providing this opportunity to
carry out one month practical training at …………………..
The constant guidance and encouragement received from
…………………………………………………..
………………………………………. has been of great help in
carrying out the project work and is acknowledged with
reverential thanks.

I would like to express a deep sense of gratitude and thanks

profusely to ………………………………….. , without the
wise counsel and able guidance, it would have been
impossible to complete the report in this manner

I would like to express gratitude to other faculty members of

Mechanical Engineering department for their intellectual
support throughout the course of this work.

Finally, I am indebted to all whosever have contributed in

this report.
 Page 4

CERTIFICATION
 Page 5

CONTENTS
SR. NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.
1 CHAPTER-1 AUTOCAD

2 1. INTRODUCTION
3 2. AUTOCAD WINDOW
4 3. SELECTING THE
WORKSPACE
5 4. FILLING THE DATA
INPUT
6 COORDINATES ENTRY

7 NAVIGATION TOOL
OBJECT DISPLAY
8 DRAWING UNITS AND
LIMITS
9 COMMANDS

10 DIMENSION TOOLBAR

11 TEXT COMMAND

12 TABLE

13 LAYER
14 ISOMATRIC DRAWING
15 3D MODELING
16 PRINTING AND
PLOTTING
17 CONCLUSION
 Page 6

CHAPTER -1

AUTOCAD

1. INTRODUCTION
AutoCAD is a commercial software application for 2D and
3D computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting — available
since 1982 as a desktop application and since 2010 as a
mobile web- and cloud-based app marketed as AutoCAD
360.

Developed and marketed by Autodesk, Inc., AutoCAD was

first released in December 1982, running on microcomputers
with internal graphics controllers. Prior to the introduction of
AutoCAD, most commercial CAD programs ran on mainframe
computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator (user)
working at a separate graphics terminal. AutoCAD is used
across a wide range of industries, by architects, project
managers, engineers, graphic designers, and other
professionals. It is supported by 750 training centers
worldwide as of 1994.

As Autodesk's flagship product, by March 1986 AutoCAD had

become the most ubiquitous CAD program worldwide. As of
2014, AutoCAD is in its twenty-ninth generation, and
collectively with all its variants, continues to be the most
widely used CAD program throughout most of the world.
 Page 7

The latest version was released on 23th march 2021 as AutoCAD

2022.

2. AUTOCAD WINDOW

Once the AutoCAD 2021window is active , It should appear as

shown below.However if you look at the upper left hand corner
there is a button with the letter (A) written in red . This is called
the application menu of the autoCAD software . At the right of
this button there is the phrase “3D modeling ”. This means that the
active workspace is modeling. 1. Application button this provides
the user with file options like, save, open, print.

2. Quick Access toolbar

Display frequently used tools with the Quick Access toolbar.
 Page 8

View Undo and Redo History

As with most programs, the Quick Access toolbar displays options
to undo and redo changes to your work. To undo or redo a less
recent change, click the drop-down button to the right of either the
Undo or the Redo button.

Add Commands and Controls

You can easily add commonly used tools to the Quick Access
toolbar by clicking the indicated drop-down button and clicking
your choices from the drop-down menu.

Tip: For a fast way to add a ribbon button to the Quick Access
toolbar, right-click any button on the ribbon, and then click Add to
Quick Access Toolbar.

Buttons are added to the right of the default commands on the

Quick Access toolbar. To remove one of these commands, use the
CUI editor and open the [+] Quick Access Toolbars > [+] Quick
Access Toolbar 1. From there, you can click and press Delete. You
can also drag the elements to change their order on the toolbar.

3. Ribbon
The ribbon organises tools into logical groupings.
 Page 9

The ribbon provides a compact palette of all of the tools necessary

to create or modify yours drawing. It can be in placed in the
following places:
• Docked horizontally at the top of the drawing area (default)
• Docked vertically along the right or left edge of the drawing
area
• Undocked, or floating within the drawing area or on a second
monitor

Ribbon Tabs and Panels

The ribbon is composed of a series of tabs, which are organized
into panels that contain many of the tools and controls available in
toolbars.

Some ribbon panels provide access to a dialog box related to that

panel. To display the related dialog box, click the dialog box
launcher is denoted by an arrow icon, , in the lower-right corner of
the panel.
 Page 10

Note: You can control which ribbon tabs and panels are displayed.
Right-click the ribbon and click or clear the names of tabs or
panels listed on the shortcut menu.

Floating Panels
You can pull a panel off a ribbon tab and into the drawing area or
onto another monitor. The floating panel remains open until you
return it to the ribbon, even if you switch ribbon tabs.

Slide-out Panels
If you click the arrow in the middle of a panel title, , the panel will
expand to display additional tools and controls. By default,
slideout panels automatically close when you click another panel.
To keep a panel expanded, click the push pin, , in the bottom
left corner of the slide-out panel.

Contextual Ribbon Tabs

 Page 11

When you select a certain type of object or start certain

commands, a contextual ribbon tab is displayed instead of a
toolbar or dialog box. The contextual tab closes when you end the
command.

Workspaces and the Ribbon

For products that run on the Windows operating system, a
workspace is set of ribbon tabs and panels, menus, toolbars, and
palettes that provide you with a custom, task-oriented drawing
environment. You can change to a different the ribbon by changing
the workspace. On the status bar, click Workspace Switching and
select the workspace you want to use. For example, here are the
initial workspaces available in AutoCAD.

4. File Tabs
Displays the file tabs at the top of the drawing area.

Find
File tabs provide an easy way for you to access all the open
drawings in the application. The file tab usually displays the full
name of the file. Clicking the plus sign (+) on the right end of the
 Page 12

file tabs bar opens a new drawing based on the specified template
file used by the QNEW command.
Note: If there is no specified template, clicking the plus sign (+)
opens a new drawing based on the last used template.
Drag a drawing from Windows Explorer or File Explorer into any
part of the file tab bar to open it.
Use Ctrl+TAB to navigate through the file tabs.

You can right-click on the file tabs or the file tab bar to access the
shortcut menus that offer you options to open, close or save
drawings.

5. Status bar
The status bar displays the cursor location, drawing tools, and
tools that affect your drawing environment.
The status bar provides quick access to some of the most
commonly used drawing tools. You can toggle settings such as
grid, snap, polar tracking, and object snap. You can also access
additional settings for some of these tools by clicking their drop
down arrows.

Note: Not all tools are displayed by default; you can choose what
tools to display from the Customization menu, the right-most
 Page 13

button on the status bar. The tools displayed on the status bar
might change depending on the current workspace and whether the
Model tab or a layout tab is currently displayed.
You can also toggle some of these settings with the function keys
on your keyboard (F1 - F12).

6.View Cube
The ViewCube is a 3D navigation tool that appears when the 3D
graphics system is enabled and allows you to switch between
standard and isometric views.

Once the ViewCube is displayed, it displays in one of the corners

of the drawing window over the model in an inactive state. When
you position the cursor over the ViewCube, it becomes active. You
can switch to one of the available preset views, roll the current
view, or change to the Home view of the model.
ViewCube is also displayed in the Object Viewers. The ViewCube
is always turned on in Object Viewers.
 Page 14

Note:
• The View Cube is visible by default. An exception to this are
the 2D Wireframe and 3D Hidden visual styles, where View
Cube is not displayed.
• When ViewCube is displayed in the drawing area, you have
access to a compass and can define a UCS. In an Object
Viewer, no UCS option and no compass are available.

7. Navigation bar

The navigation bar is a user interface element where you can

access both unified and product-specific navigation tools.
Unified navigation tools are those that can be found across many
Autodesk products. Product-specific navigation tools are unique to
a product. The navigation bar floats over and along one of the side
of the drawing window.
Start navigation tools by clicking one of the buttons on the
navigation bar or selecting one of the tools from a list that is
displayed when you click the smaller portion of a split button.

The following unified navigation tools are available from the

navigation bar:
• SteeringWheels. The 2D SteeringWheel provides rapid
switching between specialized navigation tools.
• 3D connexion. Set of navigation tools used to reorient the
current view of a model with a 3D connexion 3D mouse. The
following product-specific navigation tools are available from the
navigation bar:
• Pan. Moves the view parallel to the screen.
 Page 15

• Zoom tools. Set of navigation tools for increasing or

decreasing the magnification of the current view of a model. Use
the Navigation Bar in Paper Space

In paper space, only the 2D navigation tools (such as 2D

SteeringWheel, Pan, Zoom, and the 2D Mode 3D connexion tools)
are accessible.
Repostioning the Navigation Bar
Drag the grip handle on the navigation bar to reposition it along
one of the sides of the current window
If the side of the window that the navigation bar is aligned to is
not long enough to show the entire navigation bar, it is truncated
to fit. When truncated, a More Controls button is displayed and
replaces the Customize button. When you click the More Controls
button, a menu is displayed that contains the navigation tools that
are not currently being displayed.

8. UCS
Sets the origin and orientation of the current user coordinate
system (UCS).

Find
The UCS is a moveable Cartesian coordinate system that
establishes the XY work plane, horizontal and vertical directions,
axes of rotation, and other useful geometric references. You can
change the UCS origin and orientation for convenience as you
specify points, enter coordinates, and work with drawing aids,
such as Ortho mode and the grid.
 Page 16

A UCS can be stored with a viewport if the UCSVP system

variable is set to 1 for that viewport.
Note: By default, the Coordinates panel is hidden in the Drafting
& Annotation workspace. To display the Coordinates panel, click
the View tab, then right-click and choose Show Panels, and then
click Coordinates. In 3D workspaces (not available in AutoCAD
LT), the Coordinates panel is on the Home tab.

9. Layout tab
A layout is a 2D working environment for creating drawing sheets.
The area within a layout is called paper space, where you can add
a title block, display scaled views of model space within layout
viewports, and create tables, schedules, notes, and dimensions for
your drawing.
You can access one or more layouts from the tabs located at the
bottom-left corner of the drawing area to the right of the Model
tab. You can use multiple layout tabs to display details of the
various components of your model at several scales and on
different sheet sizes.
 Page 17

There are several ways in which you can add new layouts or copy
existing layouts.
• Use the LAYOUT command
• Right-click a layout tab
• Step through the Create Layout wizard
• Use Design Center
Each layout stores its own page setup which controls the
appearance and format for displaying and printing each layout. For
example, you would use the page setup to specify the sheet size
and orientation. The Page Setup Manager is accessible from the
PAGE SETUP command, the Application menu, and the ribbon.

10. Command line/palette

Displays the Command window.

Find
The Command window accepts command and system variable
input and displays prompts that guide you through the command
sequence.
You can also press Ctrl+9 to toggle the display of the command
window.

3. SELECTING THE WORKPIECE

A workspace is a task oriented drawing environment oriented in
such a way as to provide you with only the tools and interface
elements necessary to accomplish the task relevant to that
environment . you can switch between workspace by using the
workspace switching tool. You can also customize the workspace
 Page 18

the way you want and then save it.It will be appearing on the list
of workspace during switching and you can select it as an option.
workspace switching tool takes the form of a gear wheel located at
the bottom right hand corner of the active window. clicking on it
produces a drop down list of other alternative workspaces. clicking
on either changes the workspace to the selected choice.
Alternatively you can switch the workspace by clicking on the
downward arrow besides the name of the current workspace on the
quick access toolbar.
4. FILING AND DATA INPUT

AutoCAD 2014 file operations are similar to the file operations in

any other Windows program. The general file handling commands
include file saving, file opening, file closing and printing of
drawings.

I. OPENING FILES

There are three ways to open a drawing in AutoCAD.

Using Application Menu

• Click on Application Menu> Open

• On the select file dialogue box that appears, browse through

the folders in the Look in slot. This enables you to navigate
to the folder where you’ve saved your drawing.
• Clicking on a file allows you to look at a preview of the
draw-ing.

• Select OPEN.
 Page 19

Using the Quick Access Toolbar

• Click on File pull down menu> Open

• At the Select file dialogue box, browse through to the folder

in the Look in slot.

• Clicking on a file allows you to look at a preview of the

draw-ing.

• Now you can click Open in the select file dialogue box.

Using the command line

• At the command prompt on the command line, type Open

and enter.

• At the Select file dialogue box, browse through to the folder

in the Look in slot.

• Clicking on a file allows you to look at a preview of the

draw-ing.

• Select OPEN. II. FILE SAVING

To save a drawing for the first time

The Save Drawing dialogue box appears when you are saving a
drawing for the first time. You are the required to navigate through
the folders in the save in slot to select the folder in which you
 Page 20

want to save your drawing. Type in the file name and then click
save.
If you modify a drawing you may wish to save it again but
retaining the original template. In this case select save as from the
file pull down or the application menu. Give it a name that
signifies its current status i.e. taking into account the changes.
Click save.

Saving a File as You Work

It’s a good idea to save your file periodically as you work on it. As
with any Windows program, you can save it under its original
name by click on the Save tool on the Quick Access toolbar or
under a different name by choosing Save As from the Application
menu, thereby creating a new file. Making Changes

Coming up with certain drawings may not take place in one pass.
Some will require modifications at virtually every stage. Others
involve a series of iterative stages before settling on the final copy.
In these circumstances, AutoCAD offers the required flexibility as
opposed to manual drawing. To keep track of all the
modifications, the Save As tool is very essential.

III. CLOSING A FILE

Simply click on the X button on the top right corner of the
AutoCAD window to close a drawing. A dialogue box appears
asking whether to save the changes on the drawing. Select yes to
save the changes and no if you don’t want to effect the changes.
 Page 21

However it’s usually a good practice to save your files before

closing them.

5. COORDINATES ENTRY
1. OVERVIEW.
When a command prompts you for a point, you can use the mouse
to specify a point, or you can enter a coordinate value at the
command prompt. If the dynamic input is switched you can enter
coordinate values in tooltips near the cursor.

Two-dimensional coordinates can be entered as either Cartesian

(X, Y) or Polar coordinates.
I. CartesianCoordinateSystem
A Cartesian coordinate system has three axes, X, Y, and Z. when
you enter coordinate values, you indicate a point’s distance in
units and its direction (+ or -) along the X, Y, and Z axes relative
to the coordinate system origin (0,0,0).
In 2D, you specify points on the XY plane, also called the work
plane. The X value of Cartesian coordinate specifies the horizontal
distance, and the Y value specifies the vertical distance. The origin
point (0, 0) indicates where the two axes meet.

II. Polar Coordinate System

Polar coordinates use a distance and an angle to locate a point.

III. Absolute and Relative Coordinates 1. Absolute coordinates

Represents a specific point in the current work plane relative to
the origin point (0,0). To enter an absolute coordinate, type the
 Page 22

values as a Cartesian coordinate (X,Y) or Polar coordinate

(distance, angle).

2. Relative coordinate
A relative coordinate is a point specified with reference to the last
point specified. We emphasize that it is with reference to your last
specified point and not to the origin. This is the distinguishing
aspect between relative and absolute coordinates.

3. Dynamic Input
When dynamic input is on, tooltips display information near the
cursor as it moves. It is called dynamic input because the
information moving with the cursor is updated with the motion of
the cursor. If you type the X value and press tab, the X field (box)
displays a lock icon, The Y field is active and you can enter its
value. If you type the X value and press enter, the Y value is
ignored and AutoCAD interprets it as direct distance entry. This
procedure applies to any other set of fields for instance distance
and angle.

6. NAVIGATION TOOLS OBJECT DISPLAY

I. Overview
When drawing in both 2D and 3D, you may wish to: a.

Get a closer look (magnify your drawing).

b. View hidden details

c. Bring the whole drawing into focus.
d. View the hidden details of your 3D drawing. For a, b and c use
the zoom and pan tools as follows:
 Page 23

i. Zoom in to magnify and zoom out to minimize the size.

Zoom-ing out enables you to see the details that are currently spilt
out of the screen or make the object smaller in readiness to add
details. ii. The pan tool allows you to drag your drawing to a
convenient
location on the screen.

iii. For d use the orbit tool. It is the tool that enables you to view
the objects in your drawing from different angles. It is very
essential, when drawing in 3D.

II. Accessing the tools

A. Zoom

a. To zoom a view with a single click.

i. Display a wheel.

ii. Right-click the wheel and click Steering Wheel Settings. iii.

In the Steering Wheels Settings dialog box, under Zoom

Tool, select Enable Single Click Incremental Zoom.

iv. Click OK.

v. Display one of the Full Navigation Wheels or the mini View

Object Wheel.
 Page 24

vi. Click the Zoom wedge. The magnification of the model is

in-creased and you are zoomed in closer to the model. If
you hold down the Shift key while clicking the Zoom
wedge, the model is zoomed out or you can hold down the
Ctrl key to zoom in.

vii. Click Close to exit the wheel.

b. To zoom a view in and out by dragging.

i. Display the 2D Navigation wheel, one of the Full Navigation

wheels, or the mini View Object wheel. ii. Click and hold
down the Zoom wedge. The cursor changes to the Zoom
cursor.

iii. Drag vertically to zoom in or out. iv. Release the button on

your mouse to return to the wheel.

NB: The mouse wheel is a very convenient way of zooming in and

out.

B. Pan

a. To pan the drawing with the pan tool.

i. Display the 2D Navigation wheel, one of the Full Navigation

wheels, or the mini View Object wheel. ii. Click and hold the

Pan wedge. The cursor changes to the Pan cursor.

 Page 25

iii. Drag to reposition the model. iv. Release the button on

your pointing device to return to the wheel.

b. To pan using the middle mouse button or the mouse wheel.

i. Press and hold down the scroll wheel or middle

button. The cursor changes to the Pan cursor.

ii. Drag to reposition the model. iii. Release the wheel

or button on your mouse.

C. Orbit

i. Display one of the View Object or Full Navigation wheels. ii.

Click and hold down the Orbit wedge. The cursor changes to the

Orbit cursor.

iii. Drag to rotate the model. iv. Release the button on your

mouse.

B: To navigate to the zoom, pan or orbit tools, go to: a.

View tab> navigate panel> zoom or

b. View tab> navigate panel> pan or

 Page 26

c. View tab> navigate panel> orbit.

7. DRAWING UNITS & LIMITS

• UNITS
The format, precision, and other settings used to display
coordinates, distances, and angles are set through this dialog box,
and are saved in the current drawing. It is recommended that you
save these settings to your drawing template files to reduce your
setup time when you start a new drawing. The Drawing Units
dialog box is displayed. Enter -units at the Command prompt to
display options.

• Limits:
 Page 27

When you start a new drawing, and then decide how much space I
need for my drawing. Think of it as the size of your drawing area.
Then you can define drawing limits correctly. Type LIMITS enter.
Type 0,0 as lower left corner then type or click the coordinate for
upper right corner based on the units which is in Inches or mm.

• Command: LIMITS

Reset Model space limits:

Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000, 0.0000>: 0, 0
Specify upper right corner <100.0000, 100.0000>: 300,200

8. COMMANDS

1. OVERVIEW AND DEFINITIONS.

You communicate with AutoCAD by using tools and Menu
options. These devices invoke AutoCAD commands. I. What is
a command?

It’s a single-word instruction you give to AutoCAD telling it to do

something such as draw a line (the line tool in the Draw Ribbon
Panel) or erase an object (the Erase tool in the Modify Ribbon
Panel). Whenever you invoke a command, by either typing it or
selecting a menu option or tool, AutoCAD responds by presenting
messages to you in the Command Window and the Dynamic Input
display or by displaying a dialogue box. By right clicking during
the drawing process, a context-sensitive short cut menu is
displayed; i.e. if you are in the middle of a command, this menu
displays a list of options specifically related to that command.

II. Command tools.

Move the arrow cursor to the Line tool and rest it there. Do not
click yet. Hold it there for a little while and then for a longer
 Page 28

while. You will see two tool tips. The first tip gives you the tool
tip name and the keyboard command associated with the tool. The
second tip gives a brief explanation of how to use the tool. This
happens to all other tools on the ribbon. To be able to draw
effectively with AutoCAD, you must learn how to tell AutoCAD
what you want, and even more important, understand what
AutoCAD wants from you.

III. Methods of Accessing/Activating Commands.

1. Clicking on the command tool/icon on the Ribbon Panels.

2. Typing the command on the Keyboard.

3. Use of Accelerator Keys. These are special keystrokes that

open and activate drop down menu options. Example is Ctrl+S
for save and Ctrl+C for copy.

4. Use of Aliases; (one, two or three letter abbreviations of a

command name).
These are also typed on the key board.

2. Draw Command Tools

1. Line: With the Line command you can draw a simple line
from one point to another.
 Page 29

Construction line: The

construction line commands
creates a line of infinite length
which passes through two
picked point.

3. Polyline : The
Polyline command is similar to
2. the line command except that
the resulting object may be
composed of a number of segments which form a single object.

4. Rectangular : The Rectangle command is used to draw a

rectangle whose sides are vertical and horizontal. The position and
size of the rectangle are defined by picking two diagonal corners.

5. Polygon: The polygon command can be used to draw any

regular polygon from 3 sides up to 1024 sides. This command
requires four inputs from the user, the number of side pick point
for the centre of the polygon, whether you want polygon inscribed
or circumscribed and then a pick point which determines both the
radius of this imaginary circle and the orientation of the polygon.
the polygon command creates a closed poly line in the shape of
the required polygon.

6. Circle: The Circle command is used to draw circles. There

are a number of ways you can define the circle. The default
method is to pick the centre point and then to either pick a second
point on the circumference of the circle or enter the circle radius at
the keyboard.
 Page 30

7.Arc:The Arc command allows you to draw an arc of a circle.

There are numerous ways to define an arc; the default method
uses three pick points, a start point, a second point and an end
point.
8.Spline : A spline is a smooth curve that is along a number of
control points. the fit Tolerance option can be used to control how
closely the spline conforms to the control points. A low tolerance
value causes the spline to form close to the control points.

9. Ellipse: The Ellipse command gives you a number of

different creation options. The default option is to pick the two
end points of an axis and then a third point to define the
eccentricity of the ellipse.

10. Hatch: Hatch is used to add shaded patterns to objects and

shapes. You can pick: Pattern, Scale, Angle, Points

3.MODIFY COMMANDS
 Page 31

• Offset: Create a duplicate object parallel with the original

object. If this object is a Polyline or a Circle, the duplicate shape
will be transformed inwards or outwards. •

• Copy: Copy’s one or more objects .

•

• Mirror: Create a mirror image of an object. It is useful for

creating symmetrical objects because you can quickly draw half
the object and then mirror it instead of drawing the entire object

• Array: Create copies of objects in a rectangular or polar pattern.

This is especially useful when you need to duplicate several
objects at the same distance from each other. For rectangular
arrays, you control the number of rows and Columns and the
distance between each. For polar arrays, you control the
number of copies of the object and whether the copies are
rotated.

• Move: Moves one or more objects.

• Rotate: You can rotate objects with an absolute or relative

angle. When using an absolute angle: Specify the base point and
then specify the rotation angle.

• Scale: A scale factor greater than 1 enlarges the object. It is also

possible to scale an object using a reference object. This method
scales the object equally in all directions.
 Page 32

• Trim: With the trim option objects can be shortened or

lengthened with the edges of other objects. Objects can exactly
be fitted between these objects.

• Extend: With the extend option you can shorten or lengthen

objects to meet the edges of other objects. For example a line
can be exactly fitted between objects. Extending an object works
in the same way as trimming.

• Fillet: You can use the fillet tool to connect two objects with an
arc with a specified radius. The inside corner is called a fillet
and an outside corner is called a round.

• Chamfer is almost identical to fillet, but it will make a straight

line instead of an arc

• Join: You can use the join option to combine similar objects into
one single object. It is also possible to create complete circles
from arcs.

• Explode: Polylines, hatches or blocks can be converted into

individual elements with the explode option. If you explode a
polyline every segment will become a separate line.

Some Drawings using Draw and Modify Toolbars

 Page 33

9. DIMENSION TOOLBAR
You can create several types of dimensions for a variety of object
types in many orientations and alignments.
The basic types of dimensioning are linear, radial, angular,
ordinate, and arc length. Use the DIM command to create
dimensions automatically according to the object type that you
want to dimension.
You can control the appearance of dimensions by setting up
dimension styles, or by editing individual dimensions in special
 Page 34

cases. Dimension styles allow you to specify your conventions

quickly and maintain industry or project dimensioning standar

1. Linear Dimensions - Linear dimensions can be horizontal,

vertical, or aligned . you can create an aligned, horizontal, or
vertical dimension with the DIM command depending on how you
move the cursor when placing the text.

2. Radial dimensions- A radial dimension measures the radius

or diameter of arcs and circles with an optional centreline or
centre mark.
 Page 35

3. Angular dimensions- Angular dimensions measure the angle

between two selected geometric objects or three points.

4. Ordinate Dimensions - Ordinate dimensions measure the

perpendicular distances from an origin point called the datum,
such as a hole in a part. These dimensions prevent escalating
errors by maintaining accurate offsets of the features from the
datum.

5. Arc Length Dimensions - Arc length dimensions measure

the distance along an arc or polyline arc segment. Typical uses of
 Page 36

arc length dimensions include measuring the travel distance

around a cam or indicating the length of a cable. Arc length
dimensions measure the distance along an

6. Baseline and Continued Dimensions - Continued

dimensions also called chained dimensions, are multiple
dimensions placed end-to-end.

Baseline dimensions are multiple dimensions with offset

dimension lines measured from the same location
 Page 37

Some Drawings with Dimensions:

 Page 38

10. TEXT COMMAND

1. Multiline Text - For longer notes and labels with internal

formatting, use multiline text

2. Single-line Text - For short, simple notes and labels, use

single-line text.
 Page 39

Some Drawings including Text

11. TABLE
A table is a compound object that contains data in rows and
columns. It can be created from an empty table or a table style. A
table can also be linked to data in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.
 Page 40

Some Drawings of Tables

 Page 41

12. LAYER
Layers are the primary method for organizing the objects in a
drawing by function or purpose. Layers can reduce the visual
complexity of a drawing and improve display performance by
hiding information that you don’t need to see at the moment. You
gain this level of control by organizing the objects in your drawing
on layers that are associated with a specific function or a purpose.
It might be helpful to think of layers as clear plastic sheets:

With layers, you can

• €Associate objects by their function or location

• €Display or hide all related objects in a single operation

• Enforce line type, colour, and other property standards for each layer
 Page 42

13. ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS

A 2D isometric drawing is a flat representation of a 3D isometric
projection. This method of drawing provides a fast way to create
an isometric view of a simple design. Distances measured along
an isometric axis are correct to scale, but because you are drawing
in 2D, you cannot expect to extract other 3D distances and areas,
display objects from different viewpoints, or remove hidden lines
automatically.
By using the ISO DRAFT command several system variables and
settings are automatically changed to values that facilitate angles.
The standard isometric planes, called iso planes, are as follows:

• €Right. Aligns snap and grid along 30- and 90-degree axes.
• Left. Aligns snap and grid along 90- and 150-degree axes

• Top. Aligns snap and grid along 30- and 150-degree axes.
 Page 43

Choosing one of the three iso planes automatically causes the

crosshairs cursor, and precision drawing and tracking tools to be
aligned along the corresponding isometric axes. Therefore, you
can draw the top plane, switch to the left plane to draw a side, and
switch to the right plane to complete the drawing.

You can use the Isometric Drafting tool on the status bar to select
the desired isoplane. Alternatively, you can press F5 or Ctrl+E to
cycles through the isoplanes.
 Page 44

Some Isometric Drawing

14. 3D MODELING
3D solid primitives are standard shapes which are provided among
the ribbon options on the 3D modeling workspace. They include
box, wedge, cone, cylinder, sphere, pyramid and torus. The
principles of drawing them are similar.

• Box: Box command on the toolbar modeling is used to

draw 3D models such as cubes and block. creates a box with
sides of equal length.

• Cylinder: The cylinder was

created using a centre point (1), a point on the radius (2), and a
point for the height (3). The base of the cylinder is always on a
plane parallel with the work plane.
 Page 45

Cylinder: The cylinder was created using a center point (1), a

point on the

• Sphere: Specifies the center point of the sphere. When you

specify the center point, the sphere is positioned so that its
central axis is parallel to the Z axis of the current user
coordinate system (UCS). Defines the radius or diameter of the
sphere.

• Wedge: The direction of the taper is always in the positive

Xaxis direction of the UCS.
 Page 46

• Torus: Specifies the center point of the torus. When you specify
the center point, the torus is positioned so that its central axis is
parallel to the Z axis of the current user coordinate system
(UCS). Defines the radius of the torus and then define the radius
of the tube.

• Polysolid: You can create a 3D solid with polysolid just as you

would a polyline. You can also convert existing 2D objects such
as lines, 2D polylines, arcs, and circles to 3D solids with a
default height, width, and justification.
 Page 47

Extrude:object, in a
specified direction, or
along a selected path.
You can also specify a
taper angle. Objects can
be extruded
orthogonally from the
plane of the source
•

Loft:

•
Creates 3D solid or surface in the space between several cross
sections. The cross sections define the shape of the resulting
solid or surface. You must specify at least two cross sections.
 Page 48

• Sweep: Sub object along an open or closed path. Creates a

3D solid or 3D surface by sweeping a 2D object or

• Revolve:Creates a 3D solid or surface by sweeping an

object around an axis.You cannot revolve objects contained
within a block or objects that will self-intersect. REVOLVE
ignores the width of a polyline and revolves from the center of
the path of
 Page 49

the polyline.

BOOLEAN OPERATIONS:

• Union: Combines two or more 3D solids, surfaces, or 2D

regions into a single, composite 3D solid, surface, or region.
Select two or more objects of the same type to combine.

Subtract: Creates
as a new object by
subtracting one
overlapping region or
3D solid from another.
Objects in the second
• selection set are
subtracted from objects
in the first selection set. A single new 3D solid or surface is
created.
 Page 50

• Intersect: With INTERSECT, you can create a 3D solid from

the common volume of two or more existing 3D solids, surfaces,
or regions. If you select a mesh, you can convert it to a solid or
surface before completing the operation. You can extrude 2D
profiles and then intersect them to create a complex model
efficiently. Select intersect command. Select the two object
which intersect and then tap enter.

Some 3D Drawings
 Page 51

15. PRINTING AND PLOTTING

Output a drawing layout to a printer, a plotter, or a file. Save and
restore the printer settings for each layout. Originally, people
printed text from printers and plotted drawings from plotters.
Now, you can do both with either
 Page 52

Some PDF Format of Drawing

 Page 53

CONCLUSION
This report covered the preview of our learning path and study
materials. The use of AutoCAD has many advantages. It can help
to reduce the time it takes to produce the drawing needed in the
work environment. AutoCAD software is the most amazing range
of mechanical computer aided design tool. It is now considered to
be the best according to industry standards that can be obtained
for a wide array of designing, Mechanical Engineering Services
and other industrial purposes.
The use of AutoCAD may also be relied on heavily in order to
create efficiencies within the industries. We explored different
materials ranging from text, tutorials and Youtube videos so as get
to grips with the finer details of mastering AutoCAD. We were
guided by the fact that there is more to learning AutoCAD than
drawing simple figures and lines. It has very vast application in
the field of manufacturing, architecture, electrical, and many
more. The company Autodesk provides wide range of application
and software which reduces the effort to create complex drawing
and easy to maintain. With the help of AutoCAD, we can create
design very quickly. It improves the quality of the drawing which
we can’t get by hand drafting. With the help of this software,
drawing can be easily modified whenever wanted which reduces
the human effort. We can easily transfer files from one place to
another in no time which reduces the time.
This software is utilized to provide some useful and practical
designing software that will allow users to visualize as well as
create prototypes of a product in reality and quick time. AutoCAD
software allows developers to give form to their out of the box
ideas.